Optoelectronics
Vol. 11  No. 02 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 43981 , 10 pages
10.12677/OE.2021.112010

椭圆空芯正常色散保偏光纤的数值研究

李洪伟,王春灿,李婧,王鹏,李培鑫,杜志勇

北京交通大学光波技术研究所全光网络与现代通信网教育部重点实验室,北京

收稿日期:2021年3月17日;录用日期:2021年6月23日;发布日期:2021年6月30日

摘要

在高掺锗纤芯中引入椭圆空气孔可以为两个正交的偏振基模提供高双折射,通过优化光纤结构参数,在1000 nm到3000 nm波长范围内得到了低且平坦的色散曲线,非线性系数高达0.01 ps/nm km,双折射高达10−3量级。数值结果表明,峰值功率为150 kW,中心波长为1920 nm,宽度0.1 ps的泵浦脉冲分别沿慢轴和快轴偏振方向耦合到长度为0.5 m的光纤中,输出光谱都可以在−20 dB处覆盖一个倍频(波长范围是900~2500 nm),同时,输出脉冲在整个波长范围内具有极好的相干性。

关键词

重掺锗,超连续光谱,偏振基模,高双折射

Numerical Research on the Elliptical-Air-Hole Polarization-Maintaining Fiber with All Normal Dispersion

Hongwei Li, Chuncan Wang, Jing Li, Peng Wang, Peixin Li, Zhiyong Du

Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network of EMC, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing

Received: Mar. 17th, 2021; accepted: Jun. 23rd, 2021; published: Jun. 30th, 2021

ABSTRACT

The heavily Ge-doped silica fiber with the elliptical air hole in the core can offer high birefringence for the two orthogonal polarized fundamental modes. The nonlinear parameter up to 0.01 W−1/m can be obtained by optimizing the structure parameters, while the birefringence value can reach up to the order of 10−3. The numerical results indicate that when the 1920 nm 0.1 ps pump pulse with the 150 kW peak power is coupled into the 0.5 m fiber and polarized along the slow- and fast axes, the output spectra can cover over one octave in the wavelength range of around 900~2500 nm at −20 dB. At the same time, the output pulse has excellent coherence in the whole wavelength range.

Keywords:Heavily Ge-Doped, Supercontinuum Generation, Polarized Fundamental Modes, High Birefringence

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

超连续光谱(Supercontinuum generation, SC)的产生是指耦合到光纤中的脉冲光,在色散和非线性效应共同作用下光谱获得极大的展宽。由于超连续光谱在光学相干层析成像 [1]、生物医学 [2]、生物光子学 [3] 和光谱学 [4] 中的广泛应用而备受关注。与反常色散光纤相比,基于全正常色散光纤生成超连续谱具有高相关性的优势。用于产生超连续光谱的全正常色散光纤主要有空气–石英光子晶体光纤 [5]、全固态软玻璃光子晶体光纤 [6]、碲酸盐玻璃光子晶体光纤 [7]、硫属化物玻璃光子晶体光纤 [8]、填充高非线性液体的空芯光纤 [9] [10] [11] [12] 和重掺锗石英光纤 [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 等。此外,为了进一步抑制由光纤中随机偏振模式之间的耦合引起的偏振不稳定性,保偏(Polarization Maintaining, PM)全正常色散光纤可以用于产生具有线性偏振特性的超连续光谱。例如,在包层中引入应力区的空气–石英光子晶体光纤 [18] [19] [20] 和全固体软玻璃光子晶体光纤 [21],以及具有不对称排列的硫系玻璃光子晶体光纤 [22]。

本文针对近红外波段,提出一种石英保偏光纤用于生成线偏振超连续光谱,具体是在高掺锗纤芯中引入一个椭圆空气微孔以获得高双折射。文章第二部分介绍了光纤结构和理论模型,并讨论了光纤的参数变化对色散曲线的影响,同时给出了光纤的非线性参数、双折射和损耗等特性。第三部分通过数值仿真计算研究了基于保偏光纤的SC产生。

