Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 02 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 61125 , 11 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.132192

肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂与司库奇尤单抗治疗 强直性脊柱炎疗效的相关性Meta分析

于欣馨,刘花香*

山东大学齐鲁医院风湿科,山东 济南

收稿日期:2023年1月8日;录用日期:2023年2月1日;发布日期:2023年2月8日

摘要

目的:系统性评价肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂(TNFi)与司库奇尤单抗(secukinumab)治疗强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis, AS)疗效的相关性。方法:根据检索词在PubMed、Cochrane library、Embase三大数据库进行搜集,选取2022年4月20日前收录的所有论文,按照纳入排除标准筛选有关司库奇尤单抗治疗AS患者的药物试验,并收集两类患者在16周和52周时ASAS20和ASAS40的应答情况,RevMan5.4被用于对获得的数据进行处理。结果:5个随机对照试验和一个开放标签的单臂试验被纳入本研究,共计1654名患者,其中439例(26.5%)接受过TNFi治疗,1215例(73.5%)未接受过TNFi治疗。数据分析显示,ASAS20在16周和52周时的合并效应量分别为[OR = 1.41, 95%CI (1.00, 1.98), P = 0.05]和[OR = 1.37, 95%CI (0.93, 2.02), P = 0.11],ASAS40在16周时为[OR = 1.47, 95%CI (0.44, 2.68), P = 0.20],52周时为[OR = 1.51, 95%CI (1.07, 2.14), P = 0.02]。在亚组分析中,16周和52周时ASAS20分别为[OR = 1.76, 95%CI (1.14, 2.71), P = 0.01]和[OR = 1.72, 95%CI (1.07, 2.74), P = 0.02],ASAS40分别为[OR = 1.97, 95%CI (1.24, 3.13), P = 0.004]和[OR = 1.91, 95%CI (1.25, 2.94), P = 0.003]。结论:既往有无TNFi暴露史与司库奇尤单抗的疗效相关,未接受过TNFi治疗的患者对司库奇尤单抗的治疗反应优于接受过TNFi治疗的AS患者。

关键词

司库奇尤单抗,强直性脊柱炎,肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂,Meta分析

Association between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors and Secukinumab in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis

Xinxin Yu, Huaxiang Liu*

Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong

Received: Jan. 8th, 2023; accepted: Feb. 1st, 2023; published: Feb. 8th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To systematically evaluate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (TNFi) and secukinumab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: Three databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, and Embase were used for bibliography retrieval Clinical trials of secukinumab in patients with AS that were selected before April 20, 2022, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Responses to ASAS20 and ASAS40 at 16-week and 52-week were collected, and processed by RevMan5.4 software. Results: Five randomized controlled trials and one open-label single-arm trial were included in this study, involving a total of 1654 patients, of whom 439 (26.5%) patients received TNFi and 1215 (73.5%) patients did not receive TNFi. The results of the data analysis showed that the combined effect sizes of ASAS20 at 16-week and 52-week were [OR = 1.41, 95%CI (1.00, 1.98), P = 0.05] and [OR = 1.37, 95%CI (0.93, 2.02), P = 0.11], respectively. The combined effect sizes of ASAS40 at 16-week and 52-week were [OR = 1.47, 95%CI (0.44, 2.68), P = 0.20] and [OR = 1.51, 95%CI (1.07, 2.14), P = 0.02], respectively. In subgroup analysis, the combined effect sizes of ASAS20 at 16-week and 52-week were [OR = 1.76, 95%CI (1.14, 2.71), P = 0.01] and [OR = 1.72, 95%CI (1.07, 2.74), P = 0.02], respectively. The combined effect sizes of ASAS40 at 16-week and 52-week were [OR = 1.97, 95%CI (1.24, 3.13), P = 0.004] and [OR = 1.91, 95%CI (1.25, 2.94), P = 0.003], respectively. Conclusions: Previous TNFi exposure was correlated with the efficacy of secukinumab. Patients who did not receive TNFi had a better therapeutic response to secukinumab than patients who received TNFi therapy.

