Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 02 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 61371 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.132274

PNPLA3 rs3747207位点多态性与NAFLD易感性的相关性

孙田静1,方海丽2,赵真真3,刘守胜3,辛永宁1,宣世英1*

1青岛大学附属青岛市市立医院感染性疾病科,山东 青岛

2青岛市第八人民医院感染性疾病科,山东 青岛

3青岛大学附属青岛市市立医院临床研究中心,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年1月14日;录用日期:2023年2月8日;发布日期:2023年2月15日

摘要

目的:探讨青岛地区汉族人群中patatin样磷脂酶结构域蛋白3 (Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containin, PNPLA3)基因rs3747207位点多态性与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD)发病风险的相关性。方法:随机纳入2020年12月~2022年6月就诊于青岛市市立医院的NAFLD患者223例,并选取同期健康对照人群168例。采集所有受试者的临床数据及血液样本,检测血液样本的生物化学指标并测定PNPLA3 rs3747207位点基因型。根据是否符合正态分布对定量资料进行t检验或非参数检验。定性资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用二元logistic回归分析NAFLD发生的危险因素。结果:PNPLA3 rs3747207基因型分布及等位基因频率在NAFLD组和对照组之间分布无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05)。二元logistic回归分析表明,携带GG基因型未增加NAFLD发病风险(OR = 0.702, 95%CI: 0.428~1.152, P = 0.161)。GG基因型携带者低密度脂蛋白水平高于非携带者(P < 0.05)。结论:PNPLA3 rs3747207多态性与青岛地区汉族人群NAFLD发病风险无明显相关性。

关键词

非酒精性脂肪性肝病,基因多态性,PNPLA3 rs3747207

Correlation between PNPLA3 rs3747207 Polymorphism and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Tianjing Sun1, Haili Fang2, Zhenzhen Zhao3, Shousheng Liu3, Yongning Xin1, Shiying Xuan1*

1Department of Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Eighth People’s Hospital, Qingdao Shandong

3Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jan. 14th, 2023; accepted: Feb. 8th, 2023; published: Feb. 15th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the relationship between PNPLA3 rs3747207 polymorphism and the onset risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Chinese Han population in Qingdao. Methods: A total of 223 patients with NAFLD who attended Qingdao Municipal Hospital from December 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled in NAFLD group; 168 healthy individuals were enrolled in control group. We collected the clinical date and blood sample of all subjects to measure related biochemical parameters and detect PNPLA3 rs3747207 genotype. The t-test was used for the comparison of normally distributed quantitative data between two groups, and the non-parametric test was used for the non-normally distributed quantitative data between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of qualitative data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for NAFLD. Result: There was no significant difference in PNPLA3 rs3747207 genotype distribution and allele frequency between the control group and NAFLD group (P > 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of NAFLD in individuals with genotype GG was not increased compared with those in individuals with allele gene A (OR = 0.702, 95%CI: 0.428~1.152, P = 0.161). For all subjects, the subjects with GG genotype had a higher level of low density lipoprotein than those with allele gene A (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant association between PNPLA3 rs3747207 polymorphism and the risk of NAFLD in the Chinese Han population in Qingdao.

Keywords:Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Gene Polymorphism, Patatin like Phospholipase Domain Containing Protein 3

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD)是指排除过量饮酒等继发性原因引起的以肝脏脂肪变性为主要特征的临床病理综合征 [1] 。流行病学显示,全球NAFLD患病率约为32.4%,亚洲患病率约为34% [2] [3] 。NAFLD促进肝细胞癌的发展,NAFLD患病率的上升可能会在接下来的几十年中引发肝细胞癌发病率的过度增加 [4] [5] 。如何预防NAFLD发生、延缓乃至控制其进展是目前亟待解决的问题。NAFLD的发病机制十分复杂,现有研究认为它与肥胖、代谢综合征、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗、遗传、肠道微生物群等多种因素相关 [6] 。其中,遗传因素通过影响脂代谢、炎症通路和氧化应激等机制对NAFLD的流行和严重程度发挥重要作用 [7] 。

