Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 80166 , 12 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141276

术前CALLY指数、SII水平对肝细胞肝癌手术切除的预后评估价值

张浩文,郭卫东

青岛大学附属医院肝胆外科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年12月27日;录用日期:2024年1月21日;发布日期:2024年1月30日

摘要

目的:探讨术前C-反应蛋白–白蛋白–淋巴细胞指数(C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index, CALLY index)、系统免疫炎症指数(systemic immune-inflammation index, SII)评估肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)患者术后预后的价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月~2020年12月于青岛大学附属医院初次行根治性手术治疗的94例HCC患者,依据手术前1周内最近一次化验结果计算出CALLY指数和SII,利用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)确定术前CALLY指数和SII的最佳临界值,并根据最佳临界值把病人分为高CALLY指数组和低CALLY指数组、高SII组和低SII组,使用χ2检验分析不同组别HCC患者基本资料的差异,使用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-Rank检验绘制并检验不同组别患者的生存曲线,使用Cox回归比例风险模型进行单因素和多因素的分析。结果:通过ROC曲线计算出术前CALLY指数的最佳临界值为3.90,将病人分为低CALLY指数水平组(<3.90,47例)和CALLY指数高水平组(≥3.90,47例);术前SII的最佳临界值为492.31,将病人分为低SII水平组(<492.31,75例)和高SII水平组(≥492.31,19例)。与高CALLY指数水平组相比,低水平组的肿瘤直径较大、TNM分期更晚(P < 0.05),与低SII水平组相比,高水平组的患者年纪更大、肿瘤直径较大(P < 0.05)。单因素结果分析显示,CALLY指数、SII、是否复发与HCC患者的预后有关(P < 0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,CALLY指数水平是影响肝癌预后的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。结论:CALLY指数低水平是影响HCC患者预后的独立风险因素。术前CALLY指数高水平表明肝细胞肝癌TNM分期处在更早期,肿瘤直径更小;术前SII低水平表明肝细胞肝癌肿瘤直径更小。术前CALLY指数高水平、SII低水平HCC患者的生存时间更长。

关键词

C-反应蛋白–白蛋白–淋巴细胞指数,系统免疫炎症指数,肝细胞肝癌,预后

Prognostic Value of Preoperative CALLY Index and SII Level in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resection

Haowen Zhang, Weidong Guo

Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Dec. 27th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 21st, 2024; published: Jan. 30th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the value of preoperative C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index (CALLY index), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in assessing the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 94 HCC patients who underwent radical surgery for the first time in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2018 to December 2020, CALLY index and SII were calculated based on the results of the most recent blood test within 1 week before surgery, and the optimal critical values of preoperative CALLY index and SII were determined by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve was used to determine the optimal preoperative thresholds of CALLY index and SII, and patients were divided into high CALLY index and low CALLY index groups, and high SII and low SII groups according to the recent thresholds, and differences in the basic data of HCC patients in different groups were analysed using the χ2 test, and differences in the basic data of HCC patients in different groups were plotted and tested using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test. Survival curves of patients in different groups were analysed using Cox regression proportional risk model for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The optimal critical value of preoperative CALLY index was calculated as 3.90 by ROC curve, and patients were divided into low CALLY index level group (<3.90, 47 cases) and high CALLY index level group (≥3.90, 47 cases); the optimal critical value of preoperative SII was 492.31, and patients were divided into low SII level group (<492.31, 75 cases) and high SII level group (≥492.31, 19 cases). The low level group had larger tumour diameters and later TNM staging compared to the high CALLY index level group (P < 0.05), and patients in the high level group were older and had larger tumour diameters compared to the low SII level group (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis of the results showed that CALLY index, SII, and the presence of recurrence were associated with the prognosis of HCC patients (P < 0.05). Multifactorial analysis of the results showed that the level of CALLY index was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The low level of CALLY index is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of HCC patients. A high preoperative CALLY index indicates that the TNM stage of hepatocellular carcinoma is earlier and the tumor diameter is smaller. Low preoperative SII levels indicate that hepatocellular carcinoma tumors are smaller in diameter. The survival time of HCC patients with high preoperative CALLY index and low preoperative SII was longer.

Keywords:C-Reactive Protein-Albumin-Lymphocyte Index, Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Prognosis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

原发性肝癌(primary liver cancer, PLC)是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,包括肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular caricinoma, HCC)、肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC)、混合型肝癌(combined hepatocelluar-cholangiocarcinoma, CHC),该疾病病死率位居全世界恶性肿瘤第3位,医治困难,对人类的生命健康造成严重威胁 [1] 。其中肝细胞肝癌是原发性肝癌的主要组织学亚型(约90%),是中国癌症第二大最常见死亡原因 [2] 。目前治疗肝癌的措施多种多样,主要包含外科切除、肝脏移植、介入治疗、分子靶向药物治疗、中医药治疗、综合治疗等,其中外科肝切除是目前临床上肝癌根治性治疗的最主要手段。然而,许多研究表明国内肝癌切除术后患者5年生存率较低 [3] [4] [5] [6] ,这说明尽管行根治性切除,肝癌预后也不理想。因此如何提高患者肝切术后生存率一直是医学界的一个难题,及早诊断、治疗,选择正确治疗方案及精准评估预后显得尤为重要。

