Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 07 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 68390 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1371498

急性胰腺炎相关血清学指标及CT影像评分预测AP严重程度的研究进展

杨铁鑫1,李晓勇2*

1延安大学医学院,陕西 延安

2延安大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2023年6月6日;录用日期:2023年7月1日;发布日期:2023年7月7日

摘要

急性胰腺炎(AP)是临床常见的消化急症,绝大多数轻症AP病情较轻,多呈自限性,患者预后良好;而严重的AP病情复杂,发展很快,它所导致的全身炎症反应综合征,以及器官功能衰竭的预后极差,死亡率达20%~40%。目前现有的病情评判标准缺乏快速、简便、准确的方法。有大量的研究证实红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和抵抗素等血清标志物以及CT严重指数(CTSI)、改良CT严重指数(MCTSI)等影像评分应用于AP患者重症度及预后的判断。本文将对相关血清学指标及CT影像评分作一综述。

关键词

胰腺炎,血清学指标,评分,严重程度

Research Progress of Serological Index and CT Image Score in Predicting AP Severity in Acute Pancreatitis

Tiexin Yang1, Xiaoyong Li2*

1School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

2Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Jun. 6th, 2023; accepted: Jul. 1st, 2023; published: Jul. 7th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical digestive emergency, and most mild APs are mild, mostly self-limited, and the prognosis of patients is good. Severe AP is complex and develops rapidly, and the prognosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ failure caused by it is extremely poor, with a mortality rate of 20%~40%. At present, the existing criteria for assessing the condition lack a fast, simple, and accurate method. A large number of studies have confirmed that serum markers such as red blood cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP) and resistin, as well as imaging scores such as CT severity index (CTSI) and modified CT severity index (MCTSI), are used to judge the severity and prognosis of AP patients. This article will review the relevant serological indicators and CT image scores.

Keywords:Pancreatitis, Serological Index, Score, Severity

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是需要住院治疗的一般消化系统急症,病程多变,在发病早期往往难以预测,在世界范围内,其发病率存在一定地区差异,为(4.9~73.4)/10万 [1] 。其预后主要取决于脏器功能衰竭和胰腺或胰腺周围坏死、继发感染的发展情况 [2] 。约有20%的患者发展为重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis, SAP),伴有胰腺或周围组织坏死或脏器衰竭,死亡率高达20%~40% [3] 。因此如何及时预测并判断AP严重程度及其相关并发症,对预防疾病进展,降低重症急性胰腺炎患者病死率是必不可少的 [4] 。

目前,用于评价AP严重程度的评分系统,如急性生理和慢性健康评分II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, APACHE II)评分 [5] 、急性胰腺炎床边严重程度指数 [6] (bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis, BISAP)被广泛使用,但这些评分系统制作复杂,对AP严重程度的判断难以快速、准确、有效。近年来,影像技术发展迅速。CT在AP病情评估中的应用愈加广泛 [7] 。

血清学指标由于其易检测,可重复获取,一般性质稳定被广泛关注,应用于肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、脓毒血症等疾病的诊断 [8] [9] 。早期评估AP的严重程度和预后,已越发被急诊科和外科重视。而AP作为一种急性炎症反应性疾病,必然存在生物因子的异常改变,近年来通过检测血清学指标来判断AP严重程度成为研究热点 [10] 不断有研究提出C反应蛋白(CRP)、抵抗素、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)等血清学指标作为判断AP严重程度的指标。本文就CT影像学评分、血清学指标综述AP患者重症程度的判断及预测。

2. 血清学指标

2.1. 红细胞分布宽度(Red Cell Distribution Width, RDW)

RDW是红细胞体积的不均匀程度(一般叫细胞不均)。传统用于实验室血液学贫血的鉴别诊断。近年来,RDW被证明与炎症反应相关,是高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、急性肾损伤的预后血清学指标 [11] [12] [13] [14] 。Mehmet [15] 等分析180名AP患者相关指标,研究结果RDW可用于评估AP病人的严重程度和预后,其特异性达89.83%。张等 [16] 分析545个AP患者指标,结果显示RDW对SAP有良好的预测能力,RDW区分MSAP和SAP的最佳临界值为13.55。结果表明,RDW可以作为一个指标来评估AP的严重程度。GOYAL等 [17] 的一项回顾性研究的Meta分析中,该结果显示RDW可能是AP患者死亡率的一个危险因素。张等 [18] 分析42名SAP患者,结果提示RDW对SAP患者预测死亡率有较高的价值。当RDW大于45.5时,对预后的敏感度和特异度分别为77.8%、70.8%。RDW可作为预测SAP病人死亡率的独立敏感因素,并与APACHE II的评分有异曲同工之妙。

2.2. C反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein, CRP)降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)