Patatin样磷脂酶结构域蛋白3 (tatin-like phospholipase domain-containin, PNPLA3)基因在人体内位于22号染色体(22q13. 31),其编码的蛋白质是一种具有催化甘油三酯水解和溶血磷脂酸酰化作用的酶 [8] 。2008年,Romeo等人首先发现了PNPLA3 rs738409位点的C/G变异与肝脏脂肪含量升高和肝脏炎症密切相关 [9] 。随着研究的深入,Peng等人还发现PNPLA3基因的rs139051、rs143392071、rs3747207等位点与NAFLD发病风险相关 [10] [11] [12] [13] 。最近,Gong等人在一项纳入了971名汉族人群的研究中指出,rs3747207位点与年龄大于55岁的人群肝癌易感性增加相关 [14] 。国内目前尚无rs3747207与NAFLD发病风险相关研究,本研究旨在探索PNPLA3 rs3747207位点多态性与中国青岛地区汉族人群NAFLD发病风险的相关性,进而完善NAFLD相关遗传因素的研究。

2. 对象和方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究已得到青岛市市立医院伦理委员会批准。所有受试者均已签署知情同意书。NAFLD患者来自于2020年12月~2022年6月就诊于青岛市市立医院的NAFLD患者,健康对照来自于同期体检中心的健康体检者。所有NAFLD患者均由B型超声进行诊断,符合《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018更新版)》 [15] 诊断标准:1) 无过量饮酒史,即每日饮酒折合乙醇量男性 < 30 g,女性 < 20 g;2) 除外酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎、基因3型丙型肝炎病毒感染等可致脂肪肝的特殊肝脏疾病;3) 未应用他莫西芬、丙戊酸钠、乙胺碘呋酮等可致脂肪肝的药物;4) 排除全胃肠外营养、乳糜泻、炎症性肠病等可致脂肪肝的特殊情况;5) 血清氨基酸转移酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)增高,同时排除可致肝脏生化指标异常以及肝硬化的其他原因;6) 符合肝脏影响学诊断标准。所有健康体检者体检、影像和实验室等辅助检查未见明显异常,并排除NAFLD相关疾病。

2.2. 临床及化验评估

详细记录所有受试者的性别、年龄,对其身高及体质量进行标准测量并计算体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)。每个受试者于12 h空腹后在上午取静脉血4 ml,将静脉血分别保存至2个EDTA抗凝管中用于后续研究:一管血液样本在青岛市市立医院检验科进行生物化学指标检测,包括γ-谷氨酰转移酶、空腹血糖(FPG)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、总胆红素(TBil);一管血液样本用于DNA提取及基因型鉴定。

2.3. 诊断标准

使用血液基因组DNA提取试剂盒(博淼生物科技公司)从血液样本中提取DNA,然后使用多聚合酶链反应方法对PNPLA3目的基因进行扩增及基因型分析,基因扩增引物序列为“5’-ACGTTGGATGAAGT GTGCTCACACATCTCC-3’”和“5’-ACGTTGGATGTGAAAGGCAGTGAGGCATGG-3’”。基因扩增程序为首先在94℃进行最初的5 min预变性,然后进行45个循环的扩增:94℃变性20 s,56℃退火30 s,72℃延伸1 min。PNPLA3 rs3747207位点的基因型通过基因测序方法进行鉴定。

2.4. 基因组DNA提取及基因分型

使用SPSS 26.0版软件对所得数据进行统计分析。使用χ2检验分析PNPLA3 rs3747207基因型分布是否具有群体代表性。定性资料两组间比较应用卡方检验(χ2);连续变量经方差齐性检验后符合正态分布的资料用均数±标准差表示,两组间比较应用t检验;符合非正态分布的资料用中位数(四分位数)表示,两组间比较应用非参数检验。使用非条件logistic回归模型来评估PNPLA3 rs3747207位点多态性与NAFLD发病风险之间的风险,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究人员的基线特征

本研究共纳入了223例NAFLD患者,168例健康对照。NAFLD组和健康对照组的临床特征见表1。两组间性别、TC、LDL、TBil差异无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05)。NAFLD组的年龄、BMI、FPG、ALT、AST、ALP、TG水平显著高于健康对照组,并且NAFLD组的高密度脂蛋白水平显著低于健康对照组(P均 < 0.05)。

