Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 81544 , 17 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.142554

髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸的有效性和安全性的Meta分析

林航1,2*,阿卜杜吾普尔·海比尔1,2,吐尔洪江·阿布都热西提1,2#

1新疆医科大学第六附属医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆医科大学第六附属医院微创脊柱外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2024年1月29日;录用日期:2024年2月23日;发布日期:2024年2月29日

摘要

目的:通过Meta分析比较氨甲环酸和安慰剂治疗髋部骨折患者中的有效性与安全性。方法:通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMbase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,根据纳入及排除标准检索出关于氨甲环酸和安慰剂治疗髋部骨折的随机对照研究23篇、回顾性研究4篇,使用Endnote X9软件管理文献,使用Revman 5.3软件对所提取的数据进行Meta分析,主要分析髋部骨折患者接受氨甲环酸和安慰剂治疗后总失血量、术中出血、术后失血量、术后血红蛋白值、输血率、血栓发生率和死亡率等。结果:1) 共纳入23项随机对照研究和4项回顾性研究,其中10篇文献属于中高质量文献,8篇文献属于低质量文献;27项研究共3162例患者,氨甲环酸组患者1507例,对照组患者1655例;2) Meta结果显示:氨甲环酸组总失血量[RR = −197.84, 95% CI (−265.51, −130.18), P < 0.00001]低于对照组,氨甲环酸组输血率[RR: 0.35, 95% CI (0.29, 0.42), P < 0.00001]低于对照组,氨甲环酸组与对照组之间血栓发生率无显著差异[RR = 1.16, 95% CI (0.83, 1.62), P = 0.39],氨甲环酸组术后血红蛋白值[RR: 5.09, 95% CI (3.36, 6.82), P < 0.00001]高于对照组,氨甲环酸组与对照组之间术中出血量无显著差异[RR = −47.51,95% CI (−124.68, 29.66), P = 0.23],氨甲环酸组与对照组之间死亡率无显著差异[RR = 1.13, 95% CI (0.67, 1.90), P = 0.64]。结论:Meta分析结果显示,髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸能够有效减少患者的总失血量、输血率,且提高术后血红蛋白值,但预防血栓发生率、术中出血量、死亡率等安全性方面氨甲环酸组和对照组基本相似。

关键词

氨甲环酸,髋部骨折,股骨粗隆间骨折,输血,血栓,随机对照研究,回顾性研究,失血量,Meta分析

Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Patients with Hip Fracture

Hang Lin1,2*, Abuduwupuer∙Haibier1,2, Tuerhongjiang∙Abudurexiti1,2#

1The Sixth Affiliated Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Jan. 29th, 2024; accepted: Feb. 23rd, 2024; published: Feb. 29th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective: Meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid and placebo in patients with hip fracture. Methods: By searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 randomized controlled studies on tranexamic acid and placebo and 4 retrospective studies were retrieved. Managing the literature using the Endnote X9 software, the Meta-analysis of the extracted data was performed using the Revman 5.3 software. The main analysis is the total blood loss, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin value, transfusion rate, thrombosis incidence and mortality of patients with hip fracture receiving tranexamic acid and placebo. Results: 1) A total of 23 randomized controlled studies and 4 retrospective studies were included, Among them, 10 documents belong to medium and high quality documents, 8 articles belong to low-quality literature; 27 studies included 3162 patients. Of 1507 patients in the tranexamic acid group, 1655 patients in the control group; 2) Meta results showed that: the total blood loss in the tranexamic acid group [RR = −197.84, 95% CI (−265.51, −130.18), P < 0.00001] was lower than that in the control group. Transfusion rate in the tranexamic acid group [RR: 0.35, 95% CI (0.29, 0.42), P < 0.00001] was lower than that in the control group. There was no significant difference in thrombosis incidence between tranexamic acid group and control group [RR = 1.16, 95% CI (0.83, 1.62), P = 0.39]. Postoperative hemoglobin values in the tranexamic acid group [RR: 5.09, 95% CI (3.36, 6.82), P < 0.00001] was higher than that in the control group. There was no significant difference in intraoperative bleeding between the tranexamic acid group and the control group [RR = −47.51, 95% CI (−124.68, 29.66), P = 0.23]. There was no significant difference in mortality between the tranexamic acid and control groups [RR = 1.13, 95% CI (0.67, 1.90), P = 0.64]. Conclusion: Meta-analysis showed that the application of tranexamic acid in hip fracture patients could effectively reduce the total blood loss, blood transfusion rate, and improve the postoperative hemoglobin value, but the incidence of thrombosis prevention, intraoperative blood loss, mortality and the control group were basically similar.

