Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 12 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 78143 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13122813

评估炎症性肠病严重程度及预后的最新进展

唐努尔·玉山江1,黄晓玲2*

1新疆医科大学研究生院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院消化内科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年11月27日;录用日期:2023年12月21日;发布日期:2023年12月27日

摘要

溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种病因不明的慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病。结肠镜检查是评估UC严重程度的金标准,然而作为费用高和需具备相应的医疗条件的有创检查,不是最方便的评估工具。因此方便、快速、费用低的生物学标志对判断UC严重程度意义重大。本文对评估UC严重程度有意义的因素进行综述。

关键词

溃疡性结肠炎,生物学标志物,疾病严重程度

The Latest Progress in Evaluating the Severity and Prognosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Tangnuer Yushanjiang1, Xiaoling Huang2*

1Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Nov. 27th, 2023; accepted: Dec. 21st, 2023; published: Dec. 27th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for assessing the severity of UC, but as an invasive examination with high cost and medical conditions, it is not the most convenient assessment tool. Therefore, convenient, rapid and low-cost biological markers are of great significance in judging the severity of UC. This article reviews the biological markers that are significant in assessing the severity of UC.

Keywords:Ulcerative Colitis, Biological Marker, Disease Severity

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种以结肠和直肠粘膜弥漫性炎症为特征的慢性疾病。评估和监测疾病活动是UC患者临床管理的一个重要方面。在UC患者中,临床症状通常与疾病活动并不一致,因此,很难区分功能性肠道症状和疾病活动导致的症状。通过结肠镜对黏膜炎症的评估是判断UC患者疾病活动的金标准。然而,结肠镜检查由于费用高、需要肠道准备和过程体验差等给患者带来不便,很难频繁地进行。用准确、相对简单、操作方便的实验室指标去反映肠黏膜炎症对UC患者十分有利。因此,寻找UC疾病活动性的非侵袭性生物学标志物是目前研究的重点。溃疡性结肠炎在过去的几十年内,由于其在全球范围内的发病率不断上升而变得越来越重要,如果治疗不当,它可能导致死亡。因此早发现,早治疗可有效降低溃疡性结肠炎的死亡率,由于表型的变异性,可以使用不同的治疗方式。而目前重要的是要认识到与疾病进展相关的因素,以便尽早做出临床决定 [1] 。

2. 年龄

近几十年来,尽管不同年龄组的UC发病率有所增加,但大多数UC患者在诊断时处于30~40岁的年龄组 [2] 。据观察,亚洲国家的平均诊断年龄通常略高于西方国家 [3] 。某些出版物表明,第二个发病率高峰发生在一个较年长的年龄组 [4] [5] 。Souza等对巴西东南部人的一项研究 [6] 数据显示,60~69岁年龄组有因UC导致的新住院的第二个高峰的趋势。然而,关于这第二个峰的存在,在文献中并没有达成共识 [2] 。

3. 家族史

虽然UC家族史是发展为该疾病的一个危险因素,但它似乎并不是UC患者的一个负面预后因素 [7] [8] 。久原等人 [9] 对46,114例UC病例的研究表明有家族史的UC患者的当前年龄和发病年龄均低于无家族史的患者。但UC患者的临床病程不受家族史的影响。

4. 性别

大多数UC研究显示发病以男性为主或性别间平等分布 [2] [3] 。在过去,意大利研究人员甚至提出一种参与胰岛素信号转导的酶(胞质低分子量蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶)的多态性可能增加女性和克罗恩病(CD)的易感性男人的UC [10] 。然而,一组西班牙研究人员在最近的一项研究中驳斥了这一假设 [11] 。此外,与被引用的研究相比,其他作者也发现,该疾病的女性发病率很高 [12] 。在最近一项对35,404例IBD病例的研究中,贝特里奇等人 [13] 报道了UC患者中女性发病率更高(RR = 1.53)。性别因素是否影响预后目前还未报道。