近年来,炎症指标与癌症预后之间的关系成为一个研究热点,许多研究发现炎症指标或指数对癌症患者的预后具有一定的预测性,例如Meghan等 [7] 的meta分析提示中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)与多种肿瘤预后相关;SII是全身炎症反应指标,王明弘 [8] 等发现SII水平较高的HCC患者预后较差;Muller等 [9] 研究发现CALLY指数与肝癌TACE患者的预后有关,CALLY指数高的患者中位总生存期更长,但尚未达成明确共识。为此,本研究主要探讨SII、CALLY指数对接受根治性切除的HCC患者的预后评估价值,以便更好地指导临床治疗。

2. 资料和方法

2.1. 资料

选取2018年1月~2020年12月于青岛大学附属医院临床行外科手术治疗的HCC患者200例。纳入标准:无严重的心、肺、脑等的器质性疾病;均行根治性肝癌切除术;术后病理诊断肝细胞肝癌;患者术前未行其他抗肿瘤治疗比如TACE、射频消融等。排除标准:术前有急性感染性疾病证据的患者;存在血液系统疾病或合并其他恶性肿瘤的患者;肝癌破裂出血行急症手术者;临床资料欠完整或缺失随访数据者。依据纳入排除标准选择资料完整并初次行肝癌根治术的94例HCC患者作为研究对象。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 资料收集

收集患者的基本信息:包括性别、年龄;术前最近一次查血的实验室检查指标:甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)、血清白蛋白(serum albumin, ALB)、白细胞(white blood cell, WBC)、中性粒细胞(neutrophil)、淋巴细胞(lymphocyte)、血小板(platelet, PLT)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP);术后肿瘤病理情况:肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、术后病理检查是否伴有脉管癌栓、TNM分期等。

2.2.2. 随访方法

对纳入研究的病例进行随访,随访方式包括电话随访、定期门诊复查和住院病例查询。以手术日期视为研究观察起始点,病人死亡、失访或随访截止时间为研究观察终点,随访截止日期为2023年9月30日。

2.2.3. CALLY指数和SII数值计算

CALLY指数计算公式:CALLY指数 = 白蛋白(g/L) × 淋巴细胞(109/L) ÷ [CRP (mg/L) × 10];SII数值计算公式:SII = 中性粒细胞(109/L) × 血小板(109/L) ÷ 淋巴细胞数(109/L)。

2.3. 数据分析及处理

采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用t检验。绘制出受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线),并确定CALLY指数和SII指标临界值,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析并绘制生存曲线,采用Log-Rank方法检验,采用Cox比例风险模型将单因素有统计学意义的因素进行多因素分析。所有统计学结果以P < 0.05被视为有统计学差异。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般资料分析

本研究共纳入94例患者,总生存时间为4~67个月,其中男性84例,占89.3%,女性10例,占10.7%;年龄39~81岁,其中<60岁39例,占41.5%,≥60岁55例,占58.5%;合并肝硬化者55例,占58.5%;开腹手术43例,占45.7%;截止随访日期死亡例数为23例,占24.5%,尚有71例患者未出现关心结局。

3.2. 术前CALLY指数和SII的最佳临界值

依据患者的最终结局,绘制出ROC曲线,计算出CALLY指数的曲线下面积为0.63,最佳临界值为3.90,敏感度为56.9%,特异度为73.9%,将病人分为低CALLY指数水平组(<3.90)和高CALLY指数水平组(≥3.90),分别有47例和47例见图1;计算出SII的曲线下面积为0.569,最佳临界值为492.31,敏感度为39.1%,特异度为86.1%,将病人分为SII低水平组(<492.31)和SII高水平组(≥492.31),分别有75例和19例,见图2

3.3. 术前CALLY指数与HCC患者临床病理特征的关系对比

利用χ2检验比较高低CALLY指数水平组的临床病理特征,显示患者的性别、年龄、手术方式、有无肝硬化、是否多发、有无脉管癌栓、是否复发之间的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);肿瘤直径、TNM分期之间的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表1

Figure 1. ROC plot of the CALLY index thresholds

图1. CALLY指数临界值的ROC曲线图

Figure 2. ROC plot of the SII thresholds

图2. SII临界值的ROC曲线图

Table 1. Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of HCC patients in high and low CALLY index groups

表1. 高低CALLY指数组别HCC患者的临床病理特征比较

注:① 表内计数资料数据用(n)表示;② 使用连续校正χ2检验;③ *代表P < 0.05。

3.4. 术前SII与HCC患者临床病理特征的关系对比

利用χ2检验比较高低SII水平组的临床病理特征,显示患者的性别、手术方式、有无肝硬化、TNM分期、是否多发、有无脉管癌栓、是否复发之间的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);年龄、肿瘤直径之间的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2

Table 2. Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of HCC patients in high and low SII index groups