Keywords:Tranexamic Acid, Hip Fracture, Intertrochanteric Femoral Fracture, Blood Transfusion, Thrombosis, Randomized Controlled Study, Retrospective Study, Blood Loss, Meta-Analysis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

随着全球人口的老龄化,髋部骨折的发生率也在上升 [1] [2] 。全球发生的髋部骨折数量将从1990年的166万增加到2050年的626万,在中国进入老龄化社会后,老年性骨折的发病率每10年增加30%,髋部骨折的数量也以4倍的速度增加,这将给医疗保健系统带来沉重的负担 [3] 。为了更好地恢复功能,早期手术治疗被认为髋部骨折的首选选择 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 。主要的手术方法包括髋关节置换术(Total hip arthroplasty, THA)、髓内钉和股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术(Proximal femoral nail antirotation, PFNA)等 [9] 。虽然髋部骨折的出血通常是可控的,但可能会有明显的失血量,从而导致严重的贫血,因此需要输血和延长住院时间。有研究指出入院时的平均血红蛋白为12.3 ± 1.7克/分升。手术前最低值的平均值为11.9 ± 1.8克/分升。手术后最低血红蛋白水平的平均值为9.5 ± 1.5克/分升;最后测量的术后血红蛋白平均为10.8 ± 1.2克/分升 [10] 。此外,输血还可导致并发症,包括感染性疾病、溶血反应、心血管功能障碍、术后感染,甚至会导致死亡 [11] [12] 。

降低围术期失血量的主要措施包括术前和术后补充血清铁蛋白和促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin, EPO)、控制术前术中术后血压、自体输血和抗纤溶止血药物 [13] [14] [15] ,如氨甲环酸(Tranexamic acid, TXA),它是一种纤溶抑制剂,可逆地阻断赖氨酸的结合位点,赖氨酸与纤维蛋白原兼容;抑制抑制纤维蛋白溶解反应;防止血块被纤溶酶溶解;减少围手术期出血的程度 [16] [17] 。既往研究证明 [18] [19] ,TXA可以显著减少全膝关节和全髋关节置换术中的失血量。

尽管如此,氨甲环酸在髋部骨折手术中的应用仍然存在争议,因为许多研究对其静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的影响和风险显示出了相互矛盾的结果。因此,本研究通过Meta分析比较髋部骨折患者给予氨甲环酸的有效性和安全性,希望为临床医疗决策提供可借鉴的理论依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 文献检索策略

2.1.1. 检索者

林航。

2.1.2. 数据库

计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMbase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库。

2.1.3. 检索词

英文检索词:“Tranexamic acid; hip fracture; intertrochanteric femoral fracture; blood transfusion; thrombosis; randomized controlled study; retrospective study; blood loss; Meta-analysis”;中文检索词:“氨甲环酸;髋部骨折;股骨粗隆间骨折;输血;血栓;随机对照研究;回顾性研究;失血量;Meta分析”。

