Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 07 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 53969 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.127993

HPV与宫颈癌的研究 进展

田春兰1,王烈宏2*

1青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁

2青海省红十字医院妇产科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2022年6月22日;录用日期:2022年7月13日;发布日期:2022年7月25日

摘要

HPV是宫颈癌的一个重要原因,宫颈癌是女性第三大最常见的癌症,严重危害女性健康,本文主要对HPV的概况、发病机理以及与宫颈癌的关系进行描述,对于现存的预防以及治疗手段进行总结,并对未来进行展望。

关键词

HPV,宫颈癌,进展

Research Progress of HPV and Cervical Cancer

Chunlan Tian1, Liehong Wang2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining Qinghai

Received: Jun. 22nd, 2022; accepted: Jul. 13th, 2022; published: Jul. 25th, 2022

ABSTRACT

HPV is an important cause of cervical cancer, which is the third most common cancer in women and seriously harms women’s health. This paper mainly describes the overview of HPV, pathogenesis and the relationship with cervical cancer, summarizes the existing prevention and treatment methods, and makes prospects for the future.

Keywords:HPV, Cervical Cancer, Progress

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

人类乳头瘤病毒(Human Papilloma Virus, HPV)是全球男性和女性性传播疾病最常见的原因之一,被认为是最常见的性传播病毒疾病。由于生殖器HPV感染的普遍性以及私密性,因此实际发病率和流行数字尚不清楚;然而,据估计,每年新感染的发病率在100万到550万之间,流行率估计高达2000万 [1]。HPV继续是一个重要的话题,因为感染率持续增加。

2. HPV概述

乳头瘤病毒无处不在,根据显示基因组差异的DNA序列数据,已经识别出200多种HPV类型。85个HPV基因型被明确描述。另外120个分离株部分特征为潜在的新基因型 [2]。HPV可感染皮肤基底上皮细胞或组织内壁,分为皮肤型和粘膜型。皮肤类型的HPV是表皮细胞增生和目标的皮肤的手和脚。粘膜类型感染口腔、咽喉、呼吸道或肛门生殖器上皮。根据HPV与宫颈癌和前体病变的关系,HPV也可以分为高危型和低风险型。低风险HPV类型包括6型、11型、42型、43型和44型。高危HPV类型包括16、18、31、33、34、35、39、45、51、52、56、58、59、66、68和70 [2] [3]。高危人群包括一些HPV类型,它们在癌症中较少见,但常在鳞状上皮内病变(SILs)中发现。一些作者将这些HPV类型称为中等风险。在宫颈癌中也偶尔发现低风险亚型 [3]。

3. HPV的临床表现

HPV与各种临床状况相关,大多数HPV感染是良性的,HPV最早被认为是手脚皮肤疣(足底疣、普通疣、扁平疣)的病因,疣是充满角蛋白的肥厚皮肤区域,一般情况下,它们会在1至5年内自行消退,其他菌株主要生长在口腔内壁,产生小的隆起结节,可以发展成鳞状细胞癌,口腔局灶性上皮增生(赫克氏病)主要由HPV-13引起,并倾向于自发消退 [2] [3]。疣状表皮发育不全症是一种罕见的遗传病,伴随人乳头状瘤病毒相关的躯干和上肢疣,可发展为侵袭性鳞状细胞癌,复发性呼吸道乳头状瘤病主要是一种喉部疾病,在年龄中位数为3岁的幼儿,但也可以发生在成人,由于较高比例的母亲有HPV病史,而且类似的HPV类型会导致肛门生殖器疣和反复发作的呼吸道乳头瘤病,因此认为幼儿的感染是通过受感染的产道获得的 [3]。也有一些建议,该疾病可能获得在子宫内,因为病例已被记录在出生后剖宫产,呼吸道病变可发生恶性转化,宫颈癌是女性第三大最常见的癌症,皮肤癌和乳腺癌分别是第一和第二最常见的病因 [3]。

