Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 78788 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141030

多囊卵巢综合征及干预措施对妊娠结局和子代的影响

孔芳1,2,李霞2,刘典芳2,李丹丹2,宗丽萍2,王宁2,张亚杰2

1山东第一医科大学研究生院,山东 济南

2山东第一医科大学附属济南妇幼保健院,山东 济南

收稿日期:2023年12月8日;录用日期:2024年1月2日;发布日期:2024年1月9日

摘要

多囊卵巢综合征是育龄期女性最常见的生殖内分泌疾病之一,临床表现具有高度异质性,主要为内分泌代谢紊乱导致的卵泡发育异常,不仅会增加孕期各种并发症的风险,甚至会影响胎儿生长发育,导致不良产科结局,部分患者其子代还会表现出远期精神及内分泌等方面的改变。本文主要从母体PCOS对妊娠结局及其子代造成的影响,以及针对多囊卵巢综合征所采取的干预措施对妊娠结局和子代产生的影响进行阐述。

关键词

多囊卵巢综合征,产科并发症,子代,干预措施

The Effect of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Intervention Measures on Pregnancy Outcomes and Offspring

Fang Kong1,2, Xia Li2, Dianfang Liu2, Dandan Li2, Liping Zong2, Ning Wang2, Yajie Zhang2

1Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

2Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

Received: Dec. 8th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 2nd, 2024; published: Jan. 9th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age. Its clinical manifestations are highly heterogeneous, mainly due to abnormal follicle development caused by endocrine and metabolic disorders, which will not only increase the risk of various complications during pregnancy, but also affect fetal growth and development, leading to adverse obstetric outcomes. Some of the offspring of patients will also show long-term mental and endocrine changes. This article mainly discusses the influence of maternal PCOS on pregnancy outcome and offspring, and the influence of intervention measures for PCOS on pregnancy outcome and offspring.

Keywords:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Obstetric Complications, Offspring, Intervention Measures

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)是生育期女性最常见的生殖内分泌疾病,基于不同的诊断标准,该病在全球范围内的发病率约为6.1%~19.9% [1] 。PCOS患者主要表现为卵巢多囊样改变、月经稀发、持续无排卵、高雄表现(多毛、痤疮、脂溢性脱发)、肥胖等。目前关于PCOS的发病机制尚未完全揭示,大部分人认为可能是环境因素与遗传因素等方面的多重作用 [2] 。PCOS对女性的影响不仅仅表现在非孕期,很多研究发现孕期内分泌水平也存在异常 [3] [4] 。高雄激素血症是PCOS患者最典型的病理特征 [5] ,有研究发现无论是孕期还是非孕期,与健康组相比雄激素都处于相对较高的水平 [4] ,并且高水平雄激素其孕期发生相关不良妊娠结局的概率也会增加,其子代也会在一定程度上受到异常内分泌代谢的影响 [6] 。“胎儿起源学说”认为,胚胎在发育过程中,受到宫内不良环境的影响,会使其成年后各种慢性疾病的发生率明显增高 [7] ,大量研究发现这种宫内异常环境主要影响到孕期胎盘发育、子代出生后内分泌代谢以及其远期神经精神发育等 [8] [9] [10] 。本文主要从母体PCOS内分泌代谢异常对妊娠结局和子代的影响以及针对PCOS采取的干预措施对妊娠结局及子代产生的影响进行阐述。

2. PCOS对妊娠的影响

大部分PCOS女性存在代谢综合征(如肥胖、高密度脂蛋白降低、低密度脂蛋白升高、高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗和空腹血糖升高等),这些代谢综合征与不良妊娠结局(包括流产、早产、妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、巨大儿)的发生有关 [11] 。

2.1. 流产、早产

大多数PCOS女性在育龄期所面临的问题是:孕早期发生自然流产。早期发生自然流产主要与患者胰岛素抵抗、高雄激素血症、卵母细胞质量差以及子宫内膜容受性降低有关 [12] [13] 。PCOS患者中有50%~60%患有胰岛素抵抗 [14] ,胰岛素调控促动力素1 (PROK1)的水平,PROK1是一种血管调节因子,在胎盘早期缺氧状态下,高胰岛素水平会抑制子宫内膜基质细胞的迁移以及滋养层细胞系的迁移和侵袭能力,导致流产率增加 [15] [16] ,另外还有可能通过增加循环睾酮、同型半胱氨酸浓度,破坏子宫内膜血流和血管完整性,导致血管内皮氧化应激增加,进一步导致早期流产 [17] 。研究发现在患有PCOS的肥胖人群中 [18] ,其孕早期流产或者孕晚期早产的发生率更高 [19] ,可能是因为体内高水平的脂肪因子会减少孕激素以及雌激素的生成,降低子宫内膜的容受性 [20] 。

