Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 05 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 66021 , 16 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1351198

内镜下第三脑室造瘘术与脑室腹腔分流术 治疗脑积水的疗效比较

巫瑞,苏晶,孙茂源,刘国栋*

重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经外科,重庆

收稿日期:2023年4月28日;录用日期:2023年5月21日;发布日期:2023年5月29日

摘要

背景:脑室腹腔分流术(VPS)和内镜下第三脑室造瘘术(ETV)是目前治疗脑积水最常用的手术方法。但这两种手术方式在治疗脑积水的疗效和安全性现仍旧存在一定的争议。本研究旨在了解ETV是否可以比VPS更安全更有效地治疗脑积水,并进一步指导临床实践。方法:2022年1月在欧洲的Embase数据库、美国的PubMed数据库和英国的Cochrane图书馆3个电子数据库中检索了从1999年1月1日至2021年12月31日的文献数据。在这项系统综述中比较了ETV和VPS治疗脑积水的临床结果、疗效和安全性。患者症状的部分或完全缓解症状或不需要额外手术被视为手术成功。通过随机效应模型计算P值。并使用Cochrane Q检验和I2值评估数据异质性。亚组分析探索数据异质性来源。结果:本次研究总共纳入28项研究(其中6项随机对照试验(RCT)和22项队列研究)。对于VPS和ETV的治疗效果而言,RCT的相对风险危险度(risk ratio, RR)为2.08,95%CI (1.31, 3.32),而队列研究为1.02,95%CI (0.88, 1.18),总体的P-interaction为0.55;提示这两种治疗方式的治疗效果在统计学上没有显著差异。并且在VPS和ETV并发症方面,队列研究为RR:0.67,95%CI (0.31, 1.42);而RCT为RR:1.06,95%CI (0.66, 1.80),总体的P-interaction是0.84;同样也在统计学上没有显著差异。随后通过对并发症进一步分组发现,感染组中,ETV术后的感染率可能低于VPS (RR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.19, 0.73);P-interaction为0.004;具有明显的统计学意义。结论:根据本荟萃分析,ETV和VPS在治疗脑积水患者中的失败率和总体并发症发生率相似。但是在术后感染率方面ETV的感染率可能比VPS更低。

关键词

脑室腹腔分流术,内镜下第三脑室造瘘术,感染率,并发症,脑积水

Efficacy Comparison of Endoscopic Thrid Ventriculostomy in Treating Hydrocephalus versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Rui Wu, Jing Su, Maoyuan Sun, Guodong Liu*

Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Apr. 28th, 2023; accepted: May 21st, 2023; published: May 29th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Background: VPS and ETV are the most commonly used surgical methods to treat hydrocephalus. But their efficacy and safety are controversial. This study aimed to find out whether ETV provides patients with hydrocephalus with greater safety and effectiveness than VPS. Methods: In January 2022, searches were conducted in three electronic databases: Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. From January 1, 1999 to December 30, 2021, ETV and VP were compared in terms of clinical outcome, efficacy, and safety in the treatment of hydrocephalus in a systematic review. Partially or completely relieving symptoms or not requiring additional surgery was considered surgical success. Random effects were used to calculate pooled effect estimates. The Cochrane Q test and the I2 value were used to assess heterogeneity. Analyses of subgroups were used to explore heterogeneity sources. Results: An analysis of 28 studies (6 randomized control trials (RCT) and 22 cohort studies) was conducted. Comparing VPS and ETV, a pooled relative risk (RR) of 2.08, 95%CI (1.31, 3.32) for RCT and 1.02, 95%CI (0.88, 1.18) for cohort studies did not differ statistically significantly; P-interaction is 0.55. There was no statistically significant difference in complications between ETV and VPS in cohort studies (RR: 0.67, 95%CI: 0.31, 1.42) or RCTs (RR: 1.06, 95%CI: 0.66, 1.80); P-interaction is 0.84. In infection group ETV may be better than VPS (RR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.19, 0.73); P-interaction is 0.004. Conclusion: According to this meta-analysis, ETV and VPS have similar failure and complication rates in patients with hydrocephalus, but ETV may get a lower infection rate than VPS.