5. 环境因素

IBD患者在遗传上具有易感性。然而,似乎这种易感性本身并不足以导致炎症的发作。目前的观点是,基因易感的患者在接触环境因素时,会产生不充分的免疫反应,最终导致胃肠道炎症 [14] 。在此之前,在研究的因素中,只有吸烟和阑尾切除术对发生UC的风险有明确的影响 [15] 。与乳糜泻相比,吸烟是一种防止UC发展的保护性因素。在一项元分析中,Calkins得出结论,非吸烟者患UC的风险大约是吸烟者的3倍(OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 2.6~3.2) [16] 。此外,在UC患者中,那些不吸烟的患者随着时间的推移,疾病的发展情况较差 [17] 。阿尔杜斯等人 [18] 结论是,在诊断后5年,吸烟者疾病严重程度减轻比不吸烟或已戒烟者更高。吸烟似乎是一种保护性因素。肠道菌群在体内平衡和免疫系统功能中起着重要作用。目前人们认为,不同的环境和遗传因素可以促进该微生物群的变化。遗传易感个体中致病性菌群的形成与上皮功能的改变、胃肠道免疫功能的失调和持续的肠道炎症有关 [19] 。未来的研究可能会表明,IBD与哪些环境因素与异常现象的形成有关,微生物群以及这些变化是否只是原因或者也是这些变化的后果。

6. 诊断年龄

诊断时的年龄对UC临床病程的影响是另一个有争议的问题。到目前为止,还没有令人信服的证据表明,根据诊断时的年龄创建亚组会影响UC患者的临床病程 [20] 。某些作者已经评估了在诊断时的年龄对UC患者的临床演变的影响。里格勒等人 [21] 对意大利的1705例UC患者进行了评估,报告年轻患者更需要使用糖皮质激素,诊断时腹泻和体重减轻的发生率更高。在加州大学工作了10年的挪威研究者的一项关于UC临床病程的重要研究,对患者进行了前瞻性评估。基于多变量分析,作者发现,诊断年龄为50岁的患者进行结肠切除术的风险比30岁以下的患者低72% (HR = 0.28; 95%CI: 0.12~0.65) [22] 。最近的其他研究证实了诊断年龄较大的患者的临床病程较温和和侵袭性更低的假设 [23] [24] 。相比之下,其他研究发现,不同年龄的诊断组的预后没有显著差异 [25] [26] 。

7. 营养因素

关于营养和营养状况的知识不仅对治疗IBD患者的多学科团队很重要,而且对患者本身也很重要,他们可能想了解营养如何影响他们的生活质量和营养的进化如何影响疾病。20%~85%的IBD患者存在营养不足,其中蛋白质–能量营养不良是最常见的。虽然营养不良通常与乳糜泻有关,但研究表明乳糜泻患者和UC患者之间的营养不良发生率相似。这些患者的营养不良与生活质量差和感染有关,以及与住院死亡率、住院时间和经济费用的增加有关。值得注意的是,常用于定义营养状况的体重指数(BMI)有一些局限性。贾恩森等人 [27] 尽管发现UC患者的BMI值高于乳糜泻患者,但体重轻者并不高于对照组。此外,UC患者中较高的脂肪质量百分比导致了他们体重的增加。因此,BMI本身对UC的病程有不利的影响。

8. 疾病程度

根据蒙特利尔分类,根据位置,溃疡性结肠炎可以分为三个不同的亚型:直肠炎(当炎症局限于直肠的粘膜),左结肠炎(当炎症超出直肠和脾曲)和广泛的结肠炎(当炎症到达粘膜脾曲近端)。在不同的研究中,UC最常见的位置可能会有所不同。左侧结肠炎在法国进行的研究中最为常见(广泛性结肠炎:19.1%;左结肠炎:52.3%;直肠炎:28.7%)。葡萄牙(广泛性结肠炎:28%;左结肠炎:52%;直肠炎:21%)。在亚洲,炎症似乎更多局限于直肠黏膜的炎症,如Ng等人所证明的 [28] (广泛性结肠炎31%;远端结肠炎32%;直肠炎37%)。UC的程度影响该疾病的临床病程和预后。广泛性结肠炎的患者更有可能接受更密集的治疗,甚至是结肠切除术 [29] [30] 。

