Asian Case Reports in Surgery
Vol.05 No.04(2016), Article ID:19484,7 pages
10.12677/ACRS.2016.54005

Comparison of the Hemostatic Effect of Local Application of Bone Wax and Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip Arthroplasty in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Farui Liang1, Biaofang Wei2*

1Department of Medicine, Qiingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Orthopedics, Linyi City People’s Hospital, Linyi Shandong

Received: Dec. 20th, 2016; accepted: Jan. 7th, 2017; published: Jan. 10th, 2017

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare and analyze the effectiveness of bone wax and tranexamic acid in reducing the blood loss associated with unilateral primary THA in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to analyze the cases of 152 patients who received primary unilateral THA and satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria during July 2014 to July 2016 in Linyi City People’s Hospital of the femoral head specialist. The patients were divided into four groups according to the use of bone wax and tranexamic acid. In group A, neither bone wax nor tranexamic acid was used. In group B, bone wax was used while tranexamic acid was not. In group C, tranexamic acid was used while bone wax was not. In group D, bone wax and tranexamic acid were both used topically. The bone wax and tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in unilateral primary THA were evaluated through assessing the intraoperative blood loss, postoperative visible blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin change, total blood loss, blood transfusion rate, clinical effects and other indicators. Results: No difference of statistical significance (p > 0. 05) was found among the 4 groups in terms of gender, age, BMI, preoperative Hb, PLT, PT, APTT, operation time, intraoperative blood loss and hip Harris score at 6 months postoperative. The total blood loss of the 4 groups was not all the same; the difference was of statistical significance (p < 0.05). The total blood loss of group B was significantly lower than that of group A; the difference was of statistical significance (p < 0.05). The total blood loss of group C and group D was significantly lower than that of group B; the difference was of statistical significance (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between group C and group D (p > 0.05). The postoperative visible blood loss and blood transfusion rate of the 4 groups were not all the same; the difference was statistical significance (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between group A and group B (p > 0.05). The postoperative visible blood loss and blood transfusion rate of group C and group D were significantly lower than those of group B. The difference was statistical significance (p < 0.05); there was no significant difference in complications and functional recovery among the 4 groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Bone wax or tranexamic acid can significantly reduce blood loss in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head underwent unilateral primary THA, but compared with tranexamic acid, bone wax cannot reduce the blood transfusion rate. The effectiveness of combination of both is better than bone wax alone while not better than that of tranexamic acid alone. Both bone wax and tranexamic acid will not increase the incision infection, healing and venous thrombosis risk, and it does not affect postoperative functional rehabilitation.

Keywords:Bone Wax, Tranexamic Acid, Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head, Total Hip Arthroplasty

局部应用骨蜡和氨甲环酸在股骨头坏死 全髋关节置换术中止血作用的比较

梁法瑞1,韦标方2*

1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

2临沂市人民医院骨科,山东 临沂

收稿日期:2016年12月20日;录用日期:2017年1月7日;发布日期:2017年1月10日

摘 要

目的:比较骨蜡和氨甲环酸在股骨头坏死患者行单侧首次全髋关节置换术中止血作用的效果。方法:对2014年7月至2016年7月入住临沂市人民医院股骨头专科符合纳入和排除标准的152例需行单侧首次THA的股骨头坏死患者进行回顾性分析。按照骨蜡和氨甲环酸的使用情况将其分为4组,A组:骨蜡和氨甲环酸均未使用;B组:仅使用骨蜡;C组:仅使用氨甲环酸;D组:联合使用骨蜡和氨甲环酸。对术中失血量、术后可见失血量、术后血红蛋白变化、总失血量、输血率、临床效果等指标进行评估。结果:4组患者性别、年龄、BMI、Hb、PLT、PT、APTT、手术时间、术中失血量和术后6月髋关节Harris评分之间差异均无统计学意义(p > 0.05);在总失血量方面,4组患者比较不全相等,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),其中B组要明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),而C组和D组又明显低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),C组和D组之间比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05);在术后可见失血量和输血率方面,4组患者比较不全相等,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),其中A组和B组之间差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05),C组和D组均明显低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。4组之间在并发症和功能恢复方面差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。结论:骨蜡或氨甲环酸均能明显减少股骨头坏死患者行单侧首次全髋关节置换术的失血量,但骨蜡的止血效果不如氨甲环酸;联合使用骨蜡和氨甲环酸,止血效果要优于单独使用骨蜡,但并不明显优于单独使用氨甲环酸;骨蜡和氨甲环酸没有增加刀口感染、愈合不良和静脉血栓形成等风险,不影响患者术后功能康复。