Keywords:Secukinumab, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors, Meta-Analysis

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis, AS)作为一种慢性炎症性疾病,患者常以夜间腰背部疼痛为首发症状,且伴有影像学改变。AS通常隐匿发病,若未能得到及时有效的治疗,且病情持续进展,可发生脊柱畸形和关节强直 [1] [2]。近年来,肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂(Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, TNFi)作为生物疗法的代表性药物,不仅对AS患者有明显的疗效,还能显著改善三分之二以上对非甾体类抗炎药无应答的患者的生活质量 [3]。随着TNFi的广泛应用,越来越多的证据表明仍有40%的AS患者对其反应不充分或不耐受 [4] [5]。

通过对AS发病机制的深入研究,有学者发现白细胞介素-17 (interleukin-17, IL-17)在疾病进展过程的炎症和级联反应中发挥了重要作用 [6]。作为一种典型的抗IL-17抗体,司库奇尤单抗(secukinumab)是首个获批用于AS患者治疗的白细胞介素-17抑制剂(interleukin-17inhibitors, IL-17i) [7]。大量临床试验和真实世界研究表明,司库奇尤单抗疗效显著,安全性好,对活动性AS患者,不仅降低了疾病活动性,而且延缓了病情进展。如Pavelka [8] 和Feng等人 [9] 进行的临床试验最早在第1周即可发现司库奇尤单抗与安慰剂存在疗效差异,并通过拓展试验进一步证实了其长期疗效和安全性 [10],Baraliakos等人 [11] 的拓展试验表明司库奇尤单抗对AS患者的疗效可持续5年。西班牙 [12] 和欧洲 [13] 进行的真实世界研究也证实司库奇尤单抗可使活动性AS患者获益,并具有较好的药物留存率。Maksymowych等人 [14] 通过对阿达木单抗和司库奇尤单抗疗效的间接匹配比较发现,经司库奇尤单抗治疗后的AS患者可在疗效评估中获得更高的中期和长期应答。2019年AS诊疗指南建议将TNFi作为首选的生物制剂,司库奇尤单抗被推荐用于对第一次TNFi基本无应答的患者 [15]。

鉴于当前指南,临床工作中多将IL-17i用于TNFi不能耐受或无效的替代治疗,但司库奇尤单抗对TNFi暴露或非暴露人群的疗效是否存在差别,目前证据仍不明确。本文就既往有无TNFi暴露史的AS患者对司库奇尤单抗应答情况进行Meta分析,以期为临床药物选择提供循证医学依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 文献检索策略

本研究系统的检索了PubMed、EMBASE以及the Cochrane library在2022年4月20日之前发表的有关司库奇尤单抗治疗AS的符合本研究要求的论文。检索词如下:“ankylosing spondylitis”、“spondyloarthritis”、“axial spondyloarthritis”、“secukinumab”、“coxentyx”。人工检查所有被纳研究的参考文献列表,以确定可能的额外研究。本研究已经在PROSPERO上注册,注册号为CRD42022327061。

2.2. 文献纳入标准

可纳入的研究必须符合以下标准:① 研究对象为成年AS患者,不论过去是否接受过TNFi治疗,只要符合1984年纽约修订诊断标准即可纳入;② 试验设计中含有司库奇尤单抗150 mg组;③ 研究结果有对患者既往TNFi使用情况的亚组分析;④ 目标人群必须包含以下结局指标:至少有20%的患者在国际脊椎关节炎协会反应标准评估中得到改善(ASAS20)以及ASAS40;⑤ 本研究对纳入论文有语言限制,仅收录英文文献。同一研究的数据若被多次重复发表,则纳入提供最新最全数据的论文。