Table 1. Clinical date and biochemical parameters of all subjects

表1. 所有受试者的临床资料及生物化学指标

注:空腹血糖(FPG)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、总胆红素(TBil)。

3.2. PNPLA3 rs3747207基因型及等位基因的分布

χ2检验显示健康对照组及NAFLD组PNPLA3 rs3747207的基因型分布符合Hardy-weinberg平衡法则(P分别为0.878、0.935),具有群体代表性(表2)。两组的PNPLA3 rs3747207位点的基因型和等位基因分布差异无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05) (表3)。非条件Logistic回归模型分析结果显示:PNPLA3 rs3747207位点基因型及等位基因分布与NAFLD发病风险无明显相关(P均 > 0.05) (表4)。

Table 2. Analysis of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of PNPLA3 rs3747207 in two groups

表2. PNPLA3 rs3747207在两组中的Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律分析

Table 3. PNPLA3 rs3747207 allele and genotype frequency distribution

表3. PNPLA3 rs3747207等位基因和基因型频率分布

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for NAFLD

表4. NAFLD危险因素的logistic回归分析结果

注:P'值为校正年龄、性别、BMI后的P值。

3.3. PNPLA3 rs3747207基因多态性与临床参数的相关性

在所有受试者中我们进行了PNPLA3 rs3747207不同基因型之间生物化学指标的比较。结果显示,在所有受试者中,PNPLA3 rs3747207位点GG基因型携带者与A等位基因携带者相比有更高的LDL水平(P < 0.05) (表5)。

Table 5. Comparison of various indexes between GG genotype carriers and non-carriers in all subjects

表5. 所有受试者中GG基因型携带者与非携带者各项指标比较

注:空腹血糖(FPG)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、总胆红素(TBil)。

4. 讨论

个体间NAFLD的发生和相关并发症的变异性是由遗传和环境因素共同决定的 [16] 。本研究在391名青岛地区汉族人群中探讨了PNPLA3 rs3747207位点基因多态性与NAFLD发病风险的相关性。

目前研究认为,PNPLA3基因的作用是协助调节脂肪细胞的发育以及肝细胞和脂肪细胞中脂肪的产生和分解 [17] 。该基因编码的蛋白质主要表达于肝细胞和肝星状细胞,在这两种细胞中均发挥着脂滴调节的作用 [8] 。近期,Ericson等人的研究 [18] 利用人PNPLA3蛋白抗体测定了NAFLD患者肝活检组织中PNPLA3蛋白水平,他们发现PNPLA3蛋白水平的升高和NAFLD患者脂肪变性程度的增加显著相关(P = 0.000027),并且在小叶性炎症(P = 0.009)、气球膨胀(P = 0.022)和显著纤维化(2~4期:P = 0.014)的患者中PNPLA3蛋白水平也有显著升高。PNPLA3基因多态性可通过促进脂肪变性(rs738409位点 [19] [20] [21] ),促进炎症(rs738409位点 [22] 、rs2281135位点 [23] )和纤维化(rs738409位点 [24] [25] [26] 、rs2281135位点和rs2143571位点 [27] )来影响NAFLD的发生和发展。2019年,Namjou等人对欧洲血统受试者进行的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)显示rs3747207与NAFLD发病风险具有相关性 [12] 。研究结果显示rs3747207多态性与NAFLD易感性无明显相关性,与上述GWAS结果不一致。这可能由于种族特异性,本研究受试者均为中国汉族人群,而GWAS研究对象则为欧洲人群。此外,GWAS研究对象通过肝活组织检查诊断,而本研究是通过B型超声进行诊断,对轻度脂肪肝的诊断灵敏度较低。尽管本研究PNPLA3 rs3747207基因型分布在NAFLD组和健康对照组之间没有差异,但不同基因型携带者的血脂水平有差异。

本研究比较携带A等位基因及未携带A等位基因受试者的各项指标,结果表明在所有受试者中,PNPLA3 rs3747207位点GG基因型携带者与A等位基因携带者相比有更高的LDL水平。LDL颗粒的主要成分是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterin, LDL-C) [28] ,先前的研究表明LDL-C与NAFLD发病风险增加有关 [29] [30] 。此外,LDL可分为大而轻LDL和小而密LDL (small and dense low-density lipoprotein, sdLDL) [31] 。NAFLD患者血脂异常的特征除血浆TG水平升高(P < 0.001)外,还包括sdLDL水平升高(P < 0.01)和HDL水平下降(P < 0.001) [32] [33] [34] 。近期,Young等人的研究 [35] 发现NAFLD患者的sdLDL水平不但高于健康人群 [33] ,而且随着肝脂肪变性和纤维化程度的加重而逐渐升高。因此,纵然本研究rs3747207位点多态性与NAFLD发病风险无明显相关,但鉴于该位点与LDL水平密切相关,且与肝癌易感性相关 [14] ,我们仍不能忽视该基因位点对NAFLD发生发展过程的影响。