2.1.4. 检索文献时限

各数据库建库至2023年05月期间比较氨甲环酸和安慰剂治疗髋部骨折患者的研究。

2.1.5. 文献检索策略

PubMed数据库检索策略见图1

2.2. 纳入与排除标准

2.2.1. 纳入标准

(1) 研究对象:髋部骨折患者;(2) 研究类型:氨甲环酸和安慰剂治疗髋部骨折患者的随机对照研究(RCT)或回顾性研究;(3) 干预措施:氨甲环酸组将氨甲环酸作为一种主要的治疗手段,对照组给予安慰剂治疗;(4) 结局指标:总失血量、术中出血、术后失血量、术后血红蛋白值、输血率、血栓发生率和死亡率等。

Figure 1. PubMed database retrieval strategy

图1. PubMed数据库检索策略

2.2.2. 排除标准

(1) 研究病例少于20例;(2) 数据不全的文献(3) 其他类型骨折的研究。

2.3. 数据提取

通过文献管理软件(EndNote X9, Thomson Scientific公司)对检索到的文献进行检索,然后由2名研究员对经过查重的文献标题和摘要进行筛选,排除明显不符合的文献。再按照本研究的纳入和排除标准,进行二次筛查,然后认真阅读各篇文献。由2名研究人员分别独立评估最终收录文献的质量,并对其进行核对。再对所收录文章进行数据提取,若2名研究员的提取结果有差异,则由第3名研究员进行审查,确定最终结果,如有需要,会与通讯作者取得联系,以便取得完整的原始数据。

2.4. 文献质量评价

最终纳入的27篇 [20] - [46] 文献,其中23篇 [20] - [42] 属于随机对照研究、4篇 [43] [44] [45] [46] 属于回顾性研究,由2名研究员分别独立通过Cochrane手册评估纳入的27篇 [20] - [46] 文献,利用 Review manager 5.3 (https://training.cochrane.org/onlinelearning/core-software-cochrane-reviews/revman/revman-5-download)对文献进行评价分析,评价指标包括随机分配序列产生、分配方案隐藏、对研究者和受试者采用盲法、研究结局盲法评价、结果数据的完整性、选择性报告研究结果及其他偏差来源等7个评价指标,绘制文献质量评价图。文献分值评定标准如下:1~2分,为高偏倚风险;3~4分,为中偏倚风险;5分及以上,为低偏倚风险。若对评定结果意见不一致,则由第3名研究员判定。

2.5. 结局指标

(1) 基线指标:文章作者、发表时间、地区、研究方法、样本数量、年龄、用药方式和干预措施;(2) 主要结局指标:总失血量、术中出血、术后失血量、术后血红蛋白值、输血率、血栓发生率和死亡率。

2.6. 统计分析

本研究通过RevMan 5.3软件(https://www.cochrane.org/)进行Meta分析,计数资料采用相对危险度(risk ratio, RR)表示,文章选取的数据为连续性数据,在测量方法和使用工具一致情况下,运用均值差(difference in means, MD)为效应尺度,所有效应指标均引用置信区间(95% CI),异质性检验由I2和P值确定判断:若P ≤ 0.1,I2 ≥ 50%,利用随机效应模型并进行亚组分析、敏感性分析找出异质性来源;如果P > 0.1、I2 < 50%,代表不同研究之间的异质性较低,利用固定效应模型。敏感性分析采用逐一去除单篇文献法,检验单篇文献对总效应量是否存在显著性影响。运用漏斗图检验发表偏倚。所有统计分析的显著性差异水平设定为P ≤ 0.05。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索结果及文献筛选流

共检索到635篇文献,其中PubMed数据库130篇,Web of Science数据库117篇,Cochrane图书馆75篇以及中文数据库知网169篇、万方81篇、维普63篇,最终筛选出27篇 [20] - [46] 符合标准的文献,23篇 [20] - [42] 为随机对照研究,4篇 [43] [44] [45] [46] 为回顾性研究。共有3162名髋部骨折患者被纳入本次研究。各阶段记录数量的流程图详情见图2。所纳入27项 [20] - [46] 研究的基本特征见表1