2.3. 文献数据提取

两名研究员独立地筛选和提取数据,文章筛选和数据提取期间遇到的分歧将通过协商解决,若解决不了则由第三位研究者解决分歧。本研究还通过每个试验的NCT编号检查了在ClinicalTrials.gov上发布的结果,从而完善数据收集。

纳入研究的基本特征包括:第一作者及发表年份、研究设计方法、治疗分组、病人数量、本研究拟分析的结局指标。TNFi非暴露(TNFi-naïve)组和TNFi暴露(TNFi-IR)组的结局指标包括:ASAS20、ASAS40。

2.4. 文献质量评价

文献质量评估使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(theNewcastle-Ottawa Scale, NOS),由两位研究员独立对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评分,每项研究的NOS分数为从0分到9分,其中0分代表方法学质量最差,9分代表方法学质量最佳。评估内容包括:① 暴露队列是否具有代表性;② 非暴露队列的选择方法;③ 暴露的确定方法;④ 研究开始前有无要观察的结局指标;⑤ 设计和统计分析时是否考虑到暴露和非暴露队列的可比性;⑥ 结局指标的评估;⑦ 随访时间足够长;⑧ 暴露和非暴露队列完整随访的比例。其中,组间可比性最高可得2分,余项目最多得1分。

2.5. 统计学方法

利用Review Manager软件(RevMan5.4, Cochrane Collaboration,丹麦哥本哈根)进行数据处理。因本研究提取的数据均为计数资料,故使用比值比(odds ratio, OR)进行分析。利用I2检验评估异质性大小,若I2 > 50%则表示异质性大,需用随机效应模型;若I2 < 50%,则采用固定效应模型。

本研究分析16周及52周时TNFi-naïve组和TNFi-IR组人群接受司库奇尤单抗的疗效差异,使用亚组分析来查找可能的异质性来源,以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。通过删除单项研究,并评估删除研究的影响来进行敏感性分析。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究选择过程

首先经文献搜集初步检索出1177篇论文,420篇因重复被排除,接着通过阅读标题和摘要,排除712篇,剩下45篇,其中有6篇未能得到全文,阅读全文后再次剔除30篇,原因如下:① 呈现重复数据;② 数据不完整;③ 没有期望的结局指标。最终,5个随机对照试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 和1个开放标签的单臂试验 [21] 被纳入本研究进行分析,具体流程如图1所示。

Figure 1. Flow chart of the literature search

图1. 文献筛选流程图

3.2. 纳入试验总体特征及质量评价

所有试验均根据先前TNFi使用情况进行了亚组分析,每项试验的患者人数在30至458人之间,共计1654名患者纳入研究,其中439例(26.5%)接受过TNFi治疗,1215例(73.5%)未接受过TNFi治疗。在所有6项试验 [16] - [21] 中,Measure2-J [21] 是仅有的一项开放标签的单臂试验,只报告了16周时ASAS20及ASAS40应答率,其余5项试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 均为随机对照试验,不仅报告了16周时ASAS20及ASAS40应答率,还进一步提供了52周时两组患者ASAS20和ASAS40的应答情况。如表1所示。

有5项试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 对AS患者和研究人员进行了盲法,并采用有效的方法进行随机化和隐蔽性分配。所有6项试验 [16] - [21] 都在ClinicalTrials.gov网站上注册,参与者接受了至少16周的结果随访。文献质量评价见表1中NOS评分,其中,5项随机对照试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 均为8分,只有一项开放标签的单臂试验 [21] 为6分,NOS评分平均值为7.7分。从表中可以看出,6项试验 [16] - [21] 的NOS评分均在6分及以上,没有一项试验获得低质量分数(即NOS分数为1~3)。