2.2. 妊娠期高血压、子痫前期

研究发现,PCOS女性在孕期发生妊娠期高血压、子痫前期的风险是正常孕妇的3~4倍 [21] [22] 。由于PCOS患者体内高水平的雄激素,导致免疫细胞(例如NK细胞、T细胞)的毒性作用增强 [23] ,使得胎盘滋养细胞的侵袭力受损,胎盘的血液灌注减少,子宫螺旋动脉的管腔狭窄,最终发生妊娠期高血压,严重时进一步发展为子痫前期。另外,PCOS患者易合并胰岛素抵抗,而胰岛素调控的PROK1也会降低滋养细胞的侵袭能力 [10] ,从而增加妊娠期高血压的发生率。

2.3. 妊娠期糖尿病

研究发现,PCOS孕妇其合并妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的风险是正常孕妇的3~4倍 [24] 。50%~60%的PCOS女性患有胰岛素抵抗 [9] ,而在妊娠后,原有的葡萄糖耐受不良会加重,进一步发展成为GDM。另外也有研究发现,肥胖可能也是GDM发生的危险因素之一,这可能与脂联素有关,脂联素有增加胰岛素敏感性的作用,而肥胖患者体内的脂联素水平较低 [25] 。

2.4. 巨大儿、胎儿生长发育缓慢

研究发现,患有PCOS的孕妇,其胎儿生长发育异常的发生率也是相对较高的 [26] 。这可能是因为PCOS合并胰岛素抵抗使胎儿长期处于高血糖环境,而高水平的胰岛素会促进蛋白质、脂肪的合成,导致胎儿发育过大。高雄激素血症也会影响胎盘组织中芳香化酶的表达,甚至进一步影响胎盘功能 [27] ,最终影响胎儿发育。另外,高水平的雄激素可能增加血管反应性,增加子宫胎盘循环的阻力,这就有可能导致胎盘缺血或缺氧 [10] ,胎儿长期处于慢性缺氧的状态下,其生长发育会小于同孕龄胎儿。

3. PCOS对子代的影响

PCOS患者由于孕期体内内分泌代谢紊乱,例如高雄激素血症或者胰岛素抵抗,这些异常水平的激素会在胎盘的传递下,使胚胎在整个孕期中暴露在异常的环境中,最终会影响胎儿内分泌代谢异常,严重会影响出生后远期各系统发育。

3.1. 子代生殖发育

研究发现,在整个妊娠期,胎盘中雄激素水平会随着孕周的增加而升高 [4] ,这种超过正常生理水平的雄激素会通过胎盘传送给子代,使得子代也表现出高水平的雄激素 [28] 。子代体内雄激素水平的异常会影响到后期各系统的发育,有研究发现PCOS患者其女性子代的肛门–生殖器距离(肛门外缘和阴蒂基部之间的距离)相对较长 [29] [30] ,而且研究发现,高雄激素暴露在孕期不同阶段,其子代出生后会表现出不同的表型,通过随访发现,与正常孕妇的子代相比,PCOS孕妇其子代青春期的卵巢体积相对较大和窦卵泡数目也相对较多 [31] 。

3.2. 子代代谢系统

在PCOS大鼠的实验模型中,发现暴露在高雄激素水平下的子代更容易表现出腹部肥胖、持续无排卵、多囊卵巢和胰岛素抵抗 [32] 。孕期母体血糖代谢异常也会增加新生儿低血糖、高胆红素血症的几率,严重时还可能会引起核黄疸 [33] 。这可能是由于胎儿长期处于高胰岛素水平环境中,一旦脱离这种环境,由于胰岛素的生物学作用,会引发血糖迅速下降,导致新生儿低血糖的发生,另外在高胰岛素水平的作用下,其代谢会增加,耗氧也会增加,从而影响肝脏葡萄糖醛酸转移酶活性,胆红素累积逐渐增多,最终引发核黄疸 [34] 。

