Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 07 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 53265 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.127867

乳腺癌术后多年合并新发结节病一例并文献 复习

申俊杰1,韩翠红2,赵海波3,陈文明3*

1济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁

2济宁市第一人民医院病理科,山东 济宁

3济宁市第一人民医院肿瘤科,山东 济宁

收稿日期:2022年6月1日;录用日期:2022年6月24日;发布日期:2022年7月4日

摘要

目的:探讨乳腺癌术后多年合并新发结节病的临床表现、诊断方法、检查结果及治疗方案。方法:对济宁市第一人民医院肿瘤科收治的1名乳腺癌术后多年合并新发结节病的患者进行病例分析并复习相关文献。结果:本例患者最终诊断为乳腺癌术后多年合并新发早期结节病,治疗上给予随访观察即可。结论:恶性肿瘤患者复查随访时,若发现多发淋巴结肿大、肺结节或者其他部位出现新生肿物时,应尽可能取得病理学诊断,以与第二原发肿瘤或良性疾病相鉴别。

关键词

乳腺癌,结节病,影像学,误诊

New Sarcoidosis Many Years after Breast Cancer Operation: A Case Report and Literature Review

Junjie Shen1, Cuihong Han2, Haibo Zhao3, Wenming Chen3*

1Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

2Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Jining, Jining Shandong

3Department of Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Jining, Jining Shandong

Received: Jun. 1st, 2022; accepted: Jun. 24th, 2022; published: Jul. 4th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, examination results and treatment of new sarcoidosis after many years of postoperative breast cancer. Methods: A patient with new sarcoidosis who was admitted to the Department of Oncology of Jining First People’s Hospital for many years after breast cancer surgery was analyzed and relevant literatures were reviewed. Results: The patient was finally diagnosed as early sarcoidosis complicated by breast cancer for many years after surgery, and follow-up observation was sufficient. Conclusion: If multiple lymphadenopathy, pulmonary nodules or neoplasms are found in patients with malignant tumor during follow-up, pathological diagnosis should be obtained as far as possible to distinguish them from the second primary tumor or benign disease.

Keywords:Breast Cancer, Sarcoidosis, Imaging, Misdiagnosis

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

结节病是一种病因不明的、特殊的、累及多器官的肉芽肿性疾病,患病率低,常见累及部位主要是肺、纵隔淋巴结、皮肤和眼睛 [1] [2] [3] [4]。本文主要回顾性分析我院一例乳腺癌术后多年合并新发结节病患者的临床资料,并进行了相关文献复习。以增加临床医生对该病的认识,增强鉴别诊断的能力,以防误诊、误治。

2. 临床资料

患者女,53岁,主因“右乳癌4年余,腹痛2天。”于2020年11月14日入院。患者4年前于外院行右侧乳腺癌改良根治术,术后病理示:右乳浸润性导管癌Ⅲ级,伴髓样分化,部分区域呈微乳头分化,肿瘤大小2.2 cm × 1.8 cm × 1.5 cm,脉管内见癌栓,乳头、切口皮肤、标本基底、四周切线均未见癌累积。同侧腋窝淋巴结转移(5/14)。免疫组化:雌激素受体(Estrogen Receptor, ER)阴性、孕激素受体(Progesterone Receptor, PR)阴性、人表皮生长因子受体2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, HER2)阴性、Ki-67(+) 70%~80%。患者术后恢复良好,术后行TAC方案(多西他赛120 mgd1 + 表阿霉素50 mgd1-2 + 环磷酰胺0.8 d1)辅助化疗6周期,及术后放疗95% PTV50Gy/2Gy/25次。治疗后定期复查,未见复发及转移征象。入院时体格检查:患者生命体征平稳,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,右乳腺缺如,右胸壁见手术疤痕,切口恢复可。左侧乳腺未触及肿物,无压痛。双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音。腹平、软,肝脾肋下未及,双下肢无浮肿。入院后完善的辅助检查:实验室检查:2020-11-15肿瘤标记物:CEA、CA125、CA153等均在正常范围内;胸部CT:右乳癌术后改变;右肺少许炎症;右肺上叶气管周围斑片影,炎性病变可能;双肺小结节,较前(2020-05-10)部分增大,部分为新发,请结合临床;纵隔及双肺门淋巴结增大(“见图1”-A1、A2、B1、B2);双侧胸膜局部增厚;双侧重复肾。2020-11-20PET-CT:1) 右乳癌术后,术区未见异常高代谢征象。左锁骨区、纵隔(“见图1”-A3)、肺内支气管旁(“见图1”-B3)、肝门区、门腔静脉间隙、双侧髂血管旁及双侧腹股多发高代谢淋巴结;肺内及胸膜下结节,部分代谢增高。结合病史,以上首先考虑结节病可能,转移不除外,建议高代谢部位穿刺活检。2) 右肺炎症,右侧胸膜下线形成;双侧胸膜局限性略增厚。部分颈、胸椎代谢减低,放疗后改变。