Keywords:VPS, ETV, Infection Rate, Complication, Hydrocephalus

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

脑积水指因各种先天或后天原因导致脑脊液分泌过多、循环阻塞或吸收障碍,致使脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)在脑内过度地聚集。出现脑积水时,CSF过度积聚,导致室壁扩张、颅内压升高并出现脑实质的继发性萎缩 [1] 。并且脑积水的发病年龄极广,任何年龄段的人都可能出现脑积水,但最常见于64岁以上的老年人和年龄小于18岁的儿童。由于VPS相对其他分流方式比如脑室心房分流等,仍具有相对较高的安全性,所以目前仍然是脑积水的标准治疗方法 [2] 。近年来,由于ETV无需置入异物从而在临床上的使用率越来越高,并且在婴儿中的成功率可能高于VPS。ETV手术相关的最常见并发症包括永久性内分泌紊乱、基底动脉损伤、脑出血、下丘脑损伤等;类似地,VPS手术相关的并发症包括导管阻塞、感染、过度引流等 [3] [4] 。在现今已发表的荟萃分析和系统综述中,仍然没有明确的证据表明哪种治疗方法能明显优于对方。并且既往研究中要么它们未能按脑积水的类型或年龄分层,要么它们未能包括临床试验 [5] [6] 。本次研究在比较诊断为脑积水的成人和儿童患者接受ETV或VPS1治疗的结果时,考虑了研究设计因素以及疗效和安全性结果。

2. 搜索策略

通过全面检索欧洲的Embase数据库、美国的PubMed数据库和英国的Cochrane图书馆3个电子数据库中从1999年1月1日至2021年12月31日和脑积水相关的文献。搜索时使用了以下医学主题词和/或文字:1) 对于患者,“脑积水”[MeSH];和2) 对于治疗,“脑室腹腔分流术”[MeSH]和“内镜下第三脑室造瘘术”[MeSH]。确认文献适合后,通过导入EndNote软件进行管理。

3. 文献选择

3.1. 纳入标准

1) 研究类型:所有关于ETV同VPS治疗脑积水的队列研究和随机对照试验;

2) 诊断标准:根据典型临床表现及体征、有创检查(脑脊液动力学试验)、神经影像学(CT和MRI等)等各种方法诊断的各种病因的脑积水患者;

3) 干预措施:ETV或VPS作为首次干预措施的研究被纳入报告此次脑积水患者的研究中;

4) 结局指标:患者症状的部分或完全缓解症状或不需要额外手术被视为手术成功。

3.2. 排除标准

1) 以英语以外的语言撰写的所有文章;

2) 案例研究、评论、社论、信件、案例汇编、评论、会议记录和荟萃分析;

3) 研究对象是模拟对象、动物;

4) 研究资料不完整,无法获得全文或研究结果;

5) 研究涉及VPS和ETV,但不适合此次荟萃分析。

3.3. 文献筛选

对从三个数据库中获得的搜索结果进行了全面审查,并从EndNote中删除了重复文献(EndNote X9Clarivate Analytics)。两名经受专业培训的作者(巫瑞,苏晶)分别使用了上述纳入/排除标准来评估文章。存在争议时通过讨论或由一名高级研究员干预解决(刘国栋)。如分歧仍不能解决,则通过邮件联系原作者获取更多数据信息,如仍无法联系,则放弃纳入该研究,并在此次系统评价中注明。

4. 数据提取

两名研究员设计数据提取表,从纳入文献中提取包括以下内容的重要数据:发表年份、作者、研究设计、患者人数(对照组和试验组)、手术程序、患者年龄和性别、随访持续时间、成功事件数和死亡率数据。ETV组和VPS组均纳入了术后并发症,如血肿、感染、脑脊液漏、梗阻、造口畸形和分流道阻塞。Excel用于存储提取的数据。部分或完全缓解症状或不需要额外手术被视为手术成功。