CRP作为感染的通常指标被广泛使用,但在感染例中CRP水平上升相对缓慢,因此初始诊断准确率较低 [19] 。PCT被广泛报道为一种鉴别脓毒症和非脓毒症炎症反应以及预测严重感染的有用生化标记,它已成为指导疑似脓毒症患者甚至危重患者停止抗生素治疗的重要参数 [20] 。Tian等 [21] 对72例SAP患者住院PCT、CRP联进行分析,提示血清CRP、PCT联合检测对判断AP严重程度具有较高的诊断价值。Kamila等 [22] 分析55名儿童AP患者,结论提示儿童SAP患者入院48 h内CRP浓度为独立的预测因素。Wang等 [23] 的一项关于AP患者入院时CRP、PCT预测预后的回顾性研究Meta分析,该结果提示CRP、PCT升高是重症急性胰腺炎患者胰腺感染坏死并发的独立危险因素。

2.3. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比(Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR)及血小板/淋巴细胞比 (Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, PLR)

NLR和PLR是两个易从血常规中得出的数据,NLR由中性粒细胞绝对值/淋巴细胞绝对值所得。PLR由血小板绝对值/淋巴细胞绝对值所得,两者都是反应炎症的速效指标。一些研究报道了NLR、PLR在预测各种疾病的疾病严重程度和预后方面的价值,包括全身炎症性疾病、心血管疾病和肿瘤状态 [24] [25] 。LU等 [26] 分析446名AP患者,结论提示NLR升高与持续性脏器衰竭的风险增加显著相关,可能是AP患者持续性脏器衰竭的早期独立预测因子。Liu等 [27] 对279例AP病人进行回顾性分析提出NLR可作为胰腺炎严重程度的独立预测指标。ROC曲线的结果是NLR相对于PLR的敏感性好。总而言之,NLR和PLR是能够早期判断和预测AP患者重症度的指标。

2.4. 白细胞介素-6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6),白细胞介素-8 (Interleukin-8, IL-8)

Saransh等 [28] 对226名患者进行前瞻性研究发现血清IL-6的水平和AP的炎症反应相关,当IL-6 > 160 ng/ml时提示AP患者持续的系统性炎症反应和器官功能障碍。另外在Greer等 [29] 进行的一项对(n = 170)包括27名健康对照组的前瞻性研究中,提出了在SAP中炎症促进细胞因子(Ang-2、IL-6、IL-8)的反应在发病后24小时以内达到峰值,证明IL-6、IL-8为AP的有效炎症预测指标。促炎细胞因子早期峰值可由其在胰腺损伤时的释放机制解释。IL-6由受伤的腺泡细胞分泌,IL-8是最早的趋化因子之一,它招募和激活循环中性粒细胞,但也调节内皮通透性 [30] 。由此,IL-6、IL-8在AP炎症过程中发挥至关重要的作用,可为AP重要的炎症预测指标。

2.5. 血管生成素2 (Angiopoietin2, Ang-2)、肝细胞增殖因子(Hepatocyte Growth Factor, HGF)、 抵抗素、肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor1A, TNF-R1)

大部分抵抗素都是在局部脂肪组织中存在的,也可能在疾病病程早期随着脂肪酶消化胰腺周围的脂肪组织而释放 [29] 。近期有一项前瞻性研究分析指出:血管紧张素-2、肝细胞增殖因子、白介素8、抵抗素和可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1A是衍生队列中排名最高的细胞因子;5-细胞因子联合检测对AP患者的持续器官衰竭准确性最高(0.89)。与单个细胞因子、单个实验室检测和评分系统的准确性相比,细胞因子联合检测组显著优于所有单一细胞因子、实验室测试和临床评分评估 [31] 。然而这5项细胞因子并不是在临床实验室中常规测量的。因此,以目前的形式,这几项细胞因子的获取并不容易用于临床。

3. 影像学评分系统

3.1. CT评分

计算机断层扫描( computes tomography, CT)科技发展,画质,图像形成速度迅速提升,使得增强CT广泛用于急性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗中。

CT严重性指数(CT severity index, CTSI):认识到 Balthazar评分的局限性后,Balthazar等 [32] 根据增强CT与胰腺炎症范围及坏死面积相联合提出了CTSI,运用10分制来对AP的严重程度进行评判:轻症AP (mild AP, MAP) 0~3分;中度重症AP (moderately SAP, MSAP) 4~6分;SAP 7~10分,当评分 ≥ 4分提示SAP。CTSI评分与Ranson评分和APACHE II评分的比较,CTSI评分更直观、准确地体现胰腺炎症、坏死及胰腺外并发症 [33] 。有研究指出,在AP早期阶段,患者主要死亡原因为全身并发症引起的器官功能不全,而全身并发症往往发生于胰腺坏死之前 [34] 。所以对于AP患者最亟需关注广泛的胰腺外炎症引起的器官功能不全。然而,CTSI在胰腺外炎症的评估中仍然存在不足,对于胰腺外部分如胸腔、腹腔、腹膜后等部位缺少有效的考察 [35] 。

