Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 12 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 59583 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.1212679

青年男性以胸痛为首发症状的SAPHO综合征 1例并文献复习

李孟倩,郭庆敏,孙明姝*

青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2022年11月21日;录用日期:2022年12月15日;发布日期:2022年12月27日

摘要

目的:SAPHO综合征为临床上缺乏认识、易误诊的自身免疫性非特异性炎症,掌握该病的临床特征,同时结合文献进行讨论,为临床诊治提供参考。方法:分析收治1例青年男性以“胸痛”为首发症状的SAPHO综合征患者,复习相关文献资料,总结临床特征。结果:患者因“右侧胸锁关节疼痛1年余”伴面部、前胸及后背痤疮为主要临床表现收入院,行C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)升高,血尿便常规、肝肾功、ENA、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)、抗CCP抗体、类风湿因子、免疫球蛋白(Ig)、ANA、HLA-B27未见明显异常;胸部CT平扫:右侧锁骨增粗、硬化,局部见死骨;胸骨柄局部片状骨质硬化;考虑慢性复发性多灶性骨髓炎(自身免疫性疾病,SAPHO综合征)可能性大。骶髂关节CT平扫:双侧骶髂关节间隙可,关节面欠光滑,关节面下可见轻度骨质硬化,强直性脊柱炎不能除外。双侧骶髂关节MR:未见明显异常。全身骨显像:左侧下颌支、双侧锁骨及胸骨柄显像剂浓聚灶,相应CT层面示骨质硬化(右侧锁骨为著),其中右侧锁骨增粗,考虑SAPHO综合征可能性大。结论:SAPHO综合征是一种以骨、皮肤及关节异常为特征的罕见病,其诊断需根据临床表现、影像学检查,其中全身骨显像对该病的早期诊断具有特异性。早期诊断并及时治疗很重要。

关键词

SAPHO综合征,胸痛,诊断,治疗

A Case of SAPHO Syndrome with Chest Pain as the First Symptom in Young Male and Literature Review

Mengqian Li, Qingmin Guo, Mingshu Sun*

Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Nov. 21st, 2022; accepted: Dec. 15th, 2022; published: Dec. 27th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: SAPHO syndrome is a kind of autoimmune nonspecific inflammation which is lack of understanding and easy to be misdiagnosed in clinic, so as to grasp the clinical characteristics of the disease and discuss it with reference to the literature, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A young male patient with SAPHO syndrome with “chest pain” as the first symptom was analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed to summarize the clinical characteristics. Results: The patient was admitted to the hospital because of the main clinical manifestations of “pain in the right sternoclavicular joint for more than one year” with acne on the face, front chest and back. The C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were increased. There was no obvious abnormality in blood and urine routine, liver and kidney function, ENA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), anti CCP antibody, rheumatoid factor, immunoglobulin (Ig), ANA, HLA-B27; Chest CT plain scan: the right clavicle is thickened and sclerotic, and dead bone can be seen locally; Partial lamellar osteosclerosis of sternal stalk; It is more likely to consider chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (autoimmune disease, SAPHO syndrome). Plain CT scan of sacroiliac joint: bilateral sacroiliac joint space is OK, joint surface is not smooth, slight osteosclerosis can be seen under the joint surface, and ankylosing spondylitis cannot be excluded. MR of bilateral sacroiliac joints: no obvious abnormality is found. Whole body bone imaging: left mandibular branch, bilateral clavicle and sternal handle imaging agent concentration focus, corresponding CT slice shows osteosclerosis (right clavicle is preferred), in which the right clavicle is thickened, so it is considered that SAPHO syndrome is more likely. Conclusion: SAPHO syndrome is a rare disease characterized by abnormal bone, skin and joint. The diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome needs to be based on clinical manifestations and imaging examination, and the whole body bone imaging is specific for the early diagnosis of the disease. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important.