5. 数据分析和偏差

使用Review Manager 5.3软件对数据进行统计分析并评估RCT研究的数据质量。并使用纽卡斯尔渥太华量表评估队列研究数据质量。因本研究的结局指标为二分类数据,所以选择相对危险度(risk ratio, RR)及95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)来描述结果,如果P-interaction ≤ 0.05,则认为结局具有统计学意义。选择I2检验评估多个不同研究结果的异质性大小,如果I2小于50%,其异质性可以接受。如果异质性检验结果为P-heterogeneity ≥ 0.10,则认为多个研究具有同质性,当P < 0.10则需进一步通过亚组分析或敏感性分析讨论异质性来源。由Begg’s [7] 和Egger’s [8] 进行了数据偏倚评估,并对数据大于8项研究的结果进行了漏斗图检查。当在漏斗中观察到不对称时,敏感性分析用于解释发表偏倚。

6. 结果

6.1. 文献检索及筛选结果

应用上述检索策略共检索到1101篇文献,分别为Embase数据库774篇、PubMed数据库340篇和Cochrane图书馆17篇;去除重复文献后剩余441篇文献。通过阅读文献标题和摘要去除404篇无关文献,剩余37篇文献,再通过阅读全文去除不满足纳入标准的文献后最终纳入28篇文献进行荟萃分析。文献检索步骤流程图见图1

Figure 1. Flowchart of literature retrieval and screening inclusion

图1. 文献检索及筛选纳入流程图

6.2. 数据特点

进行了6项RCT [9] - [14] 以及22项队列研究 [15] - [36] ,其中9项为前瞻性研究 [15] - [23] ,13项为回顾性研究 [24] - [36] 。患者脑积水的类型分为梗阻性或交通性,或两者兼有。已确定了脑积水的多种不同病因,包括结核性脑膜炎、脊髓脊膜膨出、脑室出血、导水管狭窄和后颅窝肿瘤等。RCT中的患者年龄均数为17.5岁(范围:0~71岁),队列研究中的患者年龄均数为7.9岁(范围:0~58岁)。根据RCT,61.6%的患者为男性(范围:55~71%),在队列研究中,56.4%为男性(范围:1%~66%) (表1表2表3图2图3)。

Table 1. Basic characteristics of included articles (I)

表1. 纳入文献的基本特征(一)

Table 2. Basic characteristics of included articles (II)

表2. 纳入文献的基本特征(二)

Table 3. Basic characteristics of included articles (III)

表3. 纳入文献的基本特征(三)

Figure 2. Risk assessment map for bias in RCT studies

图2. RCT研究的偏移风险评价图

6.3. 失败率

检索的所有文献中的ETV和VPS失败率之间在统计学上没有明显的差异:RCT (RR:0.87,95%CI:0.59,1.28;I2:79.00%;P-heterogeneity:0.0002;6项研究)和队列研究(RR:1.02,95%CI:0.88,1.18;I2:90.00%;P-heterogeneity:0.05;22项研究);P-interaction:0.55 (图4)。

Figure 3. Risk proportion of biased risk item evaluation in RCT study

图3. RCT研究的偏移风险项目评价风险占比

Figure 4. Forest map of failure rate of all literatures

图4. 所有文献的失败率森林图

为进一步明确队列研究中的异质性,故仅比较队列研究中ETV和VPS的失败率,回示结果仍没有明显的统计学差异(RR:0.98;95%CI:0.81,1.20;I2:91.00%;P-heterogeneity < 0.05;13项研究)和前瞻性队列研究(RR:1.01;95%CI:0.85,1.21;I2:70.00%;P-heterogeneity < 0.05;9项研究);回顾性与前瞻性研究比较的P-interaction:0.96 (图5)。