Figure 2. Literature screening flow chart

图2. 文献筛选流程图

Table 1. Basic characteristics of the 27 studies were included

表1. 纳入27篇研究的基本特征

注:RCT:随机对照试验;RS:回顾性研究;TXA:氨甲环酸;C:对照组;PFNA:股骨近端防旋型髓内钉;DHS:动力髋锣钉内固定术;ORIF:切开复位内固定;THA:髋关节置换术;NS:未报告。① 总失血量;② 输血率;③ 血栓发生率;④ 术后血红蛋白值;⑤ 术中出血量;⑥ 死亡率。

3.2. 纳入研究的质量评价结果

运用RevMan 5.3软件对最终纳入的23项 [20] - [42] 随机对照研究进行质量评价。在图3中,12篇 [26] [28] [30] - [37] [40] [42] 文献达到5分及以上,偏倚风险较低,4篇 [30] [32] [33] [36] 文献达到7分为高质量文献,其他11篇 [20] - [25] [27] [29] [38] [39] [41] 文献小于5分,为中度或高度偏倚风险。在图4中,可见文献整体质量较高。回顾性队列研究试验采用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)量表进行评价,文章共纳入4项 [43] [44] [45] [46] 回顾性队列研究,通过NOS量表对其质量进行评估:其中有3项 [43] [45] [46] 为高质量,有1项 [44] 为中等质量,无低质量研究,可纳入Meta分析,见表2

图注:“+”(绿色)为低风险,“?”(黄色)为风险未知,“−”(红色)为高风险。

Figure 3. Quality assessment chart

图3. 质量评估图

3.3. Meta分析结果

3.3.1. 各组总失血量差异

共9项 [20] [22] [24] [27] [28] [31] [33] [34] [41] 随机对照研究及3项 [43] [44] [45] 回顾性研究记录了总失血量情况(氨甲环酸组:668例,对照组:706例),各研究存在统计学异质性(P < 0.00001, I2 = 99%),故采用随机效应模型,两组患者总失血量的差异有显著性意义[RR = −197.84, 95% CI (−265.51, −130.18), P < 0.00001],氨甲环酸组较对照组更能够降低总失血量,见图5

图注:High risk of bias (红色)为高偏倚风险,Unclear risk of bias (黄色)为风险未知,Low risk of bias (绿色)为低偏倚风险。

Figure 4. Statistical chart of percentage of quality assessment items for the included literature

图4. 文献的质量评估各项条目的百分比统计图

Table 2. Literature quality assessment

表2. 文献质量评估

表注:纽卡斯尔一渥太华量表满分为9分,≥7分为高质量文献,5~6分为中等质量文献,<5为低质量文献。

3.3.2. 各组输血率差异

共23项 [20] - [37] [39] [40] [41] [42] 随机对照研究及3项 [44] [45] [46] 回顾性研究记录了治疗过程中发生的不良反应情况(氨甲环酸组:1401例,对照组:1548例),各研究不存在统计学异质性(P = 0.19, I2 = 20%),故采用固定效应模型,两组输血发生率的差异有显著性意义[RR: 0.35, 95% CI (0.29, 0.42), P < 0.00001],氨甲环酸组较对照组更能够减少输血发生率,见图6

3.3.3. 各组血栓发生率差异

共19项 [20] [22] - [29] [31] [32] [33] [34] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [42] 随机对照研究及3项 [43] [44] [45] [46] 回顾性研究记录了治疗过程中发生的不良反应情况(氨甲环酸组:1169例,对照组:1276例),各研究不存在统计学异质性(P = 0.80, I2 = 0%),故采用固定效应模型,两组患者血栓发生率的差异无统计学意义[RR = 1.16, 95% CI (0.83, 1.62), P = 0.39],见图7

