Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 08 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 71133 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381903

中枢性性早熟诊断研究进展

杨翔悦,谢坤霞

延安大学附属医院儿科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2023年7月24日;录用日期:2023年8月17日;发布日期:2023年8月24日

摘要

性早熟(precocious puberty, PP)是儿童青春期内分泌常见疾病,主要表现为女童7.5岁前、男童9岁前出现生长突增、第二性征生殖器官较同龄儿童快速发育的一种儿童内分泌疾病。CPP诊断的金标准是进行促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, GnRH)激发试验,该方法的缺点是费用高、检测手段相对繁琐,需要对患儿固定时间点进行多次抽血,采取此种方法需要患儿及家长配合,对临床诊疗造成一定困扰。所以很多研究人员设法将临床、生化和影像学特征用来筛查和诊断CPP,目前的研究趋势是找到更准确和简单的CPP诊断方法。本文将对青春期的定义及调控因素作简单介绍以及对CPP的诊断研究进展进行阐述。

关键词

中枢性性早熟,诊断,GnRH激发试验

Progress in Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty

Xiangyue Yang, Kunxia Xie

Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Jul. 24th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 17th, 2023; published: Aug. 24th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Precocious puberty (precocious puberty, PP) is a common endocrine disease in puberty, which is mainly characterized by the sudden growth of girls before the age of 7.5 and boys before the age of 9, and the secondary sexual reproductive organs develop more rapidly than children of the same age. The gold standard of CPP diagnosis is gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, GnRH) stimulation test. The disadvantage of this method is high cost, detection method is relatively cumbersome, and it is necessary to draw blood for many times at a fixed time. This method requires the cooperation of children and parents, which causes some trouble to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, many researchers try to use clinical, biochemical and imaging features to screen and diagnose CPP. The current research trend is to find more accurate and simple methods for CPP diagnosis. This review will briefly introduce the definition and regulatory factors of puberty, as well as the progress in the diagnosis of CPP.

Keywords:Central Precocious Puberty, Diagnosis, GnRH Challenge Test

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 青春期及青春期调控因素

青春期是青少年达到性成熟并具有繁殖能力的生理过程。这种转变背后的关键潜在机制是通过从垂体以脉动方式释放的促性腺激素(Gn)水平升高来刺激性腺。中枢神经系统功能(CNS)和下丘脑–垂体(HP)轴的变化尤其支持Gn (促黄体生成素,LH和促卵泡激素,FSH)释放的过程。Gn刺激后性腺性类固醇产生的增加是许多组织变化的原因,包括生殖器,皮肤,乳房,大脑,肌肉和骨骼 [1] 。HPG轴有三个激活期 [2] :在胎儿生命期间,在妊娠中期和随后的妊娠末期之间达到峰值;出生后,在生命的第一周和六到九个月之间,这段时间通常被称为迷你青春期;和儿童期之后,随着青春期的开始 [3] 。小青春期结束后,HPGA即处于休眠状态,直到青春期再次被激活,具体机制仍不明确。青春期是一个复杂的生理过程,其启动的确切信号尚未完全阐明,主要受到环境、营养和遗传因素影响。一般人群的青春期发育时间差异较大,其中约74%的青春期变异和遗传相关,26%由环境决定 [4] [5] [6] 。青春期开始的时间可能会有所不同,早熟和青春期延迟都是病理状况。本篇主要探讨性早熟。

目前GnRH激发试验是临床诊断CPP的金标准 [7] ,但该方法需要对患儿固定时间点进行多次抽血,耗时较长,费用昂贵,且检测手段相对繁琐,是临床诊断过程中的难点 [8] 。随着检查技术的改进和科研技术的发展,性早熟在诊断方法方面取得了很大进展。本文旨在就目前关于中枢性性早熟的诊断指标的研究进展作一综述,以期能对该种疾病的合理诊断提供帮助。

2. 中枢性性早熟的诊断指标研究进展

2.1. 血清中促性腺激素基础值测定

LH是由垂体前叶的嗜碱性细胞所分泌的一种糖蛋白类促性腺激素,在FSH的协同作用下,刺激卵巢分泌雌激素,使卵泡成熟与排卵。LH的分泌受下丘脑促黄体生成素释放激素的调节。FSH是一种由促性腺激素在垂体前叶表达的糖蛋白激素,通过刺激卵泡颗粒层细胞增生分化,促进卵巢长大及卵泡成熟 [9] 。

在不同的研究中,试图通过评估基础和刺激的促黄体生成素水平 [10] [11] [12] 来寻找具有高敏感性和特异度的阈值。Seung Heo等人认为 [13] 基础血清LH水平是筛查CPP和EP (青春期早期)最敏感的标志物。8岁以下CPP的临界值为0.245 IU/L (P = 0.049,曲线下面积[AUC] = 0.764,敏感性88%,特异性48%),对于8~9岁的EP临界值0.275 IU/L (P = 0.005,AUC = 0.813,敏感性79%,特异性77%)。Teodoro Durá-Travé [14] 等人也发现单个基础LH样本具有高特异性,这将有助于建立该年龄组的青春期诊断,减少对GnRH刺激测试的需求。