Figure 5. Forest map of failure rate of cohort study

图5. 队列研究失败率森林图

6.4. 并发症

在15项录入的研究中报告了各种并发症,ETV组报道了包括CSF渗漏、出血、需要放置脑室引流管、感染、低钠血症等;而VPS组报道了脑膜炎,感染、分流功能障碍、出血、CSF渗漏和VPS的硬件腐蚀等。RCT [9] [10] [12] [14] (RR:1.06;95%CI:0.62,1.80;I2:23%;P-heterogeneity:0.28;4项研究)和队列研究 [15] [16] [17] [18] [22] [23] [24] [27] [28] [30] [32] (RR:0.67;95%CI:0.31,1.42;I2:71.00%;P-heterogeneity < 0.05;11项研究)结果回示发现P-interaction:0.49;故考虑在并发症发生率方面两项治疗措施没有明显的统计学差异(图6)。在临床工作中,平时最常见的并发症是感染、脑脊液漏和出血 [37] ,所以我们对这三个常见并发症进行了进一步的探讨。对于脑脊液渗漏,在队列研究 [15] [16] [18] [22] [24] [28] (RR:0.31;95%CI:0.05,1.88;I2:66%;P-heterogeneity < 0.01;5项研究),在RCT [12] [14] (RR:4.77;95%CI:0.61,37.31;I2:22%;P-heterogeneity:0.26;2项研究);P-interaction:0.56,所以VPS和ETV术后发生脑脊液漏的概率相当(图7)。关于术后出血,根据数据,我们仅统计了队列研究 [18] [23] [28] (R:0.50;95%CI:0.05,4.96;I2:54%;P-heterogeneity:0.12;3项研究);P-interaction:0.55 (图8)。而对于感染,虽然在RCT [10] [12] [14]

Figure 6. Forest map of complications

图6. 并发症森林图

Figure 7. Forest map of cerebrospinal fluid leakage

图7. 脑脊液漏森林图

中无显著性差异(R:0.38;95%CI:0.07,2.25;I2:38%;P-heterogeneity:0.20;3项研究),但是在队列研究中结果提示ETV组的感染率明显低于VPS组(RR:0.41;95%CI:0.19,0.91;I2:0%;P-heterogeneity:0.48;8项研究),并且将队列与RCT共同统计时P-interaction:0.009,考虑有明显统计学意义(图9)。并且在漏斗图中研究基本对称,可见偏移较小(图10)。

6.5. 亚组分析

6.5.1. 脑积水类型

当比较不同类型脑积水(梗阻性、交通性或两者兼有)失败的相对危险度时,发现队列研究中ETV和VPS之间的P-interaction为0.48 (表4)。在RCT中观察到当失败的相对危险因梗阻性或交通性而异时,交通性脑积水提示潜在的风险增加(RR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.85);P-interaction:0.03。而在并发症组时,对梗阻组(RR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.23, 1.84)和两种脑积水都有组(RR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.11, 11.45)的P-interaction:0.51提示在并发症组中这种亚组分析是不合理的(表5)。

Figure 8. Forest map of postoperative hemorrhage

图8. 术后出血森林图

Figure 9. Forest map of infected group

图9. 感染组森林图

Figure 10. Funnel diagram of infected group

图10. 感染组漏斗图

6.5.2. 国家地位

其结果按发达国家和发展中国家分类。对于RCT无法进行分组分析,因为所有这些都是在发展中国家进行的(表4)。根据队列研究的汇总相对风险,未观察到发展中国家(RR: 1.29, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.75)与发达国家(RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.82, 1.15)有明显统计学差异,汇总研究(RR: 0.79, 95%CI: 0.66, 0.95),P-interaction:0.81。而在并发症的亚组分析中,同样也没有明细统计学差异(P-interaction: 0.65) (表5)。

6.5.3. 年龄类别

RCT (P-interaction: 0.47)和队列研究(P-interaction: 0.33)未发现儿童和成人之间在ETV和VP之间的失败率差异(表4)。P-interaction:0.45,表明不同年龄组之间并发症发生率无统计学差异(表5)。

Table 4. RCT and cohort study surgical failure rate subgroup analysis

表4. RCT和队列研究手术失败率亚组分析

Table 5. Subgroup analysis of postoperative complications in RCT and cohort studies