3.3. 子代神经及精神系统

有研究发现,焦虑的发生可能与血清中脱氢表雄酮DHEA水平有关 [35] ,学者推测DHEA及其硫化物DHEA-S对胎儿以及儿童时期的神经系统发育有着重要的作用 [29] 。高雄激素血症会影响子代颅脑胼胝体的发育,通过观察28名青春期男孩的脑部MRI,发现孕期暴露在高水平雄激素下的子代更容易出现胼胝体的不对称发育,导致其远期认知和行为表现异常 [36] 。PCOS患者的各系统的慢性炎症反应也会增加子代发生焦虑症的风险,研究发现可能是因为细胞的慢性炎症会活化海马体中小胶质细胞的表达 [37] 。

4. 针对PCOS采取的干预措施对妊娠结局以及子代的影响

PCOS患者相关治疗措施对改变妊娠结局有很大的意义。研究发现根据PCOS患者不同的生化表现,选择合适的治疗措施可以降低妊娠期各种并发症的发生率,改善妊娠结局和新生儿结局。

4.1. 二甲双胍的治疗

与非PCOS的女性相比,PCOS女性的孕期妊娠期糖尿病的发生率更高,妊娠期高血压和心血管疾病发生率也相应增加 [15] [16] [17] 。相关指南提出改善生活方式(饮食、体力活动和心理行为)和体重管理是PCOS的一线治疗措施 [38] ,另外也可以在孕前或孕期应用药物比如胰岛素增敏剂——二甲双胍改善症状。二甲双胍可以降低孕妇血清胰岛素水平 [39] ,改善子宫内膜容受性,增加PCOS患者的妊娠率以及降低流产率 [40] ,尽管这种药物可以通过胎盘传送给胎儿,但目前还未发现此药物的致畸作用 [41] 。临床研究发现,与未使用二甲双胍的孕妇相比,孕期适当服用二甲双胍可以在一定程度改善孕期血糖问题,还会降低妊娠期高血压、先兆子痫的发生 [34] 。但也有研究发现,服用二甲双胍的患者其子代在出生时头围明显大于孕期未使用二甲双胍孕妇的子代,而且其子代儿童期超重以及肥胖的患病率也明显更高 [41] 。

4.2. 短效避孕药的治疗

雄激素水平升高是PCOS最核心的病理特点,雄激素过高则会影响卵泡的生长发育。目前临床会选择应用避孕药来治疗高雄激素血症,主要是通过负反馈减少下丘脑GnRH的分泌,从而降低血清LH值,还可以竞争性地结合雄激素受体从而降低雄激素水平。研究证实孕前进行抗雄预处理可以有效降低不良妊娠结局的发生率 [42] 。在临床中发现联合二甲双胍治疗后,患者体内黄体生成素的水平显著降低,可以更好地促进卵泡发育,提高卵泡质量,从而提高妊娠率 [43] 。

4.3. 促排卵药物的治疗

PCOS患者排卵障碍所带来的最大困扰是不孕症,这是因为体内异常的雄激素水平导致卵泡发育障碍。临床为改善这种病理特征,多会采用促排卵药物来提高患者的妊娠率。但也有研究发现在促排卵治疗同时其双胎甚至多胎妊娠的发生率也随之增加,伴随的风险是多胎妊娠分娩的新生儿出生体重偏低、子代远期消化系统畸形发生率显著升高 [44] 。有研究人员通过长期随访发现,与健康孕妇的子代相比,PCOS孕妇其子代3岁内的生长发育、神经智力发育以及先天性畸形的发生率并没有增高 [45] ,但该研究的样本量及范围较小,尚不能充分证实。

综上所述,PCOS这种常见的生殖内分泌疾病,在非孕期会表现出一系列的临床生化特征,而在妊娠期其不良妊娠结局、妊娠期并发症的发生率也会更高。目前关于PCOS对子代影响的相关文献尚不深入,部分实验由于伦理道德以及社会条件的原因有待继续研究,还需要大量的临床研究来证明。但PCOS母体内分泌代谢紊乱给后代带来的影响不容小觑。因此,建议PCOS妇女在怀孕前应努力优化自己的健康状况,减少不良妊娠结局的发生率,减少妊娠期相关并发症的发生,从而优化子代的生长发育。

文章引用

孔 芳,李 霞,刘典芳,李丹丹,宗丽萍,王 宁,张亚杰. 多囊卵巢综合征及干预措施对妊娠结局和子代的影响
The Effect of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Intervention Measures on Pregnancy Outcomes and Offspring[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 204-210. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141030

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