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies

表1. 纳入文献基本特征及NOS评分

注:a:ASAS20,b:ASAS40。

3.3. 数据分析

3.3.1. ASAS20

6项试验 [16] - [21] 均报道了16周时司库奇尤单抗150 mg在TNFi-naïve及TNFi-IR患者中ASAS20应答率。如图2所示,该分析异质性不大(P = 0.36, I2 = 10%),计算结果为[OR = 1.41, 95%CI (1.00, 1.98), P = 0.05],表明TNFi-naïve组患者在数值上较TNFi-IR组有优势,但差异无统计学意义。

52周时,有5项试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 报道了司库奇尤单抗150 mg在TNFi-naïve组与TNFi-IR组患者中ASAS20应答率。如图3所示,异质性较低(P = 0.33, I2 = 13%),计算结果为[OR = 1.37, 95%CI (0.93, 2.02), P = 0.11],可见TNFi-naïve组患者在数值上较TNFi-IR组有优势,但差异无统计学意义。

Figure 2. Meta-analysis of ASAS20 at 16-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图2. TNFi暴露和非暴露组AS患者在16周时ASAS20的meta分析

Figure 3. Meta-analysis of ASAS20 at 52-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图3. TNFi暴露和非暴露组AS患者在52周时ASAS20的meta分析

3.3.2. ASAS40

6项试验 [16] - [21] 报告了16周时在TNFi-naïve和TNFi-IR患者中使用司库奇尤单抗150 mg的ASAS40应答率。该异质性较高(P = 0.04, I2 = 57%),具体分析如图4所示,计算结果为[OR = 1.47, 95%CI (0.44, 2.68), P = 0.20],可见TNFi-naïve组患者在数值上较TNFi-IR组有优势,但差异无统计学意义。

Figure 4. Meta-analysis of ASAS40 at 16-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图4. TNFi暴露和非暴露组AS患者在16周时ASAS40的meta分析

5项试验 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 报告了52周时ASAS40应答率,各研究间异质性低(P = 0.38, I2 = 5%),分析结果如图5所示,合并效应量为[OR = 1.51, 95%CI (1.07, 2.14), P = 0.02],可见TNFi-naïve组在应答率上显著优于TNFi-IR组,且差异有统计学意义。

Figure 5. Meta-analysis of ASAS40 at 52-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图5. TNFi暴露和非暴露组AS患者在52周时ASAS40的meta分析

3.4. 亚组分析

由于Feng等人 [16] 的试验样本量大,考虑为本meta分析中异质性的主要来源,本研究通过对其他5项试验 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] 进行亚组分析,以明确该试验对分析结果的影响。ASAS20在16周和52周的亚组分析结果如图6所示,异质性较前显著降低,16周和52周计算结果分别为[OR = 1.76, 95%CI (1.14, 2.71), P = 0.01]和[OR = 1.72, 95%CI (1.07, 2.74), P = 0.02],16周和52周的总合并值为[OR = 1.74, 95%CI (1.26, 2.39), P = 0.0007]。这表明TNFi-naïve组较TNFi-IR组的ASAS20应答在16周和52周均表现出显著差异,且有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

Figure 6. Subgroup-analysis of ASAS40 at 16-week and 52-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图6. 亚组分析16周和52周时ASAS20的meta分析

ASAS40在16周和52周的亚组分析如图7所示,其合并效应量分别为[OR = 1.97, 95%CI (1.24, 3.13), P = 0.004]和[OR = 1.91, 95%CI (1.25, 2.94), P = 0.003],16周和52周的总效应量合并值为[OR = 1.94, 95%CI (1.42, 2.66), P < 0.0001]。这表明,未接受过TNFi治疗的患者对司库奇尤单抗的应答率要显著高于接受过TNFi治疗的患者,其差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

Figure 7. Subgroup-analysis of ASAS40 at 16-week and 52-week in TNFi-naïve and TNFi-IR