关键词 :骨蜡,氨甲环酸,股骨头坏死,全髋关节置换术

1. 引言

股骨头坏死患者晚期主要治疗方式为全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA),但是THA围术期失血量较多(700~2000 ml) [1] 并且输血率较高(16%~37%) [2] 。围术期大量出血会增加患者术后感染率以及死亡率 [3] [4] ,高输血率会增加疾病传播风险以及经济负担 [5] [6] [7] 。目前,包括骨蜡和氨甲环酸在内的多种止血措施已经应用于临床,而且它们在THA中的良好止血效果分别已经得到较多研究结果的支持 [8] [9] ,但是目前国内外缺乏相关的研究来比较局部使用骨蜡和氨甲环酸在减少THA失血量方面的差别。因此本文对本科室近两年中骨蜡和氨甲环酸在单侧首次THA中的应用效果进行了回顾性分析研究,现将相关研究报告如下。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 临床资料

对2014年7月至2016年7月在本科室行单侧首次THA的股骨头坏死患者资料进行分析研究。本研究共入选患者152例,其中男98例,女54例;年龄46~75岁,平均60.37岁。纳入标准:① 诊断为股骨头坏死需行单侧首次THA患者;② 术前血红蛋白、凝血功能检查正常;③ 病例资料完整;④ 知情并同意的患者。排除标准:① 对氨甲环酸和骨蜡过敏;② 既往有深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、脑栓塞和脑梗死史;③ 凝血功能障碍;④ 正在使用抗凝药物;⑤ 严重的肝肾功能不全。本研究于2014年6月25日征得医院伦理委员会同意,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

2.2. 手术资料及止血处理

全部手术均由同一组医师完成,在腰硬联合麻醉下采用髋关节外侧切口,术中所用假体为生物型非骨水泥髋关节假体(德国Link公司),关节囊内留置1根引流管,逐层缝合,关闭切口。

骨蜡的使用:在安装完成股骨柄假体后,在股骨近端未被假体覆盖的截骨面上使用不可吸收骨蜡,均匀涂抹封闭,并将周围多余的骨蜡去除。

氨甲环酸的使用:采用局部注射的方法,术中将氨甲环酸2 g加盐水稀释至50 ml (浓度40 mg/ml),在完成安放假体,缝合关节囊后向其内注射,注意避开血管和神经,夹闭引流管。

2.3. 术后处理

术后患肢外展中立位,引流管常规夹闭3 h后开放,术后24 h拔除并记录引流量,拔除引流管后鼓励患者主动行股四头肌等长收缩锻炼及踝关节主动活动。术后HB < 70 g/L者予以输血治疗,Hb为70~100 g/L,根据患者的贫血程度、心肺代偿功能、有无代谢率增高以及年龄等因素决定是否输血 [10] 。深静脉血栓的预防参照《中国骨科大手术静脉血栓栓塞症预防指南》 [11] ,住院期间口服利伐沙班(10 mg qd)预防血栓,术后6 h开始给药,之后每隔24 h重复给药直至术后35天。常规术后第1天在助行器辅助下下地行走,术后4~6天行患肢血管超声检查,术后14 d拆线。

2.4. 观察指标

① 性别(男/女,n),年龄(岁),体质量指数BMI (kg/m2) = 体重(kg)/身高(m2),术前血红蛋白Hb (g/L)、血小板PLT (×109/L)、凝血酶原时间PT (s)、活化部分凝血活酶时间APTT (s);② 手术时间(min),术中失血量(ml),术后可见失血量(ml),术后第1,3天Hb变化,总失血量(ml),输血率;③ 术后切口愈合不良例数、肌间静脉血栓例数、术后6月髋关节Harris评分。

术中失血量(ml) = 吸引器瓶中液体量 − 冲洗液量 + 术中纱布敷料称重的增量(1 g = 1 ml)。

术后可见失血量(ml) = 术后24 h引流量 + 术后切口纱布敷料称重的增量(1 g = 1 ml) − 关节腔内注射的氨甲环酸量。

总失血量按照Mercuriali [12] 公式计算:总失血量(ml) = 术前血容量 × (术前1 d红细胞压积 − 术后5 d红细胞压积) + 输注红细胞量。

术前血容量(PBV)通过Nadler [13] 方程计算:PBV = k1 × 身高(m3) + k2 × 体重(kg) + k3;男性患者k1 = 0.3669,k2 = 0.03219,k3 = 0.6041;女性患者k1 = 0.3561,k2 = 0.03308,k3 = 0.18333。

2.5. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 21.0统计软件包(SPSS公司,美国)进行统计数据分析。以均数 ± 标准差()表示符合正态分布的计量资料,采用单因素方差分析和多个样本均数两两比较的方法对计量资料进行统计分析,计数资料的比较采取卡方检验。以p < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。由第一作者进行统计学处理。

