Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 07 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 68411 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1371506

内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池的解剖学 特点

许德栋1,刘达远1,徐鹏翔1,范旭东1,刘瑞2*

1海南医学院第二附属医院神经外科,海南 海口

2海南医学院第二附属医院感染病与热带病科,海南 海口

收稿日期:2023年6月6日;录用日期:2023年7月1日;发布日期:2023年7月7日

摘要

目的:观察内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池的解剖标志,为内镜下进行该入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法:选择5具经过甲醛固定的成人尸头标本,模拟扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池,进行相关解剖学结构观察。结果:鞍上池位于蝶鞍上方,蝶骨平台、鞍结节、鞍底、神经管隆起、颈内动脉海绵窦段、颈内动脉斜坡段等为骨性解剖标志,观察鞍上池骨性结构,磨除鞍底骨质,显露硬脑膜,沿中线打开颅底硬脑膜,观察硬膜下颅内各结构,额叶、前交通动脉、大脑前动脉、视交叉池、视神经、垂体上动脉、垂体、垂体柄、桥脑等为鞍上池内解剖标志。结论:明确了内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池的解剖学标志,可根据相关解剖学结构标志进行该入路手术。

关键词

内镜,扩大经鼻入路,鞍上池,解剖学

The Anatomic Characteristics of the Endoscopic Extended Transnasal Approach to the Suprasellar Cistern

Dedong Xu1, Dayuan Liu1, Pengxiang Xu1, Xudong Fan1, Rui Liu2*

1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou Hainan

2Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou Hainan

Received: Jun. 6th, 2023; accepted: Jul. 1st, 2023; published: Jul. 7th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To observe the anatomical marks of the extended endoscopic transnasal approach to suprasellar cisterna, and to provide anatomical basis for endoscopic operation of this approach. Methods: Five adult cadaveric head specimens fixed by formaldehyde were selected, the extended transnasal approach to the suprasellar cistern was simulated, and the related anatomical structures were observed. Results: The suprasellar cistern is located above the sella turcica. The planum sphenoidale, the tuberculum sellae, the sellar floor, the optic canal, the cavernous segment of internal carotid artery, and the Clivus segment of internal carotid artery are the bony anatomical marks. Observe the bony structures of the suprasellar cistern, remove the bone, expose the dura, and open the dura mater of the skull base along the midline to observe the structures of the subdural intracranial. The frontal lobe, anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery, optic chiasmatic cistern, optic nerve, pituitary gland, pituitary stalk and pons are the anatomical markers in the suprasellar cistern. Conclusions: The anatomic landmarks of the endoscopic extended transnasal approach to the Suprasellar cistern are clearly defined, and the approach can be performed according to the relevant anatomical structure marks.

Keywords:Endoscopy, Extended Transnasal Approach, Suprasellar Cistern, Anatomy

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

内镜下扩大经鼻入路手术作为一种治疗鞍区、鞍上区和前颅窝病变的非创伤性和可靠的方法,在过去的20年中得到了广泛的应用 [1] 。过去颅脑底部区域病变的手术入路有前方入路、侧方入路及侧后方入路,伴有创伤性大,并发症多等缺点。伴随着医疗技术进步,针对颅底病变越来越多的以内镜下经鼻入路方式进行切除 [2] 。

该手术入路利用鼻腔的自然腔隙空间直达颅底病变部位。手术过程中的优势有减少对正常组织结构损伤、相关解剖结构易于识别、术区视野清晰等 [3] 。本研究模拟扩大经鼻入路进行鞍上池解剖学结构观察,了解相关解剖标志,为内镜下应用该手术方式提供解剖学依据。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 材料

5具经过甲醛处理的成人尸头标本,用红色和蓝色硅胶分别灌注动脉和静脉系统。直径4 mm、长度18 cm,神经内镜系统(Karl Storz);显微手术器械及头架等。

2.2. 实验方法

将尸头标本取仰卧位放置在头架上,将内镜插进鼻腔内,观察鼻腔解剖结构。通过切除并保留完整中鼻甲,以获得较大手术空间,同时切除窦腔部分组织来暴露手术区域。钝性剥离中鼻甲粘膜并形成黏膜瓣,保留带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,在内镜观察下,找到形似类圆形蝶窦开口。把粘附在犁状骨和蝶窦前壁的鼻黏膜向左右两侧剥离,得到带蒂鼻中隔粘膜瓣,避免暴力操作导致黏膜瓣破损,完整黏膜瓣放置于后鼻道,不影响操作为原则,该粘膜瓣留着术后颅底缺损修补。形成从后鼻腔至蝶窦前壁的手术操作路径。找到形似“船头”的骨性结构,切除部分筛骨垂直板,显露出骨性蝶窦开口。根据双侧对称的蝶窦开口,应用磨钻缓慢磨除蝶窦前壁的骨质,清除蝶窦内黏膜组织及骨性蝶窦间隔,充分显露出鞍底骨性结构。同时磨除部分后组筛窦结构,充分暴露鞍结节和蝶骨平台。模仿经蝶骨平台、鞍结节入路,缓慢磨除颅底骨质。显露骨窗范围包括颅底蝶骨平台、垂体窝、双侧视神经管隆起、颈内动脉隆起内缘、部分或大部分鞍底骨质。切开颅底硬脑膜,应用内镜系统观察硬脑膜下颅内各结构,并采集图像。