2020年11月15日胸部CT:A1、A2分别为纵膈肿大淋巴结部位的肺窗、纵膈窗;B1、B2分别为肺门处肿大淋巴结部位的肺窗、纵膈窗;2020年11月20日PET-CT:A3、B3分别为纵膈和肺门肿大淋巴结部位的高代谢。2021年3月5日复查CT:A4、B4分别为纵膈和肺门处淋巴结。

Figure 1. Imaging results

图1. 影像学结果

淋巴结穿刺活检病理(“见图2”-A1、A2、A3):4R组查见少许气管软骨及黏膜腺体;(“见图2”-B1、B2、B3):7组,组织慢性炎症,局部呈肉芽肿性炎。

2020年11月27日:4R组TBNA查见少许气管软骨及黏膜腺体(A1、A2、A3分别是4×,20×,20×);7组TBNA 6条 组织慢性炎症,局部呈肉芽肿性炎(B1、B2、B3分别是4×,20×,40×)。

Figure 2. Pathological results

图2. 病理学结果

结合上述影像学表现,考虑结节病。治疗及随访:患者随后至上级医院(解放军总医院第五医学中心)就诊,同意我院诊断。因患者已乳腺癌术后4年余,辅助治疗均已完成,本次复查未见肿瘤明显复发迹象,建议随访观察。而结节病方面,经呼吸科会诊后,鉴于患者无明显呼吸道症状,暂不考虑应用糖皮质激素治疗,亦建议随访观察。三个月后,患者复查胸部CT,纵隔及肺门淋巴结明显缩小(“见图1”-A4、B4)。

3. 讨论

参考2020年的全球肿瘤数据统计分析:女性乳腺癌已经超过肺癌成为最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率上升至全球第1位,死亡率居第5位 [5]。在乳腺癌中,根据ER、PR和Her2的表达分为三种亚型:激素受体阳性/Her2阴性乳腺癌(约占全部乳腺癌的70%),Her2阳性乳腺癌(15%~20%),以及三阴性乳腺癌(Triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) (三种分子标志物均缺乏;约15%) [6] [7]。据报道,I期三阴性乳腺癌的特异性5年生存率为85%,而激素受体阳性和Her2阳性的乳腺癌患者的特异性5年生存率为94%至99%;中晚期非TNBC的中位生存期约为5年,而TNBC仅为1年 [6]。TNBC不仅生存率较低,其侵袭力也比其他亚型更强,更容易复发及发生远处转移,预后也是最差的 [6] [8]。因为TNBC在初步确诊后的3到5年内有很高的远处转移风险 [6],而且乳腺癌常见的远处扩散部位是肺、骨、肝和脑 [9] [10],所以当本例患者(三阴性乳腺癌4年余)来就诊,且复查CT发现新发肺结节、纵隔及双肺门淋巴结肿大时,我们最初考虑为乳癌复发。但是经科室讨论且查阅相关文献后得知,乳腺癌淋巴结转移的常见部位是腋窝 [11] [12] 及锁骨周围淋巴结 [12],很少转移至纵隔 [12] [13],所以我们决定进一步完善(18) F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层显像(~(18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose position emission tomography/computer tomography, ~(18)F-FDG PET/CT)检查。(FDG-PET/CT)是一种FDG-PET和CT扫描相结合的方法,被发现在疾病的诊断治疗以及鉴别诊断方面灵敏度较高,具有优势 [14] [15],尤其能够特异性地反映出结节病的病灶分布范围及其代谢变化 [16]。它的原理是恶性或炎症性区域会增加对葡萄糖的积累和代谢 [14] [15] [17]。(18)F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(~(18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, ~(18)F-FDG)是放射性类似物,FDG进入细胞是通过与葡萄糖吸收相同的受体,而且也会经过己糖激酶的磷酸化,其代谢类似于葡萄糖的糖酵解途径,不同的是,FDG6磷酸不会被进一步代谢掉,而是被包裹从而留在细胞内,这些脑组织灰质、癌细胞和炎症改变等具有高糖代谢的组织,在PET成像上面就会显示18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18FFDG)累积增加 [14] [17]。该患者的PET-CT结果首先考虑结节病,并建议高代谢部位穿刺活检以排除转移。而且,众所周知,病理活检是诊断肿瘤的金标准,为此我们进行了经支气管镜针吸活检术(Transbronchial needle aspiration, TBNA):未查出异型细胞,而查见淋巴细胞,呈肉芽肿性炎。所以,我们目前诊断该患者为结节病而非乳癌复发。