2.2. GnRH激发试验

GnRH促性腺激素释放激素兴奋实验是迄今公认的ICPP诊断金标准,被广泛用于辅助鉴别诊断儿童性早熟。中枢性性早熟诊断标准为激发试验显示LH峰值 > 5.0 U/L或LH/FSH > 0.6 [15] 。由于该试验需要反复抽血化验,患儿常有抵抗情绪。故国内外学者试图寻找以最少的抽血次数找到LH、FSH达峰值的时间。Shu-Nin Yeh、Wei-Hsin Ting [16] 等认为注射GnRH后第30分钟对血清LH进行单次采样,在诊断CPP方面显示出与传统GnRH刺激试验相当的诊断性能。因此,这种方法可能成为最简单的诊断方式。Ruixue Cao等认为 [17] 基础LH值大于0.535 mIU/L可用于诊断CPP,无需进行GnRH激动剂刺激试验。可以使用LH和LH/FSH的单次刺激后促性腺激素结果代替GnRH激动剂刺激试验,或者只能在GnRH激动剂刺激试验后60、0和30分钟采集样本。与传统的刺激测试相比,这减少了所需的抽血次数,同时仍然实现了高水平的诊断准确性。但当前对于GnRH激发试验的简化以及单次采血准确时间还没有达成统一标准 [18] 。

2.3. 盆腔超声

正常女童从儿童早期到青春期开始,内部生殖器官的大小及形态就会持续发生变化。盆腔超声检查是无创性检查,且操作便捷,是评价盆腔脏器状态的有效方式。盆腔超声能直观显示出女童子宫、卵巢的形态改变,可以间接反映出女童体内性激素水平及HPGA是否启动,同时因不同的超声影像学表现可排除生殖系统肿瘤如性腺肿瘤(卵巢颗粒–泡膜细胞瘤、黄体瘤、畸胎瘤)、肾上腺疾病(肾上腺肿瘤先天性肾上腺皮质增生症等)引起的周围性性早熟。Hong-Kui Yu,Xiao Liu的一项研究表明 [19] ,盆腔超声是一种简单可靠的ICPP诊断工具,并通过动态观察内生殖器的形态来评估GnRHa治疗的疗效。子宫体体积是区分ICPP患者与正常女孩的最佳超声参数。Valeria Calcaterra,Catherine Klersy等人得出结论 [20] :基础LH ≥ 0.2 IU/L,E2水平 ≥ 50 pmol/L,子宫纵径 ≥ 3.5 cm,子宫横径 ≥ 1.5 cm,子宫内膜回声和卵巢体积 ≥ 2 cm与RP-CPP显著相关(P ≤ 0.01)。随着病理激素和仪器参数数量的增加,诊断RP-CPP的能力增强(P < 0.001)。检测到三个以上参数时,敏感性和特异性分别达到58% (95% CI 48~67)和85% (95% CI 74~92),PPV = 86% (95% CI 76~93)和PPN = 54% (95% CI 43~54);ROC曲线下面积为0.71 (95% CI 0.65~0.78);王婷、马文琦 [21] 等的研究表明CPP组女童卵巢容积、子宫容积与LH峰值、LH峰值/FSH峰值呈正相关(P < 0.05),PPP组女童卵巢容积、子宫容积与性激素水平无相关性(P > 0.05),两组LH峰值与LH峰值/FSH峰值均呈正相关(P < 0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,子宫容积、卵巢容积、LH峰值、FSH峰值、LH峰值/FSH峰值鉴别诊断性早熟女童的曲线下面积分别为0.834,0.804,0.753,0.802,0.873。

2.4. 骨龄的测定

骨骼的发育与成熟过程中受到了多种激素的调节和影响,HPGA系统是影响骨骼发育最重要的因素,其中性激素起主导作用。雌激素通过与骨骺板上的雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)结合,参与骨的生长发育、成熟以及骨量维持 [22] 。骨龄是骨骼年龄的简称,需要借助于骨骼在X光摄像中的特定图像来确定。通常要拍摄左手手腕部位的X光片,医生通过X光片观察左手掌指骨、腕骨及桡尺骨下端的骨化中心的发育程度,来确定骨龄。骨龄指数BAI计算使用DR摄片机获取患儿左手腕影像。目前国际上通用的骨龄测定方法为G-P图谱法和TW2法 [23] 。李望园、吴鲜花 [24] 等的研究结果显示:真性性早熟女童子宫长径、子宫横径、子宫体积、4 mm以上卵泡数量、骨龄、骨龄年龄差及骨龄指数均高于假性性早熟女童,说明子宫附件超声参数和骨龄检查相关参数均与性早熟类型关系密切;子宫附件超声参数联合骨龄检查相关参数诊断女童真性性早熟的灵敏度、准确度均高于各参数单独检测。根据Yue-Qin Xu,Gui-Mei Li [25] 等人的统计分析结果,高龄骨龄是黄体生成素释放激素刺激试验结果的重要有效预测指标。