图7. 亚组分析中16周和52周时ASAS40的meta分析

3.5. 敏感性分析

在司库奇尤单抗150 mg治疗TNFi-naïve和TNFi-IR组AS患者的meta分析中,所有结果的异质性从5%~57%不等。本研究进行了敏感性分析,每次删除一个单一的试验,结果表明,异质性主要归因于单一的研究,即Feng等人 [16] 的研究。该项研究的患者多来自亚洲,且样本量在本研究中占比较大,这可能是异质性的主要原因。Measure2-J [21] 是在日本进行的一项单臂研究,通过敏感性分析,本研究发现其对总体异质性影响不大,可能与其样本量较小有关。

4. 讨论

目前针对于AS患者的生物治疗,只有TNFi和IL-17i得到了广泛应用。Zhou等人 [22] 对于司库奇尤单抗治疗AS的短期疗效的meta分析结果显示,司库奇尤单抗对AS有效,且与以前是否接受过TNFi治疗无关。Baeten等人 [23] 的研究也表示司库奇尤单抗对AS患者不仅在症状和体征上有改善,并且在16周时,患者报告结局的显著改善与患者基线时抗TNF状态无关。

本研究的分析结果发现,在总体人群中,既往是否接受过TNFi治疗与司库奇尤单抗对AS患者的疗效无显著相关性。但在排除异质性后,亚组分析结果则与Gentileschi等人 [24] 的队列研究结果相似,即司库奇尤单抗作为一线治疗时,其疗效要优于二线,这说明经历过TNFi治疗失败的AS患者,在接受司库奇尤单抗治疗时,其疗效获益相对于无TNFi暴露史的患者较差。

目前已有的对银屑病关节炎、类风湿关节炎和AS的研究表明,对第二次TNFi的反应可能取决于先前失败的原因,而缺乏疗效多见于有TNFi暴露史的患者 [25] [26] [27]。那么对于AS患者,从TNFi到司库奇尤单抗的药物转换中,也可能出现这种现象。首先,有TNFi暴露史的多为中重度AS患者,他们或是对TNFi无应答,或是治疗一段时间后耐药,故这类人群在治疗上存在一定的难度。其次,两类人群比较时样本量存在差异,在本研究中有1215例(73.5%)患者未接受过TNFi治疗,439例(26.5%)患者接受过TNFi治疗。纳入的这6项试验 [13] - [18] 主要研究目的是评估司库奇尤单抗在AS患者中的疗效,故纳入人群多为无TNFi暴露史的患者,而有TNFi暴露史的患者所占比例较小。

由于Feng等人 [16] 的研究是一项在中国进行的多中心临床试验,样本量在本研究中所占比例大,且多为中国患者,这可能与异质性大有关。另外,总的异质性可能还来自于不同研究中心登记的患者的病史。研究设计中的方法学差异也可能导致异质性,比如Braun [20] 等人和Pavelka [18] 等人的研究是在前4周采取静脉给药,第4周后才使用皮下给药方式。再就是对于有TNFi治疗史的病人并未进行分层处理,患者经历的TNFi治疗失败次数对于研究结果也有一定的影响。

受限于时间、数据等原因,本研究也存在一些不足。首先,荟萃分析的总体样本量相对较小,目前只有6项研究被纳入其中,需要更多大样本、高质量的研究来完善我们的分析结果。其次,由于版权等问题司库奇尤单抗治疗有无TNFi暴露史的AS患者的公开数据较少,导致分析不足,因此更多公开的数据将有利于AS治疗方案的进一步探索。最后,在获得的文献中没有对既往的TNFi治疗失败次数进行分层,所以本研究无法评估TNFi暴露与司库奇尤单抗在AS患者中有效性之间的联系。在下一步的工作中可尝试对不同人群进行亚组分析,并完善其他结局指标及安全性分析,可能会获得更加有力的证据。

文章引用

于欣馨,刘花香. 肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂与司库奇尤单抗治疗强直性脊柱炎疗效的相关性Meta分析
Association between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors and Secukinumab in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(02): 1393-1403. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132192

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  28. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: lzzlhx63@163.com

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