3.3.4. 各组术后血红蛋白值差异

共12项 [20] [22] [23] [24] [27] [31] [33] [34] [35] [37] [39] [40] 随机对照研究及3项 [43] [45] [46] 回顾性研究记录了治疗过程中发生的不良反应情况(氨甲环酸组:825例,对照组:962例),各研究存在统计学异质性(P < 0.00001, I2 = 98%),故采用随机效应模型,两组术后血红蛋白值的差异有显著性意义[RR: 5.09, 95% CI (3.36, 6.82), P < 0.00001],氨甲环酸组术后血红蛋白值高于对照组,见图8

3.3.5. 各组术中出血量差异

共5项 [20] [23] [27] [31] [33] 随机对照研究记录了治疗过程中发生的不良反应情况(氨甲环酸组:117例,对照组:120例),各研究存在统计学异质性(P = 0.0001, I2 = 89%),故采用随机效应模型,两组患者术中出血量的差异无统计学意义[RR = −47.51, 95% CI (−124.68, 29.66), P = 0.23],见图9

3.3.6. 各组死亡率差异

共5项 [29] [31] [32] [34] [42] 随机对照研究及2项 [45] [46] 回顾性研究记录了治疗过程中发生的不良反应情况(氨甲环酸组:457例,对照组:594例),各研究不存在统计学异质性(P = 0.51, I2 = 0%),故采用固定效应模型,两组患者死亡率发生率的差异无统计学意义[RR = 1.13, 95% CI (0.67, 1.90), P = 0.64],见图10

3.3.7. 发表偏倚分析

运用RevMan 5.3软件,绘制漏斗图检测指标(总失血量、术中出血、术后失血量、术后血红蛋白值、输血率、血栓发生率和死亡率),如果漏斗图对称,则表示发表偏倚的可能性较小。总失血量(图11(a))漏斗图基本对称,则表示不存在发表偏倚;输血率(图11(b))漏斗图不对称,则表示存在发表偏倚;血栓发生率(图11(c))漏斗图基本对称,则表示发表偏倚对结果的影响较小;术后血红蛋白值(图11(d))不完全对称,提示纳入研究的文献可能存在发表性偏倚;术中出血量(图11(e))漏斗图基本对称,则表示不存在发表偏倚;死亡率(图11(f))漏斗图基本不对称,则表示存在发表偏倚;以上存在发表偏倚的原因可能在于未对中英文以外的数据库检索以及阴性结果试验的未发表,见图11

3.3.8. 敏感性分析结果

此次总失血量、术后血红蛋白值和术中出血量的Meta分析异质性较高,因此作者采用逐一剔除文献的方法,术中出血量指标分析中发现异质性来源于Lei等 [31] ,剔除该文献后,各研究间异质性降低且效应量发生方向性改变(I2 = 0%, P = 0.82);但是未找到总失血量和术后血红蛋白值的异质性来源,对其他结局指标进行敏感性分析,对每一项研究排除后再进行合并分析,Meta分析结果均未发生质的改变,提示结果较为稳健。

图注:氨甲环酸组的总失血量显著低于对照组。

Figure 5. Meta-analysis of forest plots comparing the incidence of total blood loss after treatment between tranexamic acid and control group

图5. 氨甲环酸组和对照组治疗后总失血量发生率比较的Meta分析森林图

图注:氨甲环酸组的输血率显著低于对照组。

Figure 6. Meta-analysis of transfusion rates in tranexamic acid and control groups forest plot

图6. 氨甲环酸组和对照组输血发生率比较的Meta分析森林图

图注:两组血栓发生率的差异无显著意义。

Figure 7. Meta-analysis of forest plots comparing posttreated thrombosis rates between tranexamic acid group and control group

图7. 氨甲环酸组和对照组治疗后血栓发生率比较的Meta分析森林图

图注:氨甲环酸组术后血红蛋白值显著高于对照组。

Figure 8. Forest plot of meta-analysis of postoperative hemoglobin values between tranexamic acid and control group

图8. 氨甲环酸组和对照组术后血红蛋白值比较的Meta分析森林图

图注:两组术中出血量的差异无显著意义。

Figure 9. Meta-analysis of intraoperative bleeding loss in tranexamic acid and control groups