2.5. 基因检测

过去的十多年中,研究者们发现了多种与CPP患病相关的基因的突变,包括KISS1、KISS1R、MKRN3和DLK1等基因突变 [26] 。kisspeptin作为GnRH释放的关键中枢调节因子的发现使人们对人类生殖中的神经内分泌调控有了新的认识。Kisspeptin通过与其受体kisspeptin受体(KISS1R)结合来激活信号通路以促进GnRH分泌,从而调节下丘脑–垂体–性腺轴(HPG)轴。kisspeptin是青春期启动的关键因素,并且还通过HPG轴调节女性卵泡发育,卵母细胞成熟和排卵的过程 [27] 。青春期始于下丘脑中促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的持续和不断增长的脉动分泌,然后是下丘脑–垂体–性腺(HPG)轴的激活。许多因素涉及青春期启动,其异常可能来自这些调节器的功能障碍。(MKRN3)抑制GnRH的分泌,在青春期发病过程中起着不可或缺的作用,MKRN3突变是中枢性性早熟(CPP)最常见的遗传原因 [28] 。Kisspeptin/G蛋白偶联受体-54是GnRH神经元必不可少的守门人和调节因子,也是青春期启动的关键因素。GPR54基因功能突变的丧失和获得分别与低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症和性早熟有关 [29] 。DLK1编码一种跨膜蛋白 [30] ,该蛋白对脂肪组织稳态和神经发生很重要,并且位于与坦普尔综合征相关的印记染色体14q32区域。DLK1基因测序仅发现一种潜在有意义的变异。有研究表明,DLK突变是特发性CPP的相对罕见的原因 [31] 。

2.6. 其他指标

胰岛素样生长因子-1 (insulin-like growth factor, IGF-1)为氨基酸多肽,是促进长骨干骺端成骨细胞及软骨细胞分裂、增殖的主要刺激因子,对下丘脑生长激素释放激素和垂体生长激素的合成具有负反馈调节作用。IGF的主要表现形式为结合蛋白,其中胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白3 (insulin growth factor binding protein 3, IGFBP-3)是在人类血浆中含量最多蛋白。由于IGFBP-3的结合可延长IGF-1的半衰期,增强IGF-1的生物学作用 [32] 。有研究表明IGFBP-3的血清浓度依赖于生长激素(growth hormone, GH)与IGF-1,IGF-1和IGFBP-3能很好的反应体内GH的分泌状况,而GH、IGF-1系统与HPG轴之间也存在较多的关联 [33] 。在儿童青春发育期间,夜间睡眠可出现GnRH、黄体生成素释放激素(Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, LHRH)等激素的脉冲式释放,促进脑垂体前叶不断分泌FSH与LH分泌,并刺激性腺器官的发育,使性激素的分泌增多。同时不断增多的性激素可促使IGF-1的合成,提高性腺器官对生长激素IGF轴的敏感性,加速骨骼的生长和性器官的发育,并出现第二性征。抑制素B和抗苗勒管激素(AMH)是转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)家族中的糖蛋白 [34] 。两者都由卵巢颗粒细胞产生,抑制素B由小窦卵泡产生,AMH由前窦卵泡产生。血清抑制素B、AMH浓度在女孩的青春期有所不同。测量CPP患儿GnRH类似物治疗前后血清抑制素B或AMH浓度的研究表明,两种激素的浓度在治疗期间均下降,提示其分泌与下丘脑–垂体–卵巢轴的激活有关 [35] [36] 。由于血清IGF-1浓度在青春期后快速增高并达到高峰,Liu Ziqin,Song Qinwei [37] 认为血清INHB和IGF-1测量可以预测性早熟女孩对促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)类似物刺激的积极反应。IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平有助于诊断 CPP,联合基线LH水平分析提高了诊断效能 [38] 。

3. 讨论

虽然GnRH是诊断CPP的金标准,但是程序相对繁杂,花费高,患儿痛苦性大、依从性低,不利于CPP的诊断及治疗。随着实验室检查及影像学检查的进步,其他检查也对早期发现和辅助诊断CPP有重要的意义。单一的诊断CPP的指标也将会被更为简单的多指标综合诊断所取代,越来越多的研究人员也在开发诊断模型,希望能获得一种更为简单、准确的方法来诊断CPP [39] 。

文章引用

杨翔悦,谢坤霞. 中枢性性早熟诊断研究进展
Progress in Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 13616-13621. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381903

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