Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 06 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 67980 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1361446

非小细胞肺癌肝转移免疫治疗相关的研究进展

陈杰1,张学文1,郑凯曼1,姜军2*

1青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁

2青海大学附属医院肿瘤内科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2023年5月28日;录用日期:2023年6月23日;发布日期:2023年6月30日

摘要

NSCLC肝转移患者发病率相对较低,但死亡率较高,多在7个月内死亡。因此,为了改善患者的总生存期及预后,采取积极有效的治疗尤为重要。目前,常见的免疫治疗有免疫单药及免疫联合化学治疗、靶向治疗、放射治疗、手术治疗等,本文就免疫治疗相关研究进展方面进行阐述。

关键词

非小细胞肺癌,肝转移,免疫治疗,联合治疗

Research Progress Related to Immunotherapy for Liver Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Jie Chen1, Xuewen Zhang1, Kaiman Zheng1, Jun Jiang2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: May 28th, 2023; accepted: Jun. 23rd, 2023; published: Jun. 30th, 2023

ABSTRACT

The morbidity of patients with NSCLC liver metastasis is relatively low, but the mortality is high, most of them die within 7 months. Therefore, in order to improve the overall survival and prognosis of patients, it is particularly important to take active and effective treatment. At present, common immunotherapy includes immune monotherapy and immunocombined chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, surgical therapy. This article will discuss the progress of immunotherapy related research.

Keywords:Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Liver Metastasis, Immunization Therapy, Combined Therapy

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

迄今为止,在全球,肺癌仍然是癌症相关性死因最高的肿瘤之一。近年来,中国肺癌发病率不断上升,其中非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)约占85%,大多数确诊时已属晚期 [1] [2] ,预后较差,而与其他部位的转移如脑转移、骨转移相比,肝转移的预后最差,总生存期约6.2个月 [3] 。这可能与肝脏独特的解剖结构有关,它具有双重血液供应,人体的各种代谢、免疫功能都依赖肝脏承担。肝转移影响系统免疫应答的机制主要有两种:1) 肝转移瘤从外周循环中募集活化的CD8+ T淋巴细胞,并在肝内诱导其凋亡;2) 调节性T细胞活性增加,募集改造骨髓来源的抑致性细胞,并进一步抑制效应T细胞功能 [4] 。常见的免疫检查点抑制剂(Immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)有细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4 (CTLA-4)抑制剂、程序化细胞死亡蛋白1 (PD-1)抑制剂以及程序化细胞死亡–配体1 (PD-L1)抑制剂等 [5] 。CTLA-4是T细胞特异性表达的抑制性受体,其功能是抑制T细胞活性,并在T细胞激活时上调,还在调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg)表面组成性表达,从而发挥免疫抑制作用。与CTLA-4相似,PD-1与其配体PD-L1和PD-L2的结合导致T细胞免疫应答的抑制 [6] 。免疫治疗的目的是通过重新激活抗肿瘤免疫细胞,克服肿瘤免疫逃逸机制。本文将阐述近年来NSCLC肝转移的免疫治疗相关研究并讨论最优化的治疗方案。

2. 免疫单药治疗的研究进展

纳武利尤单抗是一种全人源化抗PD-1单克隆抗体,是第一个在NSCLC中显示出具有临床意义的活性的PD-1抑制剂。在CheckMate 017和CheckMate 057研究中,纳武利尤单抗组与多西他赛组的5年OS率(13.4% vs 2.6%),在肝转移患者中OS (6.8个月vs 5.9个月,HR:0.68,95% CI,0.50~0.89),与总体研究人群结果一致(HR: 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59~0.78) [7] [8] [9] 。Xie等研究表明PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对肝转移的NSCLC患者有效,但是与无肝转移的患者相比疗效较差OS (15.2个月vs 20.6个月)。此外,PD-L1表达和CD8+ T细胞浸润可能是NSCLC肝转移患者PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗的潜在生物标志物,这可能与肝脏免疫微环境有关 [10] 。免疫单药与免疫联合化疗相比,早期进展率更高,但长期无进展生存期和总生存期相似 [11] 。一项meta分析中,我们发现免疫单药和免疫联合化疗作为晚期NSCLC一线治疗的OS,PFS和ORR没有显着差异。免疫单药组OS (HR: 0.83, 95% CI, 0.64~1.08),免疫联合化疗组OS (HR: 0.71, 95% CI, 0.58~0.88) [12] 。一项基于真实世界的研究表明免疫治疗组有或没有肝转移的患者的OS没有差异(11.7个月vs 13.0个月,P = 0.968) [13] 。通过对免疫单药的治疗分析可以发现,尽管患者可以从中获益,但这种获益有限,这也提示我们需要探究更近一步的联合方案来提高总生存期。