3. 结果

3.1. 内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池解剖标志

内镜进到鼻腔时,可看到解剖标志:中鼻甲、鼻中隔、蝶窦开口;以类似“U”形切口切开鼻咽黏膜皮瓣,保护该皮瓣血液供应,用于术后颅底重建,向左右两侧钝性剥离粘附在犁状骨和蝶窦前壁的鼻黏膜,显露蝶窦前壁及蝶窦开口。见图1

MT,Middle turbinate,中鼻甲;NS,Nasal septum,鼻中隔;SO,sphenoid ostium,蝶窦开口;MSS,mucosa of sphenoidal sinus,蝶窦粘膜;AWSS,anterior wall of sphenoid sinus,蝶窦前壁。

Figure 1. (a)~(c) Endoscopic exposure of nasal cavity and the anterior wall of sphenoid sinus

图1. (a)~(c) 内镜下显露鼻腔、蝶窦前壁结构

3.2. 鞍上池骨性解剖标志

显露骨窗范围包括鞍底、鞍结节、蝶骨平台、视神经管隆起、双侧颈内动脉海绵窦段、颈内动脉斜坡段及大部分鞍底骨质。神经、血管附着于蝶窦侧壁的颅内面,在骨壁上形成压迹并突入蝶窦腔内形成隆起。蝶鞍区与颈内动脉、视神经关系密切,如鞍旁段颈内动脉管、双侧视神经管,形成鞍上池入路手术的外侧边界。颈内动脉位于鞍底两旁并形成隆起,易于识别;视神经管隆起位于蝶窦侧壁上方,而颈内动脉隆起位于鞍底下方。见图2

3.3. 硬膜下解剖标志

切开硬膜后分别可看到额叶、视交叉、垂体柄、垂体等;视交叉池包绕视神经和视交叉,向下延伸到漏斗部和垂体柄,并与鞍膈相连;后方与终板池相通,外侧与颈动脉池相连,底部与脚间池共用Liliquist膜。缓慢剥开视交叉池蛛网膜组织,依次探查视交叉上间隙和视交叉下间隙结构,分别可见额叶、前交通动脉、大脑前动脉和动眼神经、脑桥等。视神经外侧行走着颈内动脉床突段,颈内动脉的内侧发出垂体上动脉,直接供应垂体、垂体柄和视交叉结构。见图3

SF,sellar floor,鞍底;TS,tuberculum sellae,鞍结节;PS,planum sphenoidale,蝶骨平台;SS,sphenoidal septum,蝶窦间隔;CSICA,cavernous segment of internal carotid artery,颈内动脉海绵窦段;CsICA,Clivus segment of internal carotid artery,颈内动脉斜坡段;C,clivus斜坡;OC,optic canal,视神经管。

Figrue 2. (a) The bone signs of sellar floor under endoscopy; (b) After removing the bone tissue of sellar bottom and sphenoid platform under endoscope, the neurovascular and soft tissue were observed

图2. (a) 内镜下鞍底骨性标志;(b) 内镜下去除鞍底及蝶骨平台骨组织后,观察各神经血管及软组织

PG,pituitary gland,垂体;FL,frontal lobe,额叶;OC,optic chiasm,视交叉;ON,Optic nerve,视神经;DM,dura mater,硬脑膜;PS,Pituitary stalk,垂体柄;ICA,Internal carotid artery,颈内动脉;P, pons,脑桥;ACA,Anterior communicating artery,前交通动脉;SHA,Superior hypophysial artery,垂体上动脉;PCP,Posterior clinoid process,后床突;III,oculomotor nerve,动眼神经;PCA,posterior cerebral artery,大脑后动脉;LACA,left of anterior cerebellar artery,左侧大脑前动脉。

