Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 02 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 61139 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.132202

妊娠期多发性胎儿发育异常一例

陈莹格1*,米阳2

1西安医学院,陕西 西安

2西北妇女儿童医院,陕西 西安

收稿日期:2023年1月8日;录用日期:2023年1月28日;发布日期:2023年2月8日

摘要

近年来,随着医学水平的不断提高,胎儿宫内发育异常及出生缺陷患儿的检出率也有所升高,人们对优生优育也有了新的追求与目标。作为胎儿发育异常其中的一种疾病,脊髓栓系综合(Tethered cord syndrome, TCS)也逐渐出现在人们的视野当中。脊髓栓系综合征是指先天或者后天因素导致脊髓受到牵拉、压迫、圆锥低位,造成脊髓神经血管出现缺血、缺氧,逐渐发生变性或退行性改变,临床上出现下肢感觉、运动功能障碍或畸形、大小便功能障碍等神经损害的症候群。因为下肢神经受损而引起的运动障碍有可能会影响患者的正常社交和生活,对患者造成心理和躯体痛苦。目前,TCS多通过影像学检查及临床表现来诊断,儿童及成人的TCS大多采取手术治疗,且手术治疗后,多数患者症状有不同程度改善。国内关于此病报道较少,本文对1例患有脊髓拴系综合症的胎儿临床资料进行总结分析,并结合文献探讨TCS的发病机制、临床症状、诊疗方法,旨在提高临床医务工作者对TCS的认识,减少出生缺陷儿的出生率。

关键词

胎儿发育异常,脊髓圆锥低位,脊髓拴系,诊疗方法

A Case of Multiple Fetal Dysplasia during Pregnancy

Yingge Chen1*, Yang Mi2

1Xi’an Medical College, Xi’an Shaanxi

2Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an Shaanxi

Received: Jan. 8th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 28th, 2023; published: Feb. 8th, 2023

ABSTRACT

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of the medical level, the detection rate of fetal intrauterine growth abnormalities and birth defects in children has also increased, and people have a new pursuit and goal for eugenics and eugenics. Tethered cord syndrome (TCS), one of the disorders of fetal development, has gradually emerged in our field of vision. Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) refers to congenital or acquired factors that cause the spinal cord to be stretched, compressed, and conus low, resulting in ischemia and hypoxia of spinal nerves and blood vessels. Degeneration or degenerative changes occur gradually, and the symptoms of nerve damage such as sensory and motor dysfunction or deformity of lower limbs and dysfunction of bowel and bladder appear clinically. Dyskinesia caused by lower limb nerve damage may affect the normal social and life of patients, causing psychological and physical pain to patients. At present, TCS is diagnosed by imaging examination and clinical manifestation. Most of children and adults are treated by surgery, and most patients have different degree of improvement after surgery. There are few reports about this disease in China. This article summarizes and analyzes the clinical data of a fetus with tethered cord syndrome, and combined with the literature, explores the pathogenesis of TCS, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment methods, in order to improve the clinical medical workers to TCS understanding, reduce birth defects birth rate.

Keywords:Fetal Dysplasia, Lower Conus Medullaris, Tethered Cord Syndrome, Diagnosis and Treatment Methods

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 病情概况

产妇34岁,因“停经24周,B超提示胎儿发育异常2周”入院,孕4产1。患者此次妊娠为自然妊娠,TORCH检查示:单纯疱疹病毒I型IgG抗体阳性,巨细胞病毒IgG抗体阳性。我院行系统B超示:NF 7.5 mm,胎儿颈枕部软组织水肿增厚,胎儿多发异常:1) 胎儿背部脊柱两侧肌肉组织回声增强增厚,四肢肌肉组织回声增强,远端变薄;2) 胎儿脊髓圆锥位置低,位于腰4~5处,脊髓栓系待排;3) NF增厚;4) 胎儿四肢形态僵硬固定;进一步行MRI示:1) 脊柱后方两侧皮下异常信号影,建议遗传咨询;2) 脊髓末端似位于腰3椎下缘水平;3) 单胎,头位。孕期体重增加5公斤。既往2014年因“胎儿唇腭裂”孕22周引产,2016年稽留流产1次,2017年因“胎儿双侧胸腔积液(右侧4.7 mm,左侧3 mm)胎儿双侧上下肢呈屈曲状、双足呈‘摇椅足’样,脐带多发囊肿”,孕28周引产1次,羊水穿刺染色体核型未见明显异常,胎儿染色体微结构(CMAA680):arr[GRCh37]2q231(149061656-149126161)X12q23.1缺失64.50 kb。夫妇微结构检查,系继承母亲,父亲染色体未见明显异常。后母亲行染色体示:arr[GRCh37]2q23.1(149061656-149126160)X1。系统超声见图1,胎儿MRI见图2,如下。