图9. 氨甲环酸组和对照组术中出血量比较的Meta分析森林图

图注:两组死亡发生率的差异无显著意义。

Figure 10. Meta-analysis of forest plots of death incidence after treatment between tranexamic acid and control groups

图10. 氨甲环酸组和对照组治疗后死亡发生率比较的Meta分析森林图

4. 讨论

4.1. 证据总结

随着全球人口老龄化,髋部骨折的发生率不断上升 [2] 。目前,手术是髋部骨折的首选治疗方法,临床疗效满意,并发症发生率低 [7] 。髋部骨折围术期中,失血是不可避免的 [47] [48] 。在过去几十年里,围术期中的主要失血量在临床实践中受到了极大的关注 [49] 。然而,围手术期失血可导致许多并发症和预后不良 [50] ,这种损失增加感染、血栓形成的发生率和患者的死亡率 [51] 。

Figure 11. Funnel plots. (a) Total blood loss; (b) Blood transfusion rate; (c) Incidence of thrombosis; (d) Postoperative hemoglobin value; (e) Intra-operative blood loss; (f) Mortality

图11. 漏斗图。(a) 总失血量;(b) 输血率;(c) 血栓发生率;(d) 术后血红蛋白值;(e) 术中出血量;(f) 死亡率

髋部骨折围术期中及时应用止血药物,能有效减少失血、输血需求和反复出血需要再次手术。Henry [51] 等研究指出,丙氨酸是一种非特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,来自牛肺,具有抗纤维蛋白水解特性。它作为几种丝氨酸蛋白酶的抑制剂,包括胰蛋白酶、纤溶酶、血浆–钾蛋白和组织钾蛋白。阿普罗托宁还抑制凝血的接触期激活,既能启动凝血,又能促进纤维蛋白溶解。在心肺旁路(CPB)期间,CPB电路的负电荷表面激活了XII因子,将prekallikrein转换为kallikrein,从而进一步激活了因子XII。这种正反馈回路会强化内在凝血级联。通过抑制血浆卡利克林,阿普替宁可以最大限度地减少凝血和纤维蛋白溶解中的错乱。氨甲环酸被广泛用于减少围手术期的失血量,并与良好的临床止血效果相关 [52] [53] 。氨甲环酸(TXA)是骨科手术最常用的抗纤溶剂,具有抗溶纤维机制,可抑制纤溶酶、纤溶酶原和纤维蛋白结合,直接抑制纤溶酶活性,从而防止凝块过早溶解,有利于止血和预防再出血 [54] 。先前的研究已经证实,氨甲环酸显著减少髋关节置换、膝关节置换以及心脏手术围手术期的失血量和输血量 [55] [56] 。Chen等 [25] 研究证明,氨甲环酸显著降低治疗转子骨折患者的围手术期失血量和输血率,但不增加静脉血栓栓塞或死亡的风险。Ma等 [22] 研究显示,早期静脉氨甲环酸干预可以降低髋部骨折患者的创伤后隐性失血率和术前输血率,而不增加静脉血栓形成的风险。胡朝期等 [57] 认为,氨甲环酸在治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折围术期不增加血栓相关的相关并发症。Mohib等 [37] 结果显示,氨甲环酸可以降低股骨粗隆间骨折治疗过程中的失血量和输血率,而不增加血栓事件的发生率。Liu等 [58] [59] [60] 三篇研究数据显示,抗纤溶药物氨甲环酸会增加血栓形成的风险。本次Meta分析中纳入的27篇研究,包含了最新的英文和中文文献,结果显示髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸不会明显增加静脉血栓事件的发生率。