综上所述,PNPLA3 rs3747207基因多态性与NAFLD的发病风险无明显相关性,然而GG基因型携带与受试者LDL水平升高有关。由于本研究存在一定的局限性,下一步研究应招募更多受试者,完善肝活组织检查,进一步研究PNPLA3 rs3747207基因多态性对NAFLD的影响。

文章引用

孙田静,方海丽,赵真真,刘守胜,辛永宁,宣世英. PNPLA3 rs3747207位点多态性与NAFLD易感性的相关性
Correlation between PNPLA3 rs3747207 Polymorphism and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(02): 1974-1981. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132274

参考文献

  1. 1. Nassir, F. (2022) NAFLD: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Biomarkers. Biomolecules, 12, 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12060824

  2. 2. Riazi, K., Azhari, H., Charette, J.H., et al. (2022) The Prevalence and Incidence of NAFLD Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepa-tology, 7, 851-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00165-0

  3. 3. Yip, T.C., Lee, H.W., Chan, W.K., et al. (2022) Asian Per-spective on NAFLD-Associated HCC. Journal of Hepatology, 76, 726-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.024

  4. 4. Estes, C., Razavi, H., Loomba, R., et al. (2018) Modeling the Epi-demic of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Demonstrates an Exponential Increase in Burden of Disease. Hepatology, 67, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29466

  5. 5. Diaz, L.A., Arrese, M. and Arab, J.P. (2022) Hepatocellular Car-cinoma in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease from a Clinical and Public Health Perspective. Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition, 11, 755-758. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn-22-386

  6. 6. Juanola, O., Martinez-Lopez, S., Frances, R., et al. (2021) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic, Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Risk Factors. International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 5227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105227

  7. 7. Wong, W.K. and Chan, W.K. (2021) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Global Perspective. Clinical Therapeutics, 43, 473-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.007

  8. 8. Pingitore, P. and Romeo, S. (2019) The Role of PNPLA3 in Health and Disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta— Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1864, 900-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.018

  9. 9. Romeo, S., Kozlitina, J., Xing, C., et al. (2008) Genetic Variation in PNPLA3 Confers Susceptibility to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nat Genet, 40, 1461-1465. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.257

  10. 10. Peng, X.E., Wu, Y.L., Lin, S.W., et al. (2012) Genetic Variants in PNPLA3 and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Han Chinese Population. PLOS ONE, 7, e50256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050256

  11. 11. Boonvisut, S., Yoshida, K., Nakayama, K., et al. (2017) Identi-fication of Deleterious Rare Variants in MTTP, PNPLA3, and TM6SF2 in Japanese Males and Association Studies with NAFLD. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16, 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0570-y

  12. 12. Namjou, B., Lingren, T., Huang, Y., et al. (2019) GWAS and En-richment Analyses of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Identify New Trait-Associated Genes and Pathways across eMERGE Network. BMC Medicine, 17, 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1364-z

  13. 13. Dwi Astarini, F., Ratnasari, N. and Wasityastuti, W. (2022) Up-date on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Involvement in Liver Steatosis, Inflammation, and Fibrosis: A Narrative Review. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 26, 252-268. https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3647

  14. 14. Gong, D., Li, S., Yu, Z., et al. (2022) Contribution of PNPLA3 Gene Pol-ymorphisms to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility in the Chinese Han Population. BMC Medical Genomics, 15, 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-022-01394-7

  15. 15. National Workshop on Fatty Liver and Alcoholic Liver Disease, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association (2018) Guidelines of Prevention and Treatment for Nonal-coholic Fatty Liver Disease: A 2018 Update. Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 26, 195-203.