2. 理论模型及光纤结构特性分析

2.1. 光纤结构设计

图1(a)所示,掺锗石英的零色散波长(ZDW)随着掺锗浓度的增加向长波长方向移动。当X = 100 mol% (青色曲线)时,对应的ZDW为1730 nm,其位于距离纯石英的ZDW的470 nm处(蓝色曲线)。另外,在图1(b)中可以看出,在1000 nm至3000 nm的波长范围内,掺锗石英和纯石英之间的折射率差可以达到0.14,这为获得高数值孔径光纤提供了基础条件。图2显示了保偏光纤的横截面结构,在纤芯中引入一个椭圆空气孔以获得双折射,将椭圆短轴的方向定义为x轴,垂直于x轴的方向定义为y轴。光纤的群速度色散可以通过调整d1、d2、dc和X的值来实现。

Figure 1. The curves of material dispersions (a) and refractive indices (b) for pure silica and GeO2-doped silica with different germanium concentrations

图1. 纯石英和掺锗石英的材料色散曲线(a)和折射率曲线(b)

Figure 2. The cross-section of the polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber. The cladding is pure quartz (gray), the core (yellow) area with a diameter of dc is doped with germanium dioxide (GeO2), the doping concentration is set to X, the short axis is d1, and the elliptical air hole with the long axis d2 is located in the center core

图2. 保偏光纤的横截面。包层为纯石英(灰色),直径为dc的纤芯(黄色)区域掺杂二氧化锗(GeO2),掺杂浓度设为X,短轴为d1,长轴为d2的椭圆空气孔位于纤芯中心

参数nA和nB代表掺杂GeO2的石英和纯石英的折射率 [23],由下式给出

n A , o r B 2 ( λ ) 1 = 1 3 [ S A i + X ( G A i S A i ) ] λ 2 λ 2 [ S I i + X ( G I i S I i ) ] 2 (1)

其中SAi、SIi、GAi和GIi (i = 1, 2, 3)是纯石英和掺GeO2的石英玻璃的塞尔迈耶系数。l是真空中的波长,X是二氧化锗的摩尔浓度,单位为mol%。当X = 0时,公式(1)中的折射率为nB。光纤的群速度色散用D(λ)表征,可以表示成:

D ( λ ) = λ c d 2 n e f f ( λ ) d λ 2 (2)

其中c是真空中的光速,neff是工作波长处基模的有效折射率,可以通过软件Comsol求解矢量波动方程得到。非线性参数g(l)定义为:

γ ( λ ) = 2 π λ n 2 ( x , y ) | F ( x , y ) | 4 d x d y ( | F ( x , y ) | 2 d x d y ) 2 (3)

其中n2(x, y)是非线性折射率,F(x, y)是光纤模式的模式强度分布。掺锗石英和纯石英材料的非线性折射率n2由公式(2.16 + 0.033X)给出,单位为10−20 m2/W [24]。双折射参数B定义为:

B = | n e f f x n e f f y | (4)

其中 n e f f x n e f f y 分别是x偏振和y偏振基模的有效折射率。模式的总损耗Ltotal包括光纤中的限制损耗LC和吸收损耗LA,其可由下式表示:

L c ( λ ) = 20 ln ( 10 ) 2 π λ Im ( n e f f ) (5)

L A = Γ core ( λ ) × α GeO 2 + Γ cladding ( λ ) × α SiO 2 (6)

其中Im(neff)表示模式有效折射率的虚部。参数Gcore(l)和Gcladding(l)分别是掺杂GeO2的纤芯和纯石英包层中的光功率占比。 α GeO 2 α SiO 2 分别 L A = Γ core ( λ ) × α GeO 2 + Γ cladding ( λ ) × α SiO 2 代表掺锗石英和纯石英的吸收损耗 [25]。

2.2. 保偏光纤的结构特性

图3(a)所示,通过对比光纤引入椭圆空气孔前后的群速度色散发现,保偏光纤中的x偏振和y偏振基模在正常色散区域具有较低且平坦的群速度色散分布,在工作波长1920 nm附近,x偏振和y偏振基模的群速度色散值分别为−18 ps/nm·km和−11 ps/nm·km。如图3(b)所示,x偏振基模的群速度高于y偏振基模的群速度,所以x和y偏振方向分别对应于保偏光纤中的快轴(fast axis)和慢轴(slow axis)。