患者入院后行中期引产一女死婴,体重560 g,引产儿外观头面部未见明显异常,颈部软组织增厚水肿,四肢肢体僵硬,余未见明显异常。

Figure 1. System B ultrasound: The clipping position is conus medullaris

图1. 系统B超:箭头位置则为脊髓圆锥

Figure 2. MR imaging of a 22-week

图2. 胎儿MRI

2. 讨论

脊髓圆锥(conus medullaris, CM)是脊髓末端逐渐变细并形成圆锥状的结构。2021年国际妇产超声协会 (the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IsUOG)实践指南指出:胎儿中枢神经系统的超声检查在20周后,脊髓圆锥正常位于第二/第三腰椎(L2-L3)水平 [1],由于CM可能会因各种原因被牵拉从而使正常运动的解剖学限制或血管受损导致其远端结构缺氧而引起的不同临床现象 [2],则称之为脊髓栓系综合征(Tethered cord syndrome, TCS)。正常情况下,胎儿在3个月时脊髓与椎管等长,以后椎管生长较快,新生儿脊髓终止于第三腰椎下缘,出生后3个月,脊髓位置可达成人水平,即CM位于腰1~2椎体之间。众所周知,胎儿时期的CM位置的异常与脊髓拴系综合征密切相关,TSC可表现为多种神经功能症状,发病率高达0.3%,且致残率高 [3]。TCS通常属于先天性疾病,在胚胎发育过程中,由于脊髓末端收到牵拉,造成脊髓不能随胎儿生长向上移位 [4],其影像学表现包括脊髓圆锥位于低于正常位置,脊髓终丝增粗、终丝脂肪浸润,脂肪脊膜膨出,脊髓脊膜膨出,骨髓囊肿,脊膜膨出,脊髓分裂畸形,真皮窦,肛肠畸形,椎管内肿瘤等。根据发病原因可以分为两种,即原发性的(与末端丝过短、过厚、骶椎内脂肪瘤、隐发性脊柱裂有关)和继发性的(与出生后手术关闭脑膜膨出后瘢痕结缔组织粘连有关) [5]。

脊髓栓系综合征是一种罕见的疾病,其发病率为先天因素导致的患儿为主,成人少见,新生儿发病率为0.005%~0.025% [6]。TCS除了在影像学通常表现为低位的脊髓圆锥和增厚的终丝,常伴随先天性畸形和脊柱变异 [7] 外,其临床症状和体征也一般较为复杂且多样,以疼痛、皮肤体征、泌尿系统症状、矫形畸形和神经功能缺损最为常见,可出现在任何年龄组,且其表现因潜在病理状况和年龄而异 [8]。尤其对隐匿性脊髓拴系综合症来说,目前病理生理学尚不清楚,可能在概念上与目前对典型脊髓拴系综合症的理解不一致,隐匿性脊髓拴系综合症患者以泌尿系统症状为主,且成人与儿童的临床表现又略有不同,前者疼痛发生率较高,后者失禁的发生率较高 [9]。此类胎儿出生后在生长过程中可逐渐出现大小便及下肢活动障碍等问题。其症状有时只能在成年期才表现出来 [10]。