图3. (a)~(e) 内镜下硬膜下解剖标志

4. 讨论

颅底鞍区是人体中最复杂的组织结构之一,同时也是最具有挑战性的手术之一,因为它涉及诸如重要的神经及血管等结构,而且位置深在,术后并发症相对较高 [4] 。手术切除肿瘤后常见的并发症是内分泌功能异常和脑脊液漏,分别占20.7%和17.3% [5] 。颅底涉及多种病变,包括肿瘤、炎症、感染、创伤等 [6] 。颅底手术传统上采用了不同的技术和方法,包括前、前外侧和后外侧入路。内镜下经鼻入路是一种创伤较少的途径到达蝶鞍区,因为以前的研究已经报道 [7] 。目前许多学者提出许多治疗颅底鞍区病变的方法,目的是通过以最低的限度减少对神经、血管的牵拉和降低对神经、血管损伤的风险 [8] 。内镜下经鼻手术现已成为鞍区垂体病变手术的首选方法,主要是因为扩大手术视野,与显微镜下手术相比,减少了围手术期的并发症。其他优势如病变整体切除率和更短的住院时间。国内已有学者使用内镜经鼻入路手术方式切除斜坡区脊索瘤 [9] 。由于内镜仪器设备的进步,为了更好地了解颅底内镜下解剖结构,内镜下扩大经鼻入路术式得到广泛应用。同时内镜下经鼻入路已被证明是一种安全有效的技术 [10] 。内镜下可提供清晰的手术视野能使术者到达手术区域,具有视野清晰、创伤小和术后恢复快等优点,与常规开颅手术相比有着明显的优势。

对于鞍上池病变的外科治疗,内镜下扩大经鼻入路到达该区域逐渐成为一种常用的手术方法。与应用显微镜前入路术式对比,内镜下扩大经鼻入路提供了直达颅底中部的路径。通常情况下在矢状平面和冠状平面上,可以减少对组织、神经及血管的损伤直达颅底的腹侧。在矢状平面上,可以暴露到位于前颅窝至第二颈椎水平之间的颅底病变。在冠状位平面上,可暴露到旁正中颅底区域,如咽旁间隙、中颅窝底、翼腭窝及颞下窝 [11] [12] 。鼻腔的天然空间为经鼻入路手术提供了如无切口、无需破坏过多颅骨,减少正常组织结构损伤、视野清晰等优势。然而,内镜下经鼻入路也有其他局限性,如外科医生不熟练掌握内镜操作流程,难于适应变形的三维视图,同时需要花费更长的学习时间。

Ivan等人 [13] 报道了接受内镜下经鼻入路切除颅底病变最常见的并发症是术后脑脊液漏。由于大的硬脑膜缺损和直接的脑室相通,增加脑脊液漏的风险,在某些情况下会导致高流量的脑脊液漏。脑脊液漏可导致低颅内压、危及生命的颅内感染等症状,这些都严重影响患者预后 [14] [15] ,术后颅底重建是关键性的步骤。随着采用多层脂肪填塞、阔筋膜、人造硬脑膜、鼻中隔带血管蒂皮瓣甚至球囊压迫等重建颅底,脑脊液鼻漏发生率显著降低。Younus等人报告说,当外科医生获得更多经验时,围手术期脑脊液泄漏减少 [16] 。国内也有学者在内镜经鼻入路切除垂体瘤手术中应用生物可吸收板修补颅底缺损,可防止术后脑脊液鼻漏,但远期效果仍需进一步评估 [17] 。大血管损伤导致出血是最严重并发症,出血源可能来自鼻腔、海绵窦或颈内动脉损伤,这可能导致灾难性出血。目前,内镜下操作尚不能很好解决这一问题,术中常应用电凝、止血纱,甚至动脉瘤夹等材料止血。所以手术时需熟悉脑血管解剖部位,关键时进行血管搭桥手术。其他如神经功能缺失、一过性和永久性尿崩症、脑膜炎、鼻衄等 [10] 。

本研究结果显示,鞍底、鞍结节、蝶骨平台、视神经管隆起、双侧颈内动脉海绵窦段、颈内动脉斜坡段等为骨性解剖标志;额叶、前交通动脉、大脑前动脉、视交叉池、视神经、垂体上动脉、垂体、垂体柄、桥脑等为硬膜下解剖标志。临床手术中可根据上述解剖学标志逐步到达病变部位,避免损伤神经及血管。总之,明确了内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池的解剖学标志,可依据其解剖学标志应用该入路进行手术,达到更好的治疗效果,为临床患者提供新的治疗途径。

基金资助

海南省卫生健康行业科研项目(19A200174)。

文章引用

许德栋,刘达远,徐鹏翔,范旭东,刘 瑞. 内镜下扩大经鼻入路至鞍上池的解剖学特点
The Anatomic Characteristics of the Endoscopic Extended Transnasal Approach to the Suprasellar Cistern[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(07): 10781-10786. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371506

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  18. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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