结节病的病因,目前尚不清楚,但有研究表明,遗传易感性和环境因素有助于疾病的发展,这里的环境因素也包括职业暴露 [18]。因为从免疫学方面而言,结节病是对迄今尚未识别的抗原的一种夸大的免疫反应,而进一步研究发现,在结节病患者组织中对丙酸杆菌衍生的抗原表现出特异性的T细胞反应的比例较健康人组织中高。可见,微生物诱导的宿主反应促进不可降解抗原的聚集而形成肉芽肿病灶 [19]。结节病是一种全身性疾病,主要发生在肺部和淋巴系统。其一般诊断原则:1) 结合临床症状及影像学检查;2) 病理或细胞学提示肉芽肿;3) 排除肿瘤或感染性疾病 [20]。其中结节病的影像学特点是:肺内病变表现为肺内结节者,结节多位于双肺上叶,最常沿胸膜下、支气管血管束周围分布,常合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大,多对称分布 [21],而病灶分布于双侧肺门和纵隔,呈结节形串珠状连结也是结节病(18)F-FDG PET/CT的特征表现 [16]。本例患者的影像学结果也正好是符合上述内容。

关于结节病的治疗,需要全面、系统治疗的病例占20%~70%,而且一般要受到三个因素的影响:存在功能严重障碍或主要器官不可逆损害的风险,死亡的风险,出现丧失能力的体质症状 [19] [22]。其治疗的适应症主要是损害重要脏器或合并严重并发症,而对于一般性结节病,目前仍未有足够的证据支持:积极的治疗能够使患者获益,所以仅定期随访观察即可 [19] [22] [23]。有关结节病的循证治疗:全身性皮质类固醇仍是其标准治疗方法,初始治疗通常是泼尼松每天20~40毫克,持续6~12周,此后剂量减少。在一些危及生命的情况下,如心脏、中枢神经系统和肾脏受累,初始剂量为每天1毫克/公斤,维持治疗为6个月,后期根据临床表现进行调整。慢性结节病患者可能需要多年的低剂量维持,而对于急性患者来说,3~6个月的治疗可能就足够 [19]。而本例患者未经治疗,3个月后复查胸部CT显示纵隔及肺门内肿大淋巴结较前明显缩小,这可能是和结节病的自限性、自发消退的特性有关 [19] [22]。

综上所述,我们从本病例中收获的经验:恶性肿瘤患者复查随访时,若发现多发淋巴结肿大、肺结节或者其他部位出现新生肿物时,应尽可能取得病理学诊断,以与第二原发肿瘤或良性疾病相鉴别。防止误诊、漏诊、误治。

文章引用

申俊杰,韩翠红,赵海波,陈文明,常艺雪,温生宝. 影像学对乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价的研究进展
Advances in Imaging Evaluation of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(07): 6013-6018. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.127868

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  57. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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