Keywords:SAPHO Syndrome, Chest Pain, Diagnosis, Treatment

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

1987年由法国研究者Chamot等首次提出了“SAPHO综合征” [1],是一组包括痤疮(acne)、滑膜炎(synovitis)、脓疱病(pustulosis)、骨肥厚(hyperostosis)、骨炎(osteitis)为主的罕见的影响骨关节和皮肤组织的自身免疫性疾病,该病病因及发病机制不明,临床表现多样,目前尚无特异性的诊断指标及统一的治疗策略,因此容易误诊耽误治疗。本文回顾分析青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科收治1例青年男性以胸痛为主伴面部、前胸及后背皮肤改变的患者,现报道如下。

2. 病历摘要

患者男性,28岁,此次因“右侧胸锁关节疼痛1年余,加重3天”入院,患者平素身体健康,右侧胸锁关节疼痛加重止痛药等对症治疗效果不佳入院。

既往史:患者平素身体健康,否认肝炎病史,无结核病史,否认疟疾病史,否认密切接触史,否认高血压、心脏病史,否认糖尿病、脑血管疾病、精神疾病史,否认手术史,无外伤史,无输血史,无食物药物过敏史。

查体:T:36.6℃,P:85次/分,R:19次/分,BP:91/68 mmHg。神志清,精神可,面部、前胸及后背痤疮,伴手掌脓包形成,伴脚掌皮肤脱屑,右侧胸锁关节肿胀,局部皮温不高,轻压痛。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。心律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹软无压痛。双侧“4”字征阴性。双下肢无水肿。

辅助检查:检验:C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)升高,血尿便常规、肝肾功、ENA、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)、抗CCP抗体、类风湿因子、免疫球蛋白(Ig)、ANA、HLA-B27未见明显异常;影像学检查:胸部CT平扫:右侧锁骨增粗、硬化,局部见死骨;胸骨柄局部片状骨质硬化;考虑慢性复发性多灶性骨髓炎(自身免疫性疾病,SAPHO综合征)可能性大。骶髂关节CT平扫:双侧骶髂关节间隙可,关节面欠光滑,关节面下可见轻度骨质硬化,强直性脊柱炎不能除外。双侧骶髂关节MR:未见明显异常。全身骨显像:左侧下颌支、双侧锁骨及胸骨柄显像剂浓聚灶,相应CT层面示骨质硬化(右侧锁骨为著),其中右侧锁骨增粗,考虑SAPHO综合征可能性大。

结合患者骨、皮肤及关节的临床表现以及胸部CT、骶髂关节CT和全身骨扫描影像学检查,患者SAPHO综合征诊断明确。治疗上给予沙利度胺抑制免疫,双氯芬酸钠止痛,阿法骨化醇补钙治疗。经治疗患者症状缓解,给予办理出院。

3. 讨论并文献复习

SAPHO综合征是一种患病率约为0.04%的罕见病,在女性中更常见,可发生于任何年龄阶段,其中中年妇女占主导地位 [2] [3]。SAPHO综合征分为两类:脓疱性银屑病骨质疏松症(Pustulo-Psoriatic Hyperostotic Spondyloarthritis, PPHS)和慢性复发性多灶性骨髓炎(Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis, CRMO) [4]。此病发病机制尚不清楚,有研究表明感染、遗传、免疫和环境因素可能在疾病的发展中发挥作用。比如痤疮杆菌的抗原是启动炎症的因素,尽管它只是偶尔在细菌培养中发现 [5];多达30%的SAPHO综合征患者已被证明与HLA-B27基因的存在有关 [6];免疫系统功能障碍与SAPHO综合征的发生有关,Li等人 [7] 发现SAPHO综合征患者血清IgG4升高并与疾病活动性相关。一些细胞因子被认为在SAPHO的发病机制中也起着重要作用。TNF-α升高对SAPHO综合征骨炎的发生起作用 [8]。SAPHO患者血清白介素-6 (IL-6)升高与C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)呈正相关 [9]。在有前胸壁病变的SAPHO患者中,观察到血清白介素-8 (IL-8)升高,这表明这种细胞因子参与了骨和关节炎症 [10]。