  16. 16. Sharma, D. and Mandal, P. (2022) NAFLD: Genetics and Its Clinical Implications. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 46, Article ID: 102003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2022.102003

  17. 17. Xiang, H., Wu, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2021) Research Progress, Challenges and Perspectives on PNPLA3 and Its Variants in Liver Diseases. Journal of Cancer, 12, 5929-5937. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.57951

  18. 18. Ericson, E., Bergenholm, L. andreasson, A.C., et al. (2022) He-patic Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain-Containing 3 Levels Are Increased in I148M Risk Allele Carriers and Correlate with NAFLD in Humans. Hepatology Communications, 6, 2689-2701. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.2032

  19. 19. He, S., Mcphaul, C., Li, J.Z., et al. (2010) A Sequence Variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Disrupts Triglyceride Hydrolysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285, 6706-6715. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.064501

  20. 20. Shang, L. and Mashek, D.G. (2020) The Underpinnings of PNPLA3-Mediated Fatty Liver Emerge. Hepatology, 71, 375-377. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30888

  21. 21. Kabbani, M., Michailidis, E., Steensels, S., et al. (2022) Human Hepatocyte PNPLA3-148M Exacerbates Rapid Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development in Chimeric Mice. Cell Reports, 40, Article ID: 111321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111321

  22. 22. Alam, S., Islam, M.S., Islam, S., et al. (2017) Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism at PNPLA3 with Fatty Liver, Steatohepatitis, and Cirrhosis of Liver. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, 36, 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-017-0784-y

  23. 23. Chatterjee, A., Basu, A., Das, K., et al. (2021) Exome-Wide Scan Identifies Significant Association of rs4788084 in IL27 Promoter with Increase in Hepatic Fat Content among Indians. Gene, 775, Article ID: 145431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2021.145431

  24. 24. Kallwitz, E.R., Tayo, B.O., Kuniholm, M.H., et al. (2019) Ameri-can Ancestry Is a Risk Factor for Suspected Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hispanic/Latino Adults. Clinical Gas-troenterology and Hepatology, 17, 2301-2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.02.007

  25. 25. Seko, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Mizuno, N., et al. (2018) Combination of PNPLA3 and TLL1 Polymorphism Can Predict Advanced Fibrosis in Japanese Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Gastroenterology, 53, 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-017-1372-8

  26. 26. Liu, W., An-stee, Q.M., Wang, X., et al. (2016) Transcriptional Regulation of PNPLA3 and Its Impact on Susceptibility to Nonalco-holic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Humans. Aging (Albany NY), 9, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101067

  27. 27. Serper, M., Vujkovic, M., Kaplan, D.E., et al. (2020) Validating a Non-Invasive, ALT-Based Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Phenotype in the Million Veteran Program. PLOS ONE, 15, e0237430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237430

  28. 28. 陈霞. 低密度脂蛋白与糖尿病的关系[J]. 内科, 2012, 7(3): 304-306.

  29. 29. Li, J., Zou, B., Yeo, Y.H., et al. (2019) Prevalence, Incidence, and Outcome of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Asia, 1999-2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, 4, 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30039-1

  30. 30. Zou, Y., Zhong, L., Hu, C., et al. (2021) LDL/HDL Choles-terol Ratio Is Associated with New-Onset NAFLD in Chinese Non-Obese People with Normal Lipids: A 5-Year Longi-tudinal Cohort Study. Lipids in Health and Disease, 20, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01457-1

  31. 31. Austin, M.A., Breslow, J.L., Hennekens, C.H., et al. (1988) Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA, 260, 1917-1921. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410130125037

  32. 32. Chatrath, H., Vuppalanchi, R. and Chalasani, N. (2012) Dyslipidemia in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Seminars in Liver Disease, 32, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306423

  33. 33. Speliotes, E.K., Massaro, J.M., Hoffmann, U., et al. (2010) Fatty Liver Is Associated with Dyslipidemia and Dysglycemia Independent of Visceral Fat: The Framingham Heart Study. Hepatology, 51, 1979-1987. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23593

  34. 34. Siddiqui, M.S., Fuchs, M., Idowu, M.O., et al. (2015) Severity of Nonal-coholic Fatty Liver Disease and Progression to Cirrhosis Are Associated with Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13, 1000- 1008.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2014.10.008

  35. 35. Young Kim, S., Mun, S., Yu, J.H., et al. (2022) Association between Small Dense LDL Levels and Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Medicine (Baltimore), 101, e30527. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030527

  36. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

期刊菜单