Figure 3. The profiles of the group velocity dispersion (GVD) (a) and group velocity (GV) (b) for the x- and y-polarized fundamental modes in the PM fiber, where d1 = 0.2 μm, d2 = 0.4 μm, dc= 2.8 μm, X = 60 mol%. The black curve represents the GVD and GV curve of the fiber without air holes in the core, where dc = 2.8 μm

图3. 保偏光纤中x和y偏振基模的群速度色散(GVD)(a)和群速度(GV) (b)随波长变化曲线图,其中d1 = 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,dc= 2.8 μm,X = 60 mol%。黑色曲线代表纤芯中没有引入空气孔的光纤GVD和GV曲线图,其中dc = 2.8 μm

首先,椭圆空气孔对光纤群速度色散曲线的影响如图4所示,随着d1值的减小,光纤的群速度色散逐渐减小,同时在1920 nm附近变得更加平坦,例如,在d2等于0.8 μm的条件下,相比于d1等于0.6 μm (粉色曲线)的情况,d1等于0.4 μm (青色曲线)时x偏振(y偏振)基模的色散从−100 (−92) ps/nm·km降低到−79 (−61) ps/nm·km。当d1值保持不变,而d2值减小时,光纤的x和y偏振基模的群速度色散分布都减小,例如,当d1保持为0.2 μm时,相比于d2等于0.6 μm(蓝色曲线)的情况,d2等于0.4 μm (红色曲线)时x偏振(y偏振)基模的色散从−33 (−18) ps/nm·km降低到−18 (−11) ps/nm·km。

Figure 4. The profiles of the group velocity dispersion with the wavelength of the fundamental mode when thed1 and d2 values of the elliptical air hole change, where dc = 2.8 μm, X = 60 mol%

图4. 当保偏光纤椭圆空气孔的d1和d2值变化时基模的群速度色散随波长变化曲线图。其中,dc = 2.8 μm,X = 60 mol%

其次,图5(a)显示了掺锗浓度对光纤色散特性的影响。对于给定光纤芯径dc和椭圆空气孔大小的保偏光纤,当GeO2掺杂浓度为40或60 mol%时,x偏振和y偏振基模在1000 nm至3000 nm的波长范围内均表现出全正常的群速度色散分布。然而,X等于60 mol% (红色)的情况是所期望的用于SC产生的群速度色散分布,因为它具有低且平坦的群速度色散分布。因此,在下面的讨论中,X的值取为60 mol%。此外,图5(b)中示出了光纤芯径dc为不同值时的群速度色散曲线。当dc从2.4 μm增加到3.0 μm时,x(y)偏振基模在1920 nm处的群速度色散值分别从−52 (−45)增加到−6 (1) ps/nm km。此外,光纤的单模传输条件可由下式计算:

V = 2 a π λ c n core 2 n cladding 2 (7)

其中,归一化频率V ≤ 2.4048时,光纤可以保持单模传输,ncore和ncladding分别代表光纤纤芯和包层的折射率,a是纤芯半径,λc是光纤的工作波长。经计算,当d1 = 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,X = 60 mol%时,光纤芯径dc = 2a应小于3.0 μm。由于本文研究主要集中在单模光纤在正常色散区域的SC产生,因此,在下面的讨论中,保偏光纤的参数设定为d1 = 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,dc = 2.8 μm和X = 60 mol%,其在1000 nm到2500 nm波长范围内具有宽且平坦的全正常群速度色散分布。

(a) (b)

Figure 5. The profiles of the group velocity dispersion for the x- and y-polarized fundamental modes in the PM fiber: (a) GeO2 concentration X changes, but other parameters remain unchanged, where d1 = 0.2 μm, d2 = 0.4 μm, dc = 2.8 μm; (b) The dc value of the core diameter changes, but other parameters remain unchanged, whered1 = 0.2 μm, d2 = 0.4 μm, X = 60 mol%

图5. 保偏光纤基模的群速度色散曲线图:(a) GeO2掺杂浓度X值变化,其他参数不变。其中,d1= 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,dc = 2.8 μm;(b) 纤芯芯径dc值变化,其他参数不变。其中,d1 = 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,X = 60 mol%