4. HPV与宫颈癌的关系

在发展中国家,宫颈癌往往是妇女最常见的癌症,可能占所有女性癌症的25% [4]。在全世界妇女因癌症死亡的最常见原因中,宫颈癌仅次于乳腺癌 [5]。20世纪80年代初,德国病毒学家哈罗德·祖尔·豪森(Harold zur Hausen)首次证明了生殖器HPV感染与宫颈癌之间的联系。从那时起,HPV和宫颈鳞状细胞癌之间的联系已经得到了很好的证实。HPV与宫颈鳞状细胞癌的相关性高于吸烟与肺癌的相关性 [6]。1996年,世界卫生协会与欧洲生殖器官感染和肿瘤研究组织以及国家卫生研究院宫颈癌共识会议共同承认HPV是宫颈癌的一个重要原因。科学家已经确定了大约30种HPV类型,它们通过性接触传播,主要感染宫颈、阴道、外阴、阴茎和肛门。其中,4种最常在宫颈癌的恶性细胞中发现,16型约占病例的一半,18、31和45型则占额外病例的25%至30% [2] [3] [4]。世界范围内,99.7%的宫颈鳞状细胞癌病例与HPV有关 [7]。宫颈腺癌也与HPV相关,但相关性不太明显,且与年龄有关 [8]。在40岁以下的女性中,89%的腺癌中存在HPV,而在60岁及以上的女性中,只有43%的人观察到HPV [3]。HPV主要通过皮肤接触传播,性行为对感染生殖器HPV和宫颈癌的风险有影响,HPV对热和干燥有很强的抵抗力,也可以通过污染物进行非性传播,如长时间暴露于被污染的衣物 [9]。如果一个人有多个性伴侣,或者他的伴侣有多个性伴侣,那么他感染HPV的风险就会更大。过早的性行为也会增加患宫颈癌的风险,就像其他性传播疾病、生殖器疣、不正常的巴氏涂片、个人或性伴侣的宫颈癌或阴茎癌一样。使用安全套可能不能充分保护个人免受HPV感染,因为HPV可以通过接触未使用安全套保护的受感染的唇、阴囊或肛门组织传播 [3]。除了性行为,年龄是HPV感染风险的重要决定因素 [10] [11]。大多数宫颈癌发生在宫颈内柱状上皮和宫颈外鳞状上皮之间的鳞状柱状上皮交界处。在这个位点,有持续的化生变化。HPV感染的最大风险与最大的细胞化生同时发生,发生在青春期和第一次怀孕,绝经后下降 [3]。HPV感染在性活跃的18至30岁的年轻女性中最常见。30岁以后患病率急剧下降。然而,宫颈癌在35岁以上的女性中更常见,这表明感染在更年轻的时候,癌症进展缓慢。持续感染在高危致癌性HPV类型中更为常见,是宫颈癌发展的一个重要决定因素。检测高风险的HPV是必要的,但可能不足以发展为子宫颈癌。研究表明,妇女是否会患上子宫颈癌取决于在导致子宫颈癌的过程中与癌症相关的HPV类型协同作用的各种其他因素 [3]。

5. HPV发病机理

HPV感染的主要免疫应答是细胞介导的;因此,损害细胞介导免疫的条件,如肾移植或人类免疫缺陷病毒疾病,会增加HPV获得和进展的风险 [12] [13] [14]。根据一些研究,长期使用口服避孕药是高度宫颈疾病的一个重要危险因素,但在其他研究中并非如此 [10] [15]。宫颈癌风险似乎也独立地受到其他变量的影响,包括吸烟 [10]。吸烟引起的局部免疫抑制已在宫颈细胞中被证明,可能导致HPV持续存在 [16] [17] [18]。吸烟似乎是独立于HPV感染的较高级别宫颈疾病的最重要的危险因素 [10]。吸烟与低级别宫颈疾病的关系很小或没有关系。在活检标本中有HPV感染的组织病理学证据的女性和中度至重度宫颈疾病的女性中,多胎妊娠是一个显著的独立危险因素 [3]。在轻度宫颈疾病的女性中,只有高危型HPV感染是一个显著的危险因素,其他因素如饮酒和饮食还没有得到很好的证实 [3]。有一些人认为,性传播病毒可能是宫颈癌发展的辅助因素。据推测,单纯疱疹病毒2型的合并感染可能在宫颈癌的发病过程中起作用 [19]。有人提出CMV和HHV-6的致癌基因和转化因子,但流行病学和体外数据并不能确定与宫颈癌的因果关系 [20] [21] [22] [23]。PCR检测宫颈细胞学检查结果异常的妇女中的CMV、HHV-6和HHV-7,表明这些病毒在宫颈癌的发展中影响不大 [24]。研究表明,HPV-16可以达到比其他类型更高的病毒载量,只有HPV-16的病毒载量增加与宫颈疾病的严重程度增加相关 [25] [26]。所有类型的高危hpv即使在低水平存在时也能诱发恶性肿瘤 [27]。在子宫颈肿瘤的发展中,一个重要的因素是HPV变异的作用 [28]。有人提出HPV变种在生物学和化学特性以及致病性方面存在差异,但是这种机制尚不清楚 [29] - [36]。结肠直肠癌、肺癌和黑色素瘤的遗传易感性早已被认识和广泛接受 [3]。当使用相同的分析方法时,发现遗传易感性在宫颈癌中甚至是一个更大的组成部分 [37]。研究发现,基因遗传性占肿瘤发展潜在因素影响的27%。遗传性可以影响许多促进宫颈癌发展的因素,包括对HPV感染的易感性、清除HPV感染的能力以及疾病发展的时间 [3]。共享家庭环境的影响很小,只有2%,而且只在姐妹之间存在,在母女之间不存在。研究表明,多种类型的HPV感染可以发生 [3] [38] [39] [40]。多重感染率已达39%。多重HPV基因型的存在倾向于随着宫颈疾病的严重程度而增加,11.8%细胞学正常,通常至少有一种类型被列为高危型。然而,在宫颈癌组织样本中,多基因型的患病率要低得多 [39]。多数多重感染包含两种HPV基因型,但也有三种、四种或五种基因型的样本 [38] [40]。同时感染腺相关病毒与显著降低宫颈瘤变风险相关 [41] [42]。这种干扰不需要HPV基因产物。性传播HPV感染的临床表现性传播HPV感染会导致三种可能的结果之一,主要取决于涉及的HPV类型。第一种是男性和女性生殖器和肛门上或周围的肛门尖锐湿疣(尖锐湿疣)。肛门生殖器疣通常与HPV-6和HPV-11有关,不会导致癌症 [2]。大多数无症状,可在3~4个月自行消退,保持不变,或增加大小和数量。治疗方案包括消融、切除或局部用药,当肛门生殖器疣呈红棕色色素时,应进行活检,因为它们实际上可能是由HPV-16或HPV-18引起,组织学显示尖锐湿疣结构伴上皮内瘤变,这些病变很少演变为原位癌 [2] [3] [43] [44]。第二种结果是潜伏感染或非活跃感染,在这种情况下,很少有人知道自己受到感染,因为很少产生明显的症状,而且受感染的区域在细胞学上仍然正常,第三种结果是活动性感染,与高危型人乳头瘤病毒有关,在这种病毒中,感染细胞发生变化,可能导致阴茎、尿道、膀胱、阴道、外阴或宫颈上皮内瘤变 [3]。