SAPHO综合征的临床表现多样,其特征临床表现包括皮肤损伤及骨关节病变,其中典型的皮肤表现是严重痤疮和脓疱病,约80%的患者出现脓疱病,约5%的患者有痤疮,还有5%的患者没有皮肤病损,皮肤表现与骨关节病的发生没有时间规律性,所以临床上容易误诊为其他骨关节病或皮肤病,很难明确诊断 [6]。实验室检查缺乏特异性,影像学检查(包括X线、CT、MRI以及全身骨显像)在诊断疾病方面有重要作用。在疾病的早期阶段,全身骨显像是有用的,大约85%~90%患者前胸壁显像剂摄入增加 [3],典型表现为胸骨、肋骨、锁骨等区域的显像剂异常浓聚,即“牛头征”,是SAPHO综合征有诊断价值的表现之一,与本例全身骨显像表现一致。在CT检查中,高达45%的患者可观察到侵蚀和硬化性改变并伴有新骨形成和骨质增生症 [11],在本例胸部CT中可观察到此变化。

对于本例的诊断采用2003年美国风湿病学会Kahn标准(满足其一并同时除外反应性关节炎和肿瘤骨转移者即可确诊):1) 骨和(或)关节病合并掌跖脓疱病:2) 骨和(或)关节病合并重度痤疮;3) 成人孤立性无菌骨炎或骨肥厚;4) 儿童慢性复发性多灶性骨髓炎;5) 骨和(或)关节病合并炎症性肠病。根据临床表现、体征以及辅助检查,符合1) 2) 4) 的标准,患者SAPHO综合征诊断明确。

该病没有规范的诊疗指南,经验性治疗、对症治疗为主,早期发现并治疗的患者预后良好。非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)为一线用药,这些药物可以减轻关节症状,但对皮肤病变没有影响,皮肤病变可给予雷公藤、外用糖皮质激素或中药制剂治疗。二线用药有糖皮质激素以及改善病情抗风湿药,比如甲氨蝶呤、柳氮磺吡啶和雷公藤等。由于痤疮杆菌被认为是SAPHO综合征的重要诱因,多西环素或阿奇霉素等抗生素在其治疗中也是有用的 [6]。有报道表明TNF受体拮抗剂对于一线、二线治疗无效的患者可能有效,如英夫利昔单抗、依那西普、阿达木单抗被认为是一种安全、有效的选择。双磷酸盐类药物可以通过抑制巨噬细胞中细胞因子的分泌,起到抗骨质疏松及抗炎的作用也可用于该病的治疗 [12]。

本例患者单用非甾体抗炎药疗效不佳,入院给予免疫抑制剂沙利度胺和非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸钠合用效果明显。SAPHO综合征以往报道病例鲜少使用沙利度胺治疗,本例使用后症状改善明显可为后续临床治疗提供经验。沙利度胺的作用机制复杂,目前尚不完全清楚。它是一种免疫调节、抗炎和抗血管生成的药物。抗血管生成作用于血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和成纤维细胞生长因子2 (FGF2)。抗血管生成和免疫调节可归因于其抗肿瘤活性,因为这两种作用可能与该药对细胞因子分泌的影响有关,通过减少循环中的CD4+ T细胞和刺激CD8+ T细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和辅助性T细胞(TH2)细胞来发挥作用。此外,沙利度胺还可抑制TNF-α、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8和IL-12的产生,增加IL-2、IL-10和干扰素γ的产生 [13]。有研究表明,此药对于某些自身免疫疾病(系统性红斑狼疮、白塞病等)的皮肤及黏膜病变治疗有益 [14]。SAPHO综合征患者有骨关节病变也有皮肤损伤,所以使用非甾体抗炎药合用沙利度胺治疗,对骨关节病及皮肤病变都有一定效果,所以沙利度胺对于SAPHO综合征的治疗是有一定依据的。

4. 总结

SAPHO综合征临床表现缺乏特异性,易被误诊为骨关节病或皮肤病,从而耽误治疗。在今后诊疗过程中,要提高对此病的认识,做到早诊断早治疗。

文章引用

李孟倩,郭庆敏,孙明姝. 青年男性以胸痛为首发症状的SAPHO综合征1例并文献复习
A Case of SAPHO Syndrome with Chest Pain as the First Symptom in Young Male and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11657-11661. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1212679

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  15. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: alexia_sun@126.com

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