图6(a)所示,当波长较短时,保偏光纤中的光纤模式被束缚在空气孔内,x偏振方向(快轴)的模场更多地分布在空气孔外面,而y偏振方向(慢轴)的模场分布集中在空气孔内,双折射逐渐增加。波长继续增加,模场分布已经大部分集中在空气孔外,两个偏振方向的有效折射率差逐渐减小。因此,在1000 nm到3000 nm的波长范围内,保偏光纤的双折射先增加后减小,在1900 nm附近达到最大值,此时双折射高达1.4 × 10−3。如图6(d)所示,在从1000 nm到3000 nm的整个波长范围内,保偏光纤的总损耗远低于0.01 dB/cm。此外,如图6(b)所示,在全部波长范围内,两个正交偏振基模的具有几乎相同的非线性参数和有效模式面积分布,1920 nm波长处的g值高于0.01 W−1/m,这有助于缩短用于产生SC的光纤长度。

Figure 6. The curves of birefringence B(λ) (a), the nonlinear parameter γ(λ) (left) with effective mode area Aeff (right) (b), the confinement loss LC (c) and total loss Ltotal (d) of the fundamental modes in the PM fiber, where d1 = 0.2 μm, d2 = 0.4 μm, dc = 2.8 μm, X = 60 mol%

图6. 保偏光纤基模的双折射B(λ) (a),非线性参数g(l) (左)与有效模式面积Aeff(右) (b),限制损耗LC (c)和总损耗Ltotal (d),其中d1 = 0.2 μm,d2 = 0.4 μm,dc = 2.8 μm,X = 60 mol%

3. 保偏光纤中超连续光谱的产生

通过在频域求解非线性薛定谔方程(NLSE) [26] [27],研究了入射光脉冲沿着所提出的保偏光纤的传播。峰值功率对输出脉冲的影响如图7所示,脉冲宽度和光纤长度分别设置为0.1 ps和0.3 m。同时,从图7(a)和图7(c)中可以发现,两个偏振方向的输出脉冲存在走离,因为光纤的长度是大于光纤走离长度的。如图7(b)和图7(c)所示,当峰值功率从50 kW增加到150 kW时,两个偏振方向的频谱明显展宽。但是,相比x偏振方向,y偏振方向的输出脉冲展宽更大一些,这是由于y偏振方向上的色散比x偏振方向小导致的。因此,在下面的讨论中,我们选择y偏振方向(慢轴)进行超连续光谱生成的研究。数值模拟中的输入光脉冲由下式描述

A ( 0 , T ) = P 0 exp ( T 2 2 T 0 2 ) (8)

其中, T 0 = T FWHM / 2 ln 2 ,TFWHM是脉冲的半峰全宽;P0是脉冲峰值功率。

Figure 7. The output pulses polarized along the slow (a) (b) and fast (c) (d) axes temporally (a) (c) and spectrally (b) (d) at the 0.3-m PM fiber end for the input pulses with different P0, where λ0 = 1920 nm, TFWHM = 0.1 ps, d1 = 0.1 μm, d2 = 0.2 μm, dc = 2.8 μm

图7. 不同输入脉冲峰值功率P0时输出脉冲在0.3m光纤中沿慢轴(a) (b)和快轴(c) (d)偏振的时域图(a) (c)和频谱图(b) (d),其中λ0 = 1920 nm,TFWHM = 0.1 ps,d1 = 0.1 μm,d2 = 0.2μm,dc = 2.8 μm

此外,如图8所示,当具有不同脉冲宽度TFWHM值的150 kW脉冲耦合到保偏光纤中时,随着脉冲宽度的增加,输出脉冲的频谱逐渐变窄。当TFWHM大于0.1 ps时,脉冲在传播初期出现振荡,随着传播距离的增加,这种振荡逐渐减弱,甚至如图8(b)所示在输出端消失。但是,如图8(d)所示,当TFWHM大于1 ps时,输出脉冲会留有明显的振荡。因此,选择脉冲宽度为0.1 ps有利于产生平顶SC。