表2. 高低SII指数组别HCC患者的临床病理特征比较

注:① 表内计数资料数据用(n)表示;② 使用连续校正χ2检验;③ *代表P < 0.05。

3.5. 不同术前CALLY指数、SII水平HCC患者的生存比较

比较两组间生存率,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,Log-Rank检验进行比较,结果显示高低CALLY指数水平组间生存时间差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 6.784, P < 0.05),见图3;高低SII水平组间生存时间差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 7.523, P < 0.05),见图4

3.6. 肝癌根治术后患者预后的单因素和多因素分析

单因素分析结果显示:HCC患者根治术后的预后与CALLY指数水平、SII水平、手术方式、TNM分期、是否复发有关(P < 0.05),与性别、年龄、有无肝硬化、肿瘤直径、是否多发、是否有脉管癌栓无关(P > 0.05);多因素Cox回归分析显示:CALLY指数水平是影响HCC患者根治术后预后的独立风险因素(P < 0.05),见表3

Figure 3. Survival plots for the CALLY index grouping

图3. CALLY指数分组的生存曲线图

Figure 4. Survival plots for the SII grouping

图4. SII分组的生存曲线图

Table 3. Univariate and multifactorial analyses of prognostic influences in patients with HCC

表3. HCC患者预后影响因素的单因素及多因素分析

注:*代表P < 0.05。

4. 讨论

1863年,Rudolf Virchow在肿瘤组织中发现白细胞,提出了慢性炎症部位是肿瘤起源的理论 [10] ,首次将慢性炎症和肿瘤联系在一起。炎症反应与肿瘤间的关系目前已成为肿瘤研究的方向和热点。炎症反应是机体一种重要的免疫防御机制,但是炎症反应能够促使机体释放致炎因子、促血管生成因子、细胞外基质降解酶等细胞因子,促进肿瘤细胞增殖、血管新生、侵袭和转移 [11] 。有研究表明,中性粒细胞通过分泌炎症介质、激活内皮细胞等机制,促进多种不同类型的癌细胞的生长和扩散,并帮助癌细胞逃避免疫监视 [12] [13] [14] 。血小板可以释放血管内皮生长因子,促进了肿瘤局部微血管的生存,在肿瘤细胞的粘附、浸润过程中发挥重要的作用 [15] [16] 。淋巴细胞作为机体免疫应答功能的主要免疫细胞,其可以识别肿瘤细胞,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和转移 [17] 。而Hu [18] 等在2014年首次提出的SII是一个包含淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和血小板的临床指标,能够更全面的反映炎症和免疫的平衡关系。CRP是机体受到炎症性刺激时肝细胞合成的和分泌的一种急性时相反应蛋白,肿瘤患者血清CRP水平的升高很可能继发于肿瘤坏死、局部组织损伤及炎症反应,其浓度与肿瘤的侵袭和患者的生存率有关 [19] 。恶性肿瘤是一种消耗性疾病,患者发生营养不良的风险极高。一旦机体无法提供肿瘤细胞增殖所需的营养时,肿瘤细胞便会加快对机体的破坏,因此肿瘤患者的营养状况可能与病情及预后相关。白蛋白作为一种由肝脏合成的血浆蛋白,是反应人体营养状况的一项重要指标,低蛋白血症是营养不良的标志,也是影响肿瘤预后的危险因素 [20] 。Lida [21] 等提出的CALLY指数作为一个综合反映淋巴细胞、白蛋白和CRP的临床参数,能够综合评估机体炎症反应水平和营养状况,已被证实与卵巢癌 [22] 、口腔癌 [23] 、肺癌 [24] 、结直肠癌 [25] 等恶性肿瘤预后有关。

本文通过ROC受试者工作曲线计算出CALLY指数和SII的最佳临界值分别为3.90和492.31,根据临界值分组并对HCC患者的临床病理特征进行分析得出:CALLY指数高水平组患者的TNM分期更早、肿瘤直径更小;SII低水平组患者的肿瘤直径更小。通过单因素分析得出:CALLY指数水平、SII水平、手术方式、是否复发是影响HCC患者术后生存时间的危险因素。通过Cox多因素分析得出:CALLY指数是影响HCC患者术后生存时间的独立危险因素,CALLY指数低水平预示HCC患者术后生存时间较短,预后较差。由于本研究为单中心回顾性研究,且需为首次行肝癌根治术这一条件,范围较窄,相较于其他大中心研究所纳入的病例数少,随访时间短,不同医疗中心之间可能存在治疗上的细微差异,致使本研究计算出的ROC曲线最佳临界值有所不同和多因素分析中部分因素无统计学意义。对于CALLY指数水平和SII的进一步探讨,尚需大样本、多中心的研究计算出公认的最佳临界值并得出更为准确的结果。

5. 总结

综上所述,CALLY指数和SII是能预测HCC患者根治性切除手术预后的两个指标,术前低水平CALLY指数和SII高水平提示患者术后生存时间较短,预后较差。基于CALLY指数和SII简便、易于检测且无创伤的特点,在未来临床上会有更广泛的应用前景。

文章引用

张浩文,郭卫东. 术前CALLY指数、SII水平对肝细胞肝癌手术切除的预后评估价值
Prognostic Value of Preoperative CALLY Index and SII Level in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resection[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 1958-1969. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141276

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