Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 11 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 74782 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13112412

星状神经节阻滞对心肌保护的研究进展 及现状

王国操1,2,田海涛1,3*

1济宁医学院临床学院,山东 济宁

2济宁医学院附属医院麻醉科,山东 济宁

3济宁市第一人民医院麻醉科,山东 济宁

收稿日期:2023年10月3日;录用日期:2023年10月27日;发布日期:2023年11月6日

摘要

星状神经节阻滞(Stellate ganglion block, SGB)是一种具有治疗性的神经阻滞,主要用于缓解一些局部或颈部疼痛等症状。过去几年,越来越多的数据表明SGB还具有脏器保护作用,并在心脏、肺脏、微循环等方面有积极影响。目前有关研究SGB保护心肌的研究相对较少,并且研究结果不同。目前认为不同侧SGB对心血管系统作用存在影响差别,这可能与解剖结构存在一定差异及节后神经纤维支配区域存在差异有关,但是还需要进一步研究和探究其作用机制。

关键词

心肌,保护,星状神经节阻滞

Research Progress and Current Status of Myocardial Protection by Stellate Ganglion Block

Guocao Wang1,2, Haitao Tian1,3*

1Clinical College, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

2Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining Shandong

3Department of Anesthesiology, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Shandong

Received: Oct. 3rd, 2023; accepted: Oct. 27th, 2023; published: Nov. 6th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a therapeutic nerve block used to relieve some symptoms such as local or neck pain. Over the past few years, more and more data have shown that SGB also has an organ protective effect and has a positive impact on the heart, lungs, microcirculation, and more. At present, there are relatively few studies on the protection of myocardium by SGB, and the research results are different. At present, it is believed that different sides of SGB have different effects on the cardiovascular system, which may be related to differences in anatomical structure and differences in postganglionic nerve fiber innervation region, but further research and exploration of its mechanism are needed.

Keywords:Myocardial, Protection, Stellate Ganglion Block

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

冠状动脉的血流量以及其携氧能力决定心肌氧供。当心肌增加对氧耗的需求时,为了满足心肌自身的需要,必须通过冠状动脉增加血流来实现。围手术期会触发一种应激反应,导致交感神经系统过度活跃,打破心肌氧供和氧需原有的平衡,致使心肌疲劳损伤,临床症状为心肌缺血和心肌梗死的表现 [1] 。此外,围手术期心肌损伤的另一个重要因素是血流动力学剧烈波动 [2] [3] 。虽然在非心脏手术患者中围手术期心肌损害容易出现,但常常因没有明显临床症状而被忽视。研究表明,通过对交感区域的活动进行阻断可以通过扩张冠状动脉改善血流动力学,增加心脏供氧量,缓解心绞痛和心肌缺血,并对心肌产生保护效果 [4] [5] 。因此,在围手术期中,SGB可能会提供心脏保护效果。

星状神经节(SG)是位于颈部和胸部的神经节,约有80%的人都存在。SG包含颈下神经节和第1胸神经节,或者有颈中神经节和第2胸神经节参与组成 [6] 。SG通过灰色交通支(C3~7)与C8和T1神经相连,分布于血管、腺体等部位。SGB是一种交感神经阻滞方法,最早被报道是在20世纪70年代,属于微创治疗,常被用于门诊疼痛治疗 [7] 。超声引导下行SGB可以减少动脉内注射和软组织损伤等并发症,提高了SGB的安全性 [8] 。

2. 在全身麻醉气管插管应激反应中SGB对心肌保护作用

在全身麻醉气管插管应激反应中SGB对心肌保护作用得到了研究。在全身麻醉诱导过程中,喉镜检查和气管导管机械性刺激会导致交感肾上腺过度亢进,从而引发心脑血管应激反应 [9] 。这种反应在喉镜检查开始的30~45秒内达到高峰,然后逐渐消退 [10] 。老年患者由于器官储备功能下降、反应能力差,及其对于心血管系统的敏感性增加,会使得血流动力学波动大,增加意外风险 [11] 。虽然几种方法可以用来减少这样的反应,但是这些方法的治疗并不能达到临床满意效果 [12] [13] 。

Koyama等人的研究表明,右侧SGB不影响血压,仅抑制心脏交感神经兴奋 [14] 。由于心肺压力感受器引起的心脏交感神经兴奋性也能够SGB的抑制。Hiroshi等人的研究提示,对于气管插管与手术操作过程中的应激反应SGB可以有效抑制,能维持血流动力学效应的稳定 [15] 。Chen等研究表明,与基线和SGB组相比,对照组的速率压力乘积值显著升高。对照组低频功率(LF)、LF/高频功率(HF)较基线值明显升高,HF及HF归一化单位明显降低。与对照组相比,SGB组的LF、LF归一化单位、LF/HF明显降低,其结果表示SGB可以使交感肾上腺的亢进受到抑制,减轻了老年患者在全麻诱导和气管插管时的血流动力学波动,从而使心肌缺血的风险降低 [16] 。总之,在全身麻醉气管插管应激反应中SGB对心肌保护作用的应用具有较好的临床意义和前景。

3. 在腹腔镜手术中SGB对心肌保护作用

随着微创外科技术的广泛应用,腹腔镜手术已成为一种常见的治疗方法。在该手术中,将二氧化碳注入腹腔以形成气腹,但是气腹和导致高碳酸血症都会刺激交感神经,从而导致肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统释放血管加压素,进而引起血流动力学剧烈波动 [17] 。这些变化会导致心率、平均动脉血压、心输出量和全身性血管阻力增加,从而可能引起高血压、心动过速、心动过缓等不良反应 [18] 。为了对抗这些血管升压反应,许多药物和方法被用来控制血压和心律失常,其中包括阿片类药物、α2受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂和局部麻醉药 [19] [20] 。