6. 治疗以及预防手段

疾病的治疗重在预防,预防HPV感染的主要方法包括降低风险和开发HPV疫苗。使用乳胶避孕套可以降低感染HPV的风险。然而,避孕套并不是完全可靠的,因为HPV可能会通过与身体其他部位的接触而感染,如阴唇、阴囊或肛门,而这些部位没有避孕套的保护。疫苗接种是一种有效的预防手段,HPV疫苗通常由病毒样颗粒(VLPs)组成,这些颗粒是空的病毒衣壳,含有主要的HPV衣壳抗原,也可能含有次要的衣壳抗原,但缺乏病毒DNA。该疫苗是通过在真核细胞中表达L1或L1和L2 orf来生产的。这些蛋白质然后自我组装成具有高度免疫原性的VLPs。由于HPV衣壳抗原具有高水平的抗原特异性,亚型之间不存在交叉保护,针对每个亚型的保护需要接种该亚型的VLPs。一项试验使用了由HPV-16株114K整个L1主要衣壳蛋白形成的VLP组成的亚单位疫苗该疫苗在无佐剂的情况下产生高滴度的型特异性中和抗体,并具有良好的耐受性 [3] [45]。

7. 总结

宫颈癌筛查在全世界仍然是一个重要的健康和经济问题。几十年来的许多研究有助于阐明宫颈肿瘤的自然史和发病机制。近年来,宫颈癌的发病率和相关死亡率有所下降,这主要是由于广泛实施了巴氏涂片检测来检测异常宫颈细胞的筛查项目。诸如液体细胞学等方法,提高了在巴氏涂片中发现前体病变的能力,并允许在早期阶段发现。结合巴氏涂片结果的Bethesda系统报告,以提高结果的实用性和可理解性。分子和流行病学研究已经巩固了高危型HPV株和宫颈鳞状细胞癌之间的联系。已开发出检测宫颈样本中具有高敏感性和特异性的高危HPV DNA的检测方法,包括检测高危HPV DNA作为细胞学的辅助手段。这些策略旨在减少不必要的随访和侵入性手术,而不影响疾病的检测。细胞学筛查的改进以及HPV DNA检测的引入,极大地促进了对有宫颈癌风险的妇女的识别。早期发现和干预可能会对降低宫颈癌发病率和死亡率产生重大影响。今后可能还会对筛选策略进行修改。回顾性数据分析表明,将巴氏涂片筛查间隔从每年延长到每2~3年可能是有利的 [46]。正在进行的研究结果将有助于澄清延长筛查间隔的好处和风险。目前检验HPV DNA检测作为宫颈癌主要筛查方法的作用,除了改变筛查战略之外以及普及接种疫苗外,期望研制出对控制和预防宫颈癌作出重大贡献的有效治疗,让广大女性患者免于手术带来的伤害。

文章引用

田春兰,王烈宏. HPV与宫颈癌的研究进展
Research Progress of HPV and Cervical Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(07): 6886-6892. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.127993

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  47. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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