3. 结果

3.1. 基础资料比较

4组患者基础资料比较,差异无明显统计学意义(p > 0.05),见表1。说明4组患者同质性较好,具有可比性。

3.2. 围术期失血量相关资料和术后6月髋关节Harris评分比较,见表2图1

4组患者手术时间、术中失血量及术后6月髋关节Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05);在总失血量方面,4组患者比较不全相等,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),其中B组要明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),而C组和D组又明显低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),C组和D组之间比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05);在术后可见失血量和输血率方面,4组患者比较不全相等,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05),其中A组和B组之间差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05),C组和D组均明显低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。

3.3. 术后切口愈合及肌间静脉血栓形成情况比较,见表3

4组患者术后切口愈合情况及肌间静脉血栓形成情况之间比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。

4. 讨论

股骨头坏死进展到晚期,合并骨关节炎,关节疼痛重,功能受限明显,严重影响患者的日常生活和劳动能力,THA是目前认为的最佳选择。THA是骨科较为常见的一种大型手术,该术式复杂,再加上髋部周围血运丰富,操作稍有不慎就会引起大量出血,而扩髓时髓腔内的出血以及软组织的渗血又不可避免,所以THA的失血量通常较大。因此,在围术期采取积极的预防出血措施,对于患者术后快速康复具有重大意义 [14] 。

骨蜡和氨甲环酸都是THA中常用的止血措施,但它们发挥止血作用的机制却不同。骨蜡是一种常用的堵塞性止血剂,主要成分为蜂蜡。它具有良好的软化性能,术中可根据需要将其捏成相应的大小和形状,均匀地涂抹于未被假体覆盖的截骨面,堵住骨髓部渗血的毛细血管,从而控制截骨面的出血。骨蜡用量以能达到止血效果即可,使用时要将周围多余的去除,并且在有可能已经污染的区域禁忌使用 [15] 。

而氨甲环酸是一种抗纤溶药,其与纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点具有高亲和性,封闭该位点可使纤溶酶原失去与纤维蛋白结合的能力,导致纤溶活性降低而发挥止血作用 [16] ,常用于心血管、胸腔、创伤等手术中的止血 [17] [18] 。有研究证实,氨甲环酸可降低外科手术1/3的输血率 [19] ,且不增加发生深静脉

Table 1. Comparison of basic data of 4 groups of patients

表1. 4组患者基础资料比较

Table 2. Comparison of blood loss of 4 groups of patients

表2. 4组患者失血相关资料比较

Figure 1. Comparison of blood loss data of 4 groups of patients

图1. 4组患者失血量资料比较

Table 3. Comparison of postoperative complications in 4 groups of patients

表3. 4组患者术后相关并发症比较

血栓及肺栓塞的风险 [20] [21] 。氨甲环酸的使用相对复杂,有局部、静脉或两者联合三种,且每种用法又可有不同的给药剂量。韦标方 [9] 等通过前瞻性的研究提出,氨甲环酸在THA术中静脉和局部应用均有疗效,且差异无统计学意义。根据文献报道氨甲环酸的推荐使用剂量及本科室的使用经验,本研究中采用了局部注射(总量2 g,浓度40 mg/ml)的方法,结果显示能有效减少THA患者围手术期失血,降低输血率,这也与Alshryda [22] 和Yue [23] 等人的研究结论相一致。

由于骨蜡和氨甲环酸的作用机制不同,它们可能导致的并发症也不同。对于骨蜡而言,因其是一种不可吸收的外源性异物,有学者认为它可引起慢性炎症,增加感染风险 [15] 。本研究中对患者术后切口愈合指标进行了随访观察,没有发现骨蜡增加THA患者术后切口愈合不良和感染的风险。而对于氨甲环酸,最受关注的还是它是否会增加THA患者血栓形成的风险。本研究没有发现氨甲环酸增加血栓形成风险。而Duncan [24] 等人对13,262例行THA或TKA的患者进行了随访,也发现氨甲环酸并没有增加患者血栓形成的风险。

综上所述,本研究比较了局部使用骨蜡和氨甲环酸在THA中的止血效果,认为氨甲环酸要明显优于骨蜡,而联合使用氨甲环酸和骨蜡并不优于单独使用氨甲环酸,这些结论可为骨科医生提供参考。同时本研究也存在不足之处:本文为回顾性分析研究,随访病例数量有限,时间相对较短,指标偏少,而且氨甲环酸的使用有不同的给药方式和给药剂量,本文只研究了局部使用的止血效果。总之,减少THA围术期的失血是关节置换领域一个重要的课题,包括骨蜡和氨甲环酸在内的各种减少失血的措施仍需进一步的科学评价。

文章引用

梁法瑞,韦标方. 局部应用骨蜡和氨甲环酸在股骨头坏死全髋关节置换术中止血作用的比较
Comparison of the Hemostatic Effect of Local Application of Bone Wax and Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip Arthroplasty in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head[J]. 亚洲外科手术病例研究, 2016, 05(04): 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ACRS.2016.54005

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