Figure 8. The evolution of the spectrum of TFWHM pump pulses with different pulse widths with the propagation distance Z: (a) TFWHM = 0.1 ps; (b) TFWHM = 0.4 ps; (c) TFWHM = 0.7 ps; (d) TFWHM = 1 ps

图8. 具有不同脉宽TFWHM泵浦脉冲的频谱随传播距离Z的演变图:(a) TFWHM = 0.1 ps;(b) TFWHM = 0.4 ps;(c) TFWHM = 0.7 ps;(d) TFWHM = 1 ps

(a) (b)

Figure 9. The spectral (Left) and temporal (right) evolution with (a) the propagation distance and (b) the degree of coherence |g12(1)| of the pulse at the propagation distance of 0.3 m, where λ0 = 1920 nm, P0 = 150 kW and TFWHM = 0.1 ps

图9. (a) 脉冲频谱(左)和时域(右)演化与传播距离的关系图;(b) 传播距离为0.3 m时脉冲的相干度|g12(1)|。泵浦脉冲的中心波长为1920 nm,峰值功率为150 kW,脉宽为0.1 ps

当中心波长为1920 nm,峰值功率为150 kW,脉宽为0.1 ps泵浦脉冲沿着慢轴耦合到保偏光纤中时,脉冲频谱和时域随传播距离的演变如图9(a)所示。可以看出,在初始阶段,自相位调制(SPM)产生的光谱的蓝端可以延伸到大约1200 nm。在长波长侧,由SPM产生的光谱结合受激拉曼散射(SRS)的效应可以扩展到2600 nm。对于1920 nm窗口的激光,掺铒或铒/镱共掺光纤激光器可以是一个很好的泵浦激光源,因为它们具有高功率、大散热、优异的光束质量和鲁棒性。因此,通过使用光纤激光器作为泵浦激光源来产生具有平坦光谱分布的1000 nm至2500 nm范围内的近红外光谱是有趣的。此外,一阶相干的复度数可以在SC中的每个波长处定义 [28]。如图9(b)所示,在输出SC光谱的整个光谱范围内,相干度几乎是完美的1,但是在光谱两端快速下降并出现振荡。因此,超连续光谱表现出极好的相干性。此外,传播距离为0.3 m时输出脉冲的频谱图如图10所示,由于光纤的全正常平坦色散分布,频率分量在时域中单调地分布在脉冲轮廓上。

Figure 10. The calculated spectrogram of the pulse at the propagation distance of 0.3 m. The other parameters are identical to those of Figure 9

图10. 传播距离为0.3 m时脉冲的光谱图,其他参数与图9相同

4. 结论

本文提出了一种基于保偏高掺锗石英光纤的方法来获得光纤中的低且平坦的色散,通过在掺锗石英纤芯中增加椭圆空气孔引入高双折射。此外,通过调整光纤参数,如GeO2浓度、椭圆空气孔的长短轴的大小以及掺锗纤芯的芯径,所提出的光纤可以为两个正交偏振基模提供相对高的非线性参数、低损耗和平坦的法向群速度色散分布。数值结果表明,峰值功率为150 kW,中心波长为1920 nm,脉宽为0.1 ps的泵浦脉冲沿y偏振方向(慢轴)耦合到长度为0.3 m的保偏光纤中,输出光谱可以在−20 dB处覆盖一个倍频(波长范围是1200~2500 nm)。同时,输出脉冲在整个波长范围内具有很好的相干性。

致谢

本论文的工作是在我的导师王春灿副教授的悉心指导下完成的,王老师严谨认真的科研态度令我敬佩,是我学习的榜样。在我遇到问题时,王老师总能不厌其烦的开导与教育,衷心感谢三年来王老师对我学习及生活上的帮助。感谢师姐李婧、师弟安海涛在撰写论文过程中对我提供的帮助。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(No. 61575018)资助。

文章引用

李洪伟,王春灿,李婧,王鹏,李培鑫,杜志勇. 椭圆空芯正常色散保偏光纤的数值研究
Numerical Research on the Elliptical-Air-Hole Polarization-Maintaining Fiber with All Normal Dispersion[J]. 光电子, 2021, 11(02): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.12677/OE.2021.112010

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