近年来,SGB也被应用于腹腔镜手术。SGB能够减轻平均动脉压、心率波动,使患者血流动力学维持相对稳定,从而有利于应激反应的减轻 [21] [22] 。同时,研究表明SGB可以通过影响血管内皮素-1 (Endothefin、ET-1)与内皮一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthase, NOS)进而达到降压作用 [23] [24] 。在另一项研究中,SGB可通过上调迷走神经紧张性,起到对CO2气腹引起交感神经兴奋的抑制作用 [25] 。

因此,在腹腔镜手术中应用SGB可以减轻二氧化碳人工气腹对患者的应激反应,并且能有效抑制血压升高和心律失常发生,同时也能够减轻CO2气腹对心血管的反应和降低心肌氧耗量,起到心肌保护作用 [26] 。

4. 在冠状动脉搭桥术中SGB对心肌保护作用

随着移植物在冠脉搭桥手术中更频繁地使用。但桡动脉的血管收缩倾向和血管结构目前仍然是手术后早期面临的主要问题 [27] [28] 。患者术中及预后的好坏取决于桡动脉痉挛严重程度。为解决这一问题,SGB被用于其临床治疗。SGB主要优点是舒张动脉血管、增加血流量以及减少上肢疼痛 [29] 。最新研究显示,在冠状动脉搭桥术前预行SGB可防止桡动脉移植物血管痉挛的作用,也可降低术中房颤发生率和ST段抬高的发生率、同时减少正性肌力药物的消耗量,对心肌起到保护作用 [30] 。同时,SGB还可以对体外循环后大多数患者出现高血压的中收缩压安全地降低,从而减少了术后出血、脑血管意外和升高心肌氧需求量的风险 [31] 。SGB的这一作用机制可能与交感神经受到阻滞导致冠状动脉舒张相关 [32] 。综上,SGB在冠状动脉搭桥术中的作用已经被研究证实。

5. 心胸外科手术后SGB在心房颤动预防中的应用

术后心房颤动(Postoperative atrial fibrillation, POAF)是心脏手术后最常见的合并症之一,该病使患者的发病率、死亡率、住院时间和住院费用相应增加 [33] 。在多项研究中显示 [34] [35] [36] ,心房颤动在心脏直视手术中的发生率非常高,并且会进一步恶化患者的血流动力学状况,增加充血性心力衰竭、缺血性卒中以及死亡风险等相关并发症的发生率,并增加重症监护病房的需要时间以及额外的医疗资源 [37] 。

尽管已制定了预防指南和实施措施来处理此类并发症,但是在手术后这种变化仍然存在 [38] 。SGB技术能够优化心房颤动的诱发,并且SG切除能减少或预防POAF的发作 [39] [40] [41] 。现有数据显示,在冠状动脉旁路移植术(Coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG)患者中实施SGB,POAF发生率为18.2%,要比以往CABG术后发生心房颤动比率高达30%~45%低得多 [42] [43] 。

虽然对于围手术期SGB技术在减轻或预防POAF的发作方面已有一些研究成果 [44] [45] ,但是在心胸外科手术中这项技术的相关临床研究仍然存在不足。此外,还需要设计更多的临床随机对照试验来明确围手术期SGB技术是否能够对心胸外科手术患者减轻或预防POAF的发作具有积极影响。

6. 在顽固性室性心律失常治疗中SGB的应用

室性心律失常(Ventricular arrhythmias, VA)是一类常见并存在致命风险的急性危重临床事件,然而,电风暴(Electrical storm, ES)是室性心动过速(Ventricular tachycardia)或室颤(Ventricular fibrillation, VF)聚急性发作的一种,会增加心源性猝死的发生率 [46] 。其中抗心律失常药物、机械性的血流动力学支持为传统的治疗方法,但很难治愈。对于单形性VT和室性期前收缩触发的多形性VT可以行射频消融,但某些危重患者可能不存在采用这种方法的机会 [47] 。

自主神经系统对室性心律失常的触发和维持有影响,采用抑制交感神经系统的活动可控制室性心律失常。经过外科交感神经切除使左侧心交感神经离断可减轻室性心律失常的负担 [48] ,但在电风暴等特殊情况下不适用。颈部交感神经节阻滞术是一种新兴的快速、安全、有效的微创治疗技术,通过暂时的交感神经阻断来治疗VT或VF [47] [49] 。多项研究表明,使用SGB不仅可以使心脏交感神经张力降低,还可对室性心律失常的负担进行短期控制并减少对内部或外部除颤的需求 [50] [51] [52] 。经皮超声引导下 SGB 创伤小、操作方便,可以成为对难治性室性心动过速危重患者床旁应用的可能方案。

综上所述,SGB对于心脏功能确实有益且安全。然而,由于不同人的解剖结构存在差异,不同侧阻滞的影响也不尽相同,因此需要更多的临床试验进行全面研究。

此外,目前尚不清楚SGB所需药物种类、剂量、浓度以及作用持续时间,因此其是否可以广泛应用于临床作为一种心肌保护措施仍需进一步的临床研究。总的来说,虽然SGB具有一定的优势,但还需要深入地研究和探讨。

基金项目

济宁市重点研发计划项目(2022YXNS078)。

文章引用

王国操,田海涛. 星状神经节阻滞对心肌保护的研究进展及现状
Research Progress and Current Status of My-ocardial Protection by Stellate Ganglion Block[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 17203-17209. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112412

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  53. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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