表5. RCT和队列研究手术后并发症亚组分析

7. 讨论

脑积水的发生是因为脑室或蛛网膜下腔内大量脑脊液积聚或脑脊液吸收不良,导致脑室扩张。由于先天性或获得性障碍,当CSF形成、流动或吸收中断时,中枢神经系统中的CSF体积会增加。本荟萃分析的总体目标是为神经外科医生提供脑积水治疗指导,并研究ETV和VPS治疗脑积水患者的安全性和有效性。本研究共分析文献28篇,其中RCT文献6篇,队列研究文献22篇,数据收集全面。本荟萃分析结果显示,ETV与VPS在脑积水治疗中症状改善的发生率和失败率差异无明显的统计学意义。因此,我们团队进一步研究了术后出血、感染、梗阻和CSF渗漏等并发症的发生率。但总体并发症差异无统计学意义,因此我们进一步分析了一些临床上最常见的并发症 [37] ,发现ETV感染率明显低于VPS。而对于这个结论,可能有以下几个原因。VPS需对头部和腹部进行消毒,操作范围明显大于ETV,通道较长,增加了感染几率。此外,VPS需植入引流装置,可能各种外部原因,可能出现术后皮肤溃疡导致引流管暴露等从而增加感染的发生几率。并且是腹膜炎和胆囊炎等腹膜内疾病也可能因为引流管导致逆行性颅内感染 [38] 。此外,由于女性腹腔通过阴道与外界相通,虽然分流管在手术过程中是固定的,但分流管可能在术后出现移位,出现离开阴道的危险 [39] 。本研究共纳入10,832例病例,其中大部分为儿童。由于儿童处于生长发育的高峰期,且VPS已植入物品,分流元件不会随儿童的生长而适应,从而导致分流失败的可能性 [40] 。然而,这只是我们的推测,缺乏进一步讨论的长期随访数据。比较不同类型脑积水的分组分析表明,ETV治疗的非梗阻性脑积水失败风险增加。然而,这种关联仅在RCT中存在。由于各研究之间的随访时间报告不一致,因此无法进一步分析失败时间与术式的关系。

本次研究中文献对于手术失败的具体时间点不完全明确,缺乏统一的标准,或许在这一部分存在偏倚可能。并且,缺乏对于患者的一个中、长期的预后评估。在未来有必要进一步开展通过一项长时间、大样本量的高质量RCT进一步评估这两项手术的差别。并且还有研究提及,糖尿病、长期卧床、高龄、皮肤感染,都是导致患者VPS术后颅内感染的高危因素 [41] [42] 。而在本次研究中的成人组未统计相关并发症,所以在未来的研究,需要进一步控制相关变量探究术后并发症发生率。

8. 结论

本荟萃分析发现总体脑积水患者的ETV和VPS在临床上的症状改善率相似,没有显著的统计学差异。根据结果,ETV的感染率明显低于VPS。并且在有经验丰富的手术医生手中,ETV相较于VPS同样有效,并且由于可以避免永久性植入的分流器,以及有着更低的感染概率,因此考虑ETV在临床治疗患者上或许更具有优势。但就长期预后而言,由于数据较为缺乏,我们认为有必要进一步建立高质量的随机对照试验以供进一步讨论。

文章引用

巫 瑞,苏 晶,孙茂源,刘国栋. 内镜下第三脑室造瘘术与脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水的疗效比较
Efficacy Comparison of Endoscopic Thrid Ventriculostomy in Treating Hydrocephalus versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 8558-8573. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351198

参考文献

  1. 1. Del Bigio, M.R. (1993) Neuropathological Changes Caused by Hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol, 85, 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334666

  2. 2. Pascual, J.M. and Prakash, U.B. (1993) Development of Pulmonary Hypertension after Placement of a Ventriculoatrial Shunt. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 68, 1177-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60069-X

  3. 3. Kahle, K.T., Kulkarni, A.V., Limbrick Jr, D.D. and Warf, D.B.C. (2016) Hydrocephalus in Children. The Lancet, 387, 788-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60694-8

  4. 4. Kousi, M. and Katsanis, N. (2016) The Genetic Basis of Hy-drocephalus. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 39, 409-435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014023

  5. 5. Jiang, L., Gao, G. and Zhou, Y. (2018) Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt for Patients with Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 97, e12139. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012139