3. 免疫联合放射治疗的研究进展

立体定向放射治疗(Stereotactic body radiotherapy, SBRT)可以增强ICIs的疗效,并且在转移性NSCLC患者中具有可接受的安全性。此外,适当的SBRT作为同期、巩固或挽救治疗,有可能实现寡转移性疾病患者的长期生存,甚至治愈 [4] [14] 。临床前研究表明,放射治疗可增强抗肿瘤免疫反应,增加肿瘤抗原释放,并诱导T细胞浸润 [15] 。PACIFIC研究结果显示放化疗后度伐利尤单抗可取得OS和PFS获益,与安慰剂相比OS (47.5个月vs 29.1个月),PFS (16.9个月vs 5.6个月) [16] 。Milano等人评价了SBRT治疗肝转移瘤(≥20%肺原发性)并报告2年局部控制率为67%。Rusthoven等人(也约20%肺原发性)报告了SBRT治疗的2年局部控制率更高,为92% [17] 。但是对于SBRT的治疗顺序尚缺乏大型随机试验来支撑,但是因SBRT会有免疫增敏效应,一些证据表明可能在全身治疗前应用会增加临床获益,但是也有人持相对的看法,因此临床上目前主要是考虑肿瘤的分子特征,计划的全身治疗类型,疾病的体积,患者的症状,而制定个体化治疗方案 [18] 。

4. 免疫联合靶向治疗的研究进展

对于基因突变阳性的NSCLC的患者可以根据突变靶点,选择特定的靶向药物精准治疗,约30%的NSCLC患者存在EGFR突变、ALK重排、ROS1重排和BRAF V600E突变 [19] [20] 。VEGF/VEGFR抑制可以通过调节免疫抑制细胞和T细胞的募集和功能,它不仅具有抗血管生成作用,还可以促进对癌症的免疫反应。大量临床试验也表明免疫治疗与抗血管生成抑制剂联合使用可以提高晚期NSCLC的治疗效果 [21] 。在初治EGFR突变NSCLC中,在厄洛替尼的基础上加用贝伐珠单抗可改善PFS,特别是在同时存在预处理T790M突变的情况下 [22] 。在基线肝转移患者中,与给予贝伐珠单抗加卡铂加紫杉醇(BCP)的患者相比,接受阿替利珠单抗加贝伐珠单抗加卡铂加紫杉醇(ABCP)治疗的患者生存率有所提高,OS (13.3个月vs 9.4个月) [23] 。KEYNOTE-010试验显示帕博利珠单抗可延长总生存期,并且在既往接受过治疗的PD-L1阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌患者中具有良好的获益 [24] 。虽然关于免疫联合靶向治疗的许多大型临床试验数据尚未更新完全,但就目前已知的临床试验可见对于晚期患者使用免疫疗法联合靶向治疗的方案可以带来令人鼓舞的效果,希望会在以后的发展中得到更多关于这种组合的安全性和有效性的结果。

5. 双免疫联合治疗的研究进展

最近的证据表明,抗PD-1/PD-L1和抗CTLA-4药物在癌症免疫周期的不同部分起作用,联合使用可能具有互补作用,有助于减少单药免疫疗法产生的耐药性 [25] 。Antonia等人的一项I期临床试验显示两者联合使用,显示出可控的耐受性,且无论PD-L1状态如何,均具有抗肿瘤活性。纳武利尤单抗加伊匹木单抗组与化疗组的1年PFS发生率为42.6% vs 13.2%,mPFS为7.2个月vs 5.5个月 [26] [27] 。CheckMate012中显示在NSCLC中,一线低剂量纳武利尤单抗加用伊匹木单抗具有可耐受的安全性,特别是在肿瘤PD-L1表达至少为1%的患者中 [28] 。CheckMate227中纳武利尤单抗加伊匹木单抗与化疗相比,OS维持更长;4年OS发生率为29% vs 18% (PD-L1 ≥ 1%);24% vs 10% (PD-L1 < 1%)。在鳞状和非鳞状组织学中均观察到获益 [29] 。在免疫治疗联合使用的同时,所带来的治疗相关不良事件也不容忽视,在研究中发现肿瘤突变负荷的检测可能为未来提供新的联合治疗思路,同时对于PD-L1表达阴性患者的相关问题也亟待解决 [30] 。