儿童及成人的TCS大多采取手术治疗,手术的方式和TCS的病理类型有关,其疗效也因人而异。虽然脊髓栓系释放是TCS的标准治疗方法,然而直接解栓脊髓有潜在风险,如脊髓损伤导致新的神经功能缺损,硬脑膜打开后导致脑脊液泄漏,以及术后正常瘢痕形成导致的脊髓再次栓系。国外有学者报道,通过随访29例脊髓脊膜膨出修补术后患儿,9例脊髓瘢痕粘连导致脊髓栓系,产生神经损害症状或症状进一步加重 [11],再手术后7l%的患儿得到改善。因此,Aldave G等人通过回顾性研究发现对于有脊髓脊膜膨出、脂肪脊髓膨出及过渡性脊髓脂肪瘤合并症的TCS来说,脊柱缩短术似乎是一种安全有效的替代方法 [12]。其次,Erik Edström等人的研究还发现,在影像学表现符合TCS的有症状和无症状的儿童行终丝手术横断后,大多数有症状的患者神经功能改善或停止进一步恶化,无症状患者中无严重并发症 [13]。另外,Gábor Fekete等人还在关于小儿TCS的外科治疗的比较中发现:术中电生理可以显著降低围手术期手术风险,术后病情恶化的风险低至2.9%,大多数患者可避免长期进展 [14]。除部分患者可采取保守治疗外,在TCS患者中,即便是老年人,如果其圆锥和终丝水平正常,外观正常,但圆锥较低,终丝较粗,也可能是一种需要治疗的情况 [15]。对于胎儿来说,大多数脊髓拴系综合症在孕中期通过影像学发现,但由于孕中期羊水较多、胎动及胎儿体位等因素的影响,以及一部分隐匿性TCS,可能会出现漏诊的情况,对于影像学明显提示为TCS或合并症较为严重的TCS,家属大多选择引产来终止妊娠。

其次,本例胎儿除脊髓圆锥位置低,脊髓栓系待排外,影像学还提示有NF增厚及颈部软组织水肿,多考虑为遗传因素。胎儿背部脊柱两侧肌肉组织回声增强增厚不排除水肿,但性质未明确。颈项透明层(NT)是指在妊娠10~14周发现的皮肤和软组织之间的颈椎水平的后颈部皮下积液的低回声区域。虽然众所周知,超声发现NT增加是妊娠10~14周21-三体的敏感标志,但随着孕周增加,这种异常可能会发生变化,因此,对于孕早期NT异常增厚,应辅助唐氏筛查,若唐氏筛查未见明显异常,可定期随访。为什么会出现这种现象仍有待解释,可能是因为大多数疾病的异常到孕中期才得以明确诊断,并且有一部分疾病只是一过性表现,随着孕周逐渐的增加,这部分异常改变有可能会消失 [16]。颈项水肿的基础很可能是多因素的,即淋巴管生成延迟或紊乱、心脏和血管异常以及细胞外基质成分异常的组合 [17]。

为了防止忽视脊髓拴系综合症的诊断及不必要的脊柱手术,在儿童及成年患者出现背部和腿部疼痛、神经功能障碍或泌尿系统疾病时应与TCS进行鉴别。除此之外,TCS还需要与腰椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄、腰肌劳损、腰椎退行性疾病及脊髓肿瘤等疾病相鉴别,应辅助以相关影像学检查如CT、系统B超及MRI等,TCS具有明显的低位的脊髓圆锥和增厚的终丝等影像学特征,结合相关临床表现可进一步诊断。

3. 结论

总之,TCS的罕见性使得后期治疗较为困难,且出生后严重影响生活质量。对于接受手术治疗的患者,仍有顽固性疼痛或神经功能恶化,干预后10多年症状仍可能复发 [18]。有前瞻性研究发现约40.7%的TCS患者中至少有一种并发症,最常见的先天性异常为脊柱裂,伴或不伴有心脏间隔缺损的泌尿生殖系统、膀胱尿道异常、肠道闭锁及囊性肾脏疾病 [19]。因此,孕期必要的影像学及胎儿染色体检查,均有助于孕早期及孕中期发现胎儿发育异常,减少出生缺陷儿的出生率,对于我国优生优育的国策具有重要意义。

文章引用

陈莹格,米 阳. 妊娠期多发性胎儿发育异常一例
A Case of Multiple Fetal Dysplasia during Pregnancy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(02): 1461-1465. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132202

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  20. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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