  6. 6. Lu, L., Chen, H.W., Weng, S.T. and Xu, Y.M. (2019) En-doscopic Third Ventriculostomy versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Patients with Obstructive Hydrocephalus: Me-ta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. World Neurosurg, 129, 334-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.255

  7. 7. Begg, C.B. and Mazumdar, M. (1994) Operating Characteristics of a Rank Correlation Test for Publication Bias. Biometrics, 50, 1088-1101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2533446

  8. 8. Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M. and Minder, C. (1997) Bias in Me-ta-Analysis Detected by a Simple, Graphical Test. BMJ, 315, 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

  9. 9. Aranha, A., Choudhary, A., Bhaskar, S. and Gupta, L. (2018) A Randomized Study Comparing Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in the Management of Hydrocephalus Due to Tuberculous Meningitis. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, 13, 1140-1147. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_107_18

  10. 10. Navaei, A.A., et al. (2018) Controlled Trial to Compare Therapeu-tic Efficacy of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Plus Choroid Plexus Cauterization with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Infants with Obstructive Hydrocephalus. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, 13, 1042-1047. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_63_17

  11. 11. Kulkarni, A.V., et al. (2017) Endoscopic Treatment versus Shunt-ing for Infant Hydrocephalus in Uganda. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377, 2456-2464. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707568

  12. 12. Goyal, P., et al. (2014) A Randomized Study of Ventriculoperitone-al Shunt versus Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for the Management of Tubercular Meningitis with Hydrocephalus. Child’s Nervous System, 30, 851-857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-014-2371-1

  13. 13. Pinto, F.C., et al. (2013) Role of Endoscopic Third Ventricu-lostomy and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Preliminary Results of a Ran-domized Clinical Trial. Neurosurgery, 72, 845-853. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e318285b37c

  14. 14. Rahman, M.M., et al. (2018) Early Surgical Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the Management of Obstructive Hydrocephalus: A Randomized Control Trial. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, 13, 1001-1004. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_376_16

  15. 15. Kulkarni, A.V., Sgouros, S. and Constantini, S. (2016) Interna-tional Infant Hydrocephalus Study: Initial Results of a Prospective, Multicenter Comparison of Endoscopic Third Ven-triculostomy (ETV) and Shunt for Infant Hydrocephalus. Child’s Nervous System, 32, 1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3095-1

  16. 16. Lima, B.O. and Pratesi, R. (2014) Endoscopic Third Ventricu-lostomy Has No Higher Costs than Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 72, 524-527.

  17. 17. Gonda, D.D., et al. (2012) Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting versus Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the Treatment of Patients with Hydrocephalus Related to Metastasis. Surgical Neurology International, 3, Article 97.

  18. 18. El-Ghandour, N.M. (2011) Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in the Treat-ment of Obstructive Hydrocephalus Due to Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children. Child’s Nervous System, 27, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-010-1263-2

  19. 19. Ruggiero, C., et al. (2004) Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children. Child’s Nervous System, 20, 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-004-0938-y

  20. 20. Tuli, S., Alshail, E. and Drake, J. (1999) Third Ventriculostomy versus Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt as a First Procedure in Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 30, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000028753

  21. 21. Pindrik, J., et al. (2020) Surgical Resource Utilization after Initial Treat-ment of Infant Hydrocephalus: Comparing ETV, Early Experience of ETV with Choroid Plexus Cauterization, and Shunt Insertion in the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 26, 337-345. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.PEDS19632

  22. 22. Bonfield, C.M., et al. (2021) Hydrocephalus Treatment in Patients with Craniosynostosis: An Analysis from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network Prospective Registry. Neuro-surgical Focus, 50, E11. https://doi.org/10.3171/2021.1.FOCUS20979

  23. 23. Coulter, I.C., et al. (2020) Cranial and Ventricular Size follow-ing Shunting or Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) in Infants with Aqueductal Stenosis: Further Insights from the International Infant Hydrocephalus Study (IIHS). Child’s Nervous System, 36, 1407-1414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04503-y