9. 疾病活动性

临床表现和实验室指标升高与诊断时的疾病活动度一致。同时也是UC患者重要的预后因素。疾病活动性的分层在治疗方式的选择和预后的评估中都是重要的。伦纳德–琼斯等人 [31] 评估了181例住院患者的活动性UC患者中的56个变量。作者得出结论,发热、心动过速、疏散次数和血清白蛋白水平是治疗失败和结肠切除术的重要预测因素。在住院前24小时内持续发热和每天大便8次以上的患者,难以药物治疗和需要手术的几率高出4~5倍。内镜检查可以直接评估UC患者的肠黏膜病变。病变的严重程度通常反映了临床疾病的活动性,并可能有助于识别哪些患者更有可能随着时间的推移发展出更糟糕的疾病行为。一些研究认为,粪便标志物,特别是乳铁蛋白和钙保护蛋白,可以作为评估UC患者的疾病活动性和对治疗的反应的有用工具。最近,有研究表明,钙保护素和乳铁蛋白也可以作为UC临床复发的预测因子 [32] 。英国研究人员对需要静脉注射皮质类固醇的严重UC患者进行的一项研究,发现较高的粪便钙保护素平均浓度与结肠切除率的增加相关。

10. 肠外表现

UC的表现可能并不局限于结肠和直肠。不同比例的患者也可能有其他器官和系统的异常。在UC患者中,常见的是关节、皮肤、肝脏、眼部和血液学表现。肠外表现已被证明与更大程度的疾病和更差的预后相关。拉卡托斯等 [33] 对619例UC患者进行了25年的研究。作者的结论是,肠外表现的存在与疾病的严重程度相关。UC患者和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)患者与单纯的UC患者相比有不同的表型行为。在这组患者中,PSC的存在与广泛性结肠炎和结直肠癌的发生率增加相关 [34] [35] [36] 。在Soetikno等人进行的一项荟萃分析中 [37] ,UC患者中PSC的存在增加了发育不良和结直肠癌的风险(OR = 4.79; 95%CI: 3.58~6.41)。科恩菲尔德等 [38] 报道,UC和PSC个体在诊断UC后10年、20年和30年发生CRC的累积风险分别为25%、33%和40%。

11. 生化指标

近年来,生化指标逐渐成为评估UC严重程度的工具。最近一项研究表明,血小板分布宽度,C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率是临床评估UC活动度的常见指 [39] 。吴银亚等人的研究证实了CRP/ALB、LMR对溃疡性结肠炎内镜下病情严重程度的评估价值 [40] ,李慧敏等人指出,血清PAR水平也可做为UC严重程度及预后等评估标准 [41] ,该研究基于此前PAR可用于预测危重结直肠癌患者的短期生存结局 [42] 的报道,而UC患者罹患结直肠癌的风险比普通人群更高,因此可以进一步探讨PAR与UC预后的相关性。在一项研究中 [43] ,血小板 × 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞值与溃疡性结肠炎严重程度无相关性,与Xie等 [44] 研究结果不一致。因此找到便捷,准确率高的生化指标需进一步研究。

12. 结论

近几十年来,UC的全球发病率都有所上升。发展中国家的新病例数量的增加更为明显。然而,UC的死亡率随着时间的推移而下降,目前,UC患者的死亡率与普通人群相似或略高。环境因素似乎与UC的发病机制有关。在这些因素中,吸烟和阑尾切除术被认为可以预防UC的发展。此外,有证据表明,吸烟和阑尾切除术与较轻的UC相关,似乎对结肠切除术有保护作用。相反,程度更严重,活动性更高与较差的预后相关。此外,人们还应注意营养不良和肠外表现的发生,特别是PSC,以及p-ANCA阳性的存在。诊断时的年龄对UC临床病程的影响存在争议,因此需要进一步的研究来更好地评估这一问题。因此,需要更早的识别,从而可以更早地采取治疗措施来改善预后及降低死亡率。

文章引用

唐努尔·玉山江,黄晓玲. 评估炎症性肠病严重程度及预后的最新进展
The Latest Progress in Evaluating the Severity and Prognosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 19973-19979. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122813

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  45. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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