Haghighi等 [30] 研究结果提示,髋部骨折患者围术期应用氨甲环酸可减少术后失血量和输血需求。高猛等 [61] 研究报道,氨甲环酸在股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换围术期具有良好的降低各类并发症发生率。Drakos等报道,在接受股骨粗隆间骨折手术的患者中,应用氨甲环酸可以显著减少失血量、输血量。国内一项meta分析 [62] 报道,髋部骨折患者围术期应用氨甲环酸能有效减少患者的总失血量、术中失血量、输血率,提高术后血红蛋白值,且不会明显增加静脉血栓发生率。我们的研究结果表明,髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸能够有效减少患者的总失血量、输血率,且提高术后血红蛋白值,而不增加血栓发生率,这与上述大部分的研究结果相似。为了要全面了解氨甲环酸的安全性,还需要对不同类型的不良事件进行更多的研究和分类分析。

4.2. 文章结果对比

文章全面纳入27项研究,其中23篇随机对照研究通过Cochrane手册评估文献的质量,其余4篇回顾性对照研究通过Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)量表进行文献质量评价,对纳入的27篇文献中的3个二分类变量(输血率、血栓发生率、死亡率)和3个连续性变量(总失血量、术后血红蛋白值、术中出血量)进行Meta分析,数据结果显示:氨甲环酸组和对照组患者总失血量、输血率和术后血红蛋白的差异有显著性意义;而氨甲环酸组和对照组患者血栓发生率、总失血量和死亡率等方面差异无统计学意义。

4.3. 文章的优点

① 文章建立了明确的纳入和排除标准,并对纳入文献进行了严格的评估;② 研究纳入了最新的文献,排除了可能增加结果不准确的低质量文献;③ 各森林图中所有结果的I2接近于0,且当I2 > 50%时本研究进行了敏感性分析,说明纳入文献的异质性较小,获得结果较准确。

4.4. 文章的局限性

① 由于一部分纳入的文献是通过图形表述计数资料,需人工提取均数和标准差,有可能产生误差,会降低结果的真实性;② 纳入的样本量相对较小,一些文献随访时间不够长,这可能导致部分髋部骨折术后并发症并未发现,统计学效能不足,报告偏倚;③ 评价指标有限,未纳入具体不良反应;④ 纳入文献的随访时间不一致;⑤ 部分数据从数字中提取的,这可能会限制准确性;⑥ 输血率结局指标中,漏斗图左下角的不对称性和间隙表明,所纳入的研究可能存在发表偏倚。

4.5. 对未来研究启示

文章表明,对临床常用于治疗髋部骨折患者的用药疗效及安全性进行了比较与总结,本篇Meta分析结果发现,从临床有效率及安全性方面来看,氨甲环酸的治疗效果最为显著,则从降低总失血量、输血率,提高术后血红蛋白值方面看,氨甲环酸可达到预期的治疗效果。这些结果为临床工作者在治疗髋部骨折患者时对于选择何种药物提供了一定的理论借鉴。

4.6. 结论

综上所述,髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸能够有效减少患者的总失血量、输血率,且提高术后血红蛋白值,但预防血栓发生率、术中出血量、死亡率等安全性方面氨甲环酸组和对照组基本相似。因此文章认为,氨甲环酸在治疗髋部骨折患者中可获得较好的临床效果,可为临床提供参考。由于受纳入文献的数量和质量以及样本量的限制,需要更多高质量的研究来比较其他因素,如具体不良反应和更多检验指标。

致谢

感谢吐尔洪江·阿布都热西提主任在百忙之中对本文设计过程给予的指导和帮助。

作者贡献

文章设计为第一作者林航及通讯作者吐尔洪江·阿布都热西提共同完成。资料收集及数据分析为全体作者。第一作者成文。通讯作者审校。

利益冲突情况

本文无利益冲突。

写作指南

该研究遵守《系统综述和荟萃分析报告规范》(PRISMA声明)。

文章引用

林 航,阿卜杜吾普尔·海比尔,吐尔洪江·阿布都热西提. 髋部骨折患者应用氨甲环酸的有效性和安全性的Meta分析
Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Patients with Hip Fracture[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(02): 3979-3995. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142554

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  63. NOTES

    *第一作者。

    #通讯作者。

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