3.2. 改良CT严重指数(Modified CT Severity Index, MCTSI)

Mortele等 [36] 在CTSI 基础上增加了胰腺外并发症的评估,提出了MCTSI,MCTSI也为10分制评分系统,得分0~2分为MAP,4~6分为MSAP,8~10分为SAP,并提出MCTSI对于AP患者脏器功能衰竭、严重程度及预后评价的灵敏度、准确性有了不小的提高。一项预测性Meta分析 [37] 纳入30项研究,包含5988例AP病例的数据,分析结果表明:CTSI预测AP病情严重程度的AUC为0.80 (CI 0.76~0.85);BISAP为0.79 (CI 0.72~0.86);MCTSI为0.83 (CI 0.75~0.91)。结论:MCTSI是AP病死率和严重度更为完善的预测评分系统,应该在临床实践中更多地运用。MCTSI相比CTSI增加胰腺外炎症评价部分:包括胸腔积液、腹水及胰腺外脏器受累情况,重点评价脏器功能衰竭。对于SAP患者来说,MCTSI可能是一个更可靠的评估系统。

3.3. 胰腺外炎症CT评分(Extra Pancreatic Inflammation on CT, EPIC)

目前,大部分影像评分显示胰腺坏死程度作为评估AP的重点,然而更多的研究指出,在AP的早期,亟需关注点并不是胰腺坏死范围及程度,而是患者发生器官功能衰竭的风险。一部分患者在发生胰腺坏死之前就出现严重器官功能衰竭。与之对应的是部分患者发生广泛的胰腺坏死,但并未出现器官功能衰竭,最终预后良好 [34] 。De Waele等 [38] 将胰腺外炎症表现纳入评分提出胰腺外炎症 CT 评分,这项评分系统虽未将胰腺本身坏死范围及严重程度纳入评分标准,但是广泛评估胰腺外炎症的严重程度,包括胸腔积液、腹水、腹膜后水肿等。CHEN等 [39] 通过对208例AP患者分析指出:EPIC评分可用于预测AP早期器官功能衰竭的发生,且与传统评分系统相比具有较高的准确性。EPIC评分可能有助于预测AP患者的住院时间。然而,它不能用来区分器官衰竭的严重程度和衰竭器官的数量。EPIC还具有操作简便的优点,临床医生可通过早期平扫CT图像就可以进行判断,从而及时采取措施。总而言之,EPIC 在AP 严重程度和预测AP预后方面具有很高的价值。

3.4. 脂肪改良CTSI评分(Fat-Modified Computed Tomography Severity Index, FMCTSI)

肥胖是全球关注的疾病,是AP的一个公认的风险因素。一些相关分析显示,肥胖是AP发病率和住院死亡率增加的一个明确的危险因素。除了肥胖,脂肪分布也被证明是AP严重程度的一个重要预测因子 [40] 。使用CT [41] 可以很容易地评估腹部脂肪的体积和分布。Pankaj等 [42] 人分析99例AP患者提出了脂肪改良CTSI评分,他们使用CT用软件测量出特定层面中各个脂肪成分及其比率,在MCTSI中加入其量表,进一步形成FMCTSI,该研究比较了FMCTSI和MCTSI在AP患者严重程度的AUC曲线下面积,研究发现,FMCTSI比MCTSI在各项结果参数上都要好。此项研究首先将脂肪纳入评分系统中,具有创新性,而前瞻性、多中心的研究则有所缺乏,还需在未来的研究中加以更多实践补充。

4. 结语

综上所述,AP作为一种发生全身反应性的疾病,病情变化复杂,危险程度高,早期及时有效评估其严重程度,对其早期采取诊疗措施具有重要指导意义。本文综合阐述了目前常用的血清学指标及相关CT影像学评分用于判断和预测AP严重程度。使用获取方式简单、可重复获取的血清学指标预测AP严重程度具有较高价值,但是,目前临床上缺少能较为准确判断AP严重程度的单一指标。同样,上述评分系统也具有局限性,目前还未有任何一种评分系统能够涵盖AP全程。CTSI/MCTSI评分虽然能直接表现胰腺炎症和坏死情况,但忽略AP胰腺外炎症。EPIC重点关注胰腺外炎症然而对胰腺本身改变却关注较少。FMCTSI缺少大样本、前瞻性、多中心的研究实证。因此,诊断AP重症度时需要联合生物学指标及CT评分,以期能及时、准确评价AP患者严重程度,指导采取相关干预措施,改善预后水平,这也是今后临床研究的重点方向。

文章引用

杨铁鑫,李晓勇. 急性胰腺炎相关血清学指标及CT影像评分预测AP严重程度的研究进展
Research Progress of Serological Index and CT Image Score in Predicting AP Severity in Acute Pancreatitis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(07): 10727-10733. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371498

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  43. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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