  24. 24. Uche, E.O., Okorie, C., Iloabachie, I., Amuta, D.S. and Uche, N.J. (2018) Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) in Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus (NCH): Comparison of Outcome Profiles in Nigerian Children. Child’s Nervous System, 34, 1683-1689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-018-3848-0

  25. 25. Lim, J., et al. (2018) The Cost of Hydrocephalus: A Cost-Effectiveness Model for Evaluating Surgical Techniques. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 23, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.6.PEDS17654

  26. 26. Beuriat, P.A., et al. (2017) Hydrocephalus Treatment in Children: Long-Term Outcome in 975 Consecutive Patients. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 20, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.2.PEDS16491

  27. 27. Laeke, T., Tirsit, A., Biluts, H., Murali, D. and Wester, K. (2017) Pediatric Hydrocephalus in Ethiopia: Treatment Failures and Infections: A Hospital-Based, Retrospective Study. World Neurosurgery, 100, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.112

  28. 28. Le Fournier, L., et al. (2017) Management of Hydrocephalus in Pediatric Metastatic Tumors of the Posterior Fossa at Presentation. Child’s Nervous System, 33, 1473-1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-017-3447-5

  29. 29. Beuriat, P.A., et al. (2016) Role of Endoscopic Third Ventricu-lostomy in the Management of Myelomeningocele-Related Hydrocephalus: A Retrospective Study in a Single French In-stitution. World Neurosurgery, 87, 484-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.07.071

  30. 30. Rodis, I., et al. (2016) Hydrocephalus in Aqueductal Stenosis—A Retrospective Outcome Analysis and Proposal of Subtype Classification. Child’s Nervous System, 32, 617-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3029-y

  31. 31. Jernigan, S.C., Berry, J.G., Graham, D.A. and Goumnerova, L. (2014) The Comparative Effectiveness of Ventricular Shunt Placement versus Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for Ini-tial Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Infants. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 13, 295-300. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.PEDS13138

  32. 32. Elgamal, E.A. (2012) Natural History of Hydrocephalus in Chil-dren with Spinal Open Neural Tube Defect. Surgical Neurology International, 3, Article 112.

  33. 33. Appelgren, T., Zet-terstrand, S., Elfversson, J. and Nilsson, D. (2010) Long-Term Outcome after Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Children. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 46, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1159/000319365

  34. 34. Kulkarni, A.V., et al. (2010) Endo-scopic Third Ventriculostomy vs Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Children: A Propensity Score-Adjusted Analysis. Neurosurgery, 67, 588-593. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000373199.79462.21

  35. 35. Polis, B., Polis, L. and Nowosławska, E. (2019) Sur-gical Treatment of Post-Inflammatory Hydrocephalus. Analysis of 101 cases. Child’s Nervous System, 35, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-018-4022-4

  36. 36. Reynolds, R.A., et al. (2020) Pediatric Hydrocephalus Outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 26, 624-635. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.5.PEDS20193

  37. 37. Bouras, T. and Sgouros, S. (2013) Complications of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy. World Neurosurgery, 79, S22.e9-S22.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2012.02.014

  38. 38. Kaestner, S., Fraij, A., Fass, J. and Deinsberger, W. (2020) Ven-triculoperitoneal Shunt Infections Cause Acute Abdomen and Peritonitis: A Case Series. Journal of Surgical Research, 248, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.11.029

  39. 39. Lotfinia, I., Tubbs, S. and Mahdkhah, A. (2017) Vaginal Extrusion of a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecol-ogy, 30, E23-E25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.09.009

  40. 40. Lee, L., et al. (2016) Late Pediatric Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Failures: A Singapore Tertiary Institution’s Experience. Neurosurgical Focus, 41, E7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.FOCUS16277

  41. 41. Sun, Z., et al. (2022) Factors Affecting Development of Infec-tion after Implantation of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts in Patients with Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus. World Neurosur-gery, 166, e435-e442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.022

  42. 42. Yang, Y.N., Zhang, J., Gu, Z. and Song, Y.L. (2020) The Risk of Intracranial Infection in Adults with Hydrocephalus after Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery: A Retrospective Study. In-ternational Wound Journal, 17, 722-728. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13331

期刊菜单