6. 免疫联合化学治疗的研究进展

由于肝脏特殊的解剖结构,对于肝转移患者来说单纯的化疗效果并不显著,随着免疫时代的到来,免疫联合化疗的治疗方案逐渐被人们关注。对于晚期NSCLC,免疫单药作为一线治疗在生存获益方面并不逊色于免疫联合化疗,两种方案在OS、PFS和ORR方面没有显著差异,然而对于PD-L1 > 50%的晚期NSCLC患者,免疫联合化疗作为一线治疗的疗效优于单独使用免疫联合化疗 [12] 。一些研究显示免疫联合化疗可改善结局,特别是对疾病早期进展(3~6个月内)具有保护作用,但可能不会影响长期抗肿瘤免疫的速率,这也提示我们对具有早期高风险患者如更高的肿瘤负荷,特别是肝转移,STK11缺失和JAK2突变 [11] 。在一项meta分析中我们观察到与抗PD-L1联合治疗相比,抗PD-1联合治疗有更好的OS和PFS,且联合抗PD-L1有更高的不良事件发生率,这可能与不同的ICIs在该人群中具有不同的疗效和毒性有关 [31] 。Qin等人表示在肝转移患者中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂加化疗可使进展风险降低31%,死亡风险降低21% (HR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58~0.81; HR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62~0.80) [32] 。Liu等人关注PD-L1 TPS患者 ≥ 50%,发现免疫联合化疗在OS方面优于免疫单药(HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56~0.98),但在PFS方面没有差异(HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.53~1.3) [33] 。此外,Liang等人通过meta分析发现,在大多数患者中,化学免疫疗法优于化疗和单免疫疗法。帕博利珠单抗可能比其他免疫抑制剂疗效更好。除卡利珠单抗加化疗外,所有联合治疗在延长OS方面均明显优于化疗(HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.49~1.04);帕博利珠单抗加化疗的OS效果明显优于阿替利珠单抗联合化疗(HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58~0.95) [34] 。对于联合使用的方案还是要综合考虑患者情况,认真筛选使用的免疫制剂,制定个性化的方案,从而实现临床上更优化的治疗。

7. 免疫联合手术治疗的研究进展

对于结直肠癌肝转移手术治疗是公认的治疗方案,但是对于肺癌肝转移患者手术治疗方案仍存在诸多争议。在一项回顾性分析中,Ishige等人报道肝切除术后的中位生存期为24.0个月,表明肝切除术有可能控制病情,延长生存期,另外部分肝切除术后复发的病例对系统化疗也表现出较好的反应 [35] 。一个病例报道中提到肺鳞状细胞癌患者在初次肺部手术后14个月进行了右肝切除术,肝手术后41个月仍未复发,且未接受任何辅助化疗 [36] 。Nagashima等报道了肺癌肝转移行肝切除术后62个月患者仍存活并无复发,这是肺癌肝转移手术成功的首个案例。该报告表明,切除肺癌肝转移灶可提供长期生存的可能性,并建议对临床寡转移患者行手术治疗 [37] 。然而,Ileana等在2010年报道了2例非小细胞肺癌肝转移的肝切除术的结果是相互矛盾的 [38] 。对于患有多个同步或异时性寡转移性非小细胞肺癌的患者,应在个案基础上仔细考虑治疗策略 [38] 。然而,对于不能耐受手术一般状况不佳的患者,可以考虑微创治疗。近年来,经导管动脉化疗栓塞术和局部热消融疗法(包括射频消融术、微波消融术、冷冻消融术、激光消融术和高强度聚焦超声术)得到了广泛而迅速的发展。微波消融术作为肝转移瘤治疗的一种创新技术,并发症发生率低。与射频消融相比,微波消融具有以下优点:更快的消融,更可重复和可预测的加热,在不同肝组织环境中更好的导热性,以及对散热器效应的敏感性更低 [39] 。对于手术治疗未来还需多学科团队进行讨论后,再筛选出适合不同手术治疗方案的患者。

8. 小结

综上,深入研究肝转移免疫治疗相关治疗,以探索免疫治疗的最佳治疗方案,是将来治疗NSCLC肝转移的一个潜在领域。本文总结了近年来免疫单药和免疫联合治疗NSCLC肝转移人群的一些临床研究和相关机制,包括免疫单药、免疫联合放疗、免疫联合靶向治疗、双免疫联合治疗、免疫联合化学治疗等对该人群的临床效应。但是部分缺乏大型临床研究对比,尚不能明确最佳的治疗方案。对于这部分人群需要多学科讨论后,制定出更加个体化的治疗方案。同时免疫治疗也是把双刃剑,临床上比较常见的免疫相关不良事件如皮肤毒性、结肠炎、肺炎、肝炎、脑炎和神经毒性等全身多器官的累积毒性。这主要取决于使用的药物、暴露时间和给药剂量,但也取决于患者的内在危险因素 [40] 。

文章引用

陈 杰,张学文,郑凯曼,姜 军. 非小细胞肺癌肝转移免疫治疗相关的研究进展
Research Progress Related to Immunotherapy for Liver Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(06): 10329-10334. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361446

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  41. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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