Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 05 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 65239 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1351044

手术治疗多发肋骨骨折的研究进展

张润秀,李忠诚*

青海大学附属医院胸外科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2023年4月11日;录用日期:2023年5月6日;发布日期:2023年5月15日

摘要

肋骨骨折是胸部外伤的常见类型。多发肋骨骨折及连枷胸多伴随其他胸廓损伤,同时有挫伤和肋骨骨折的患者预后更差,多造成严重的临床后果,需慎重处理。多发肋骨骨折与肺炎和死亡的风险增加相关,特别是在老年人中。目前对于多发肋骨骨折及连枷胸诊疗方案存在争议,随着医学技术的发展,手术复位内固定逐渐被证实可缩短住院时间、减轻痛苦、降低费用,但仍缺乏统一的临床共识及诊疗指南。本文旨在深入探讨多发肋骨骨折的治疗方法,并提出可行的、符合标准的、有效的治疗策略。

关键词

肋骨骨折,连枷胸,胸腔镜

Research Progress of Surgical Treatment of Multiple Rib Fractures

Runxiu Zhang, Zhongcheng Li*

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Apr. 11th, 2023; accepted: May 6th, 2023; published: May 15th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Rib fractures are a common type of chest trauma. Patients with multiple rib fractures and flail chest are often accompanied by other thoracic injuries, and patients with contusion and rib fracture have a worse prognosis, often resulting in serious clinical consequences, requiring careful management. Multiple rib fractures are associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and death, especially in the elderly. Controversy abounds concerning the diagnosis and treatment of multiple rib fractures and flail chest. Despite the development of medical technology, which has enabled surgical reduction and internal fixation to reduce hospital stay, relieve pain, and reduce costs, there is still a lack of unified clinical consensus and diagnosis and treatment guidelines. The research progress in the treatment of multiple rib fractures has been reviewed in this article, in order to attain reasonable, standardized, and effective programs.

Keywords:Rib Fracture, Flail Chest, Thoracoscope

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

肋骨骨折被认定为最严重的胸部疾病,它在全球范围内的发病率高达20%,可能造成严重的后果 [1] 。临床将3根及以上的多个连续肋骨的骨折并导致胸壁运动矛盾、呼吸力学改变、引起反常呼吸的称作连枷胸,这种情况会导致严重的呼吸衰竭,甚至危及患者生命 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 。目前,肋骨骨折的临床治疗主要为保守治疗和手术治疗。但深入发现保守治疗会出现并发症多、疼痛明显、肺功能恢复慢等,共识的提出以后,肋骨骨折手术治疗得到临床认可 [7] 。近年来,随着快速康复理念的提出以及微创技术和内固定材料及技术的发展,外科医生不再局限于如何治疗患者,而是扩展到如何让患者更快康复、如何缓解他们的痛苦,因此手术复位和内固定逐渐受到重视。但对于肋骨骨折手术指征、手术时机及手术方式等仍缺少权威统一的标准。本文对此作一综述。

2. 手术指征

根据目前的临床研究,中国外伤性肋骨骨折手术治疗共识(2021)规定,手术治疗的适用范围包括:1) 所有连枷胸患者均应考虑行手术治疗;2) 非连枷式多发肋骨骨折(骨折肋骨 ≥ 3根),断端移位;3) 非连枷式肋骨骨折合并其他需要开胸探查的情况;4) 伴有剧烈疼痛的非连枷式肋骨骨折,早期非手术治疗无效。5) 严重肺挫伤不应被认为是手术治疗的绝对禁忌症,应评估患者病情;6) 严重头部损伤不应被认为是手术治疗的绝对禁忌症。Gaillard等做的一项基于625,617例患者临床资料的回顾性队列研究也表明,胸外科手术可显着缩短住院时间,降低患者死亡率 [8] 。3项病例的对照试验,我们可以看出,在进行多发性肋骨骨折手术后,患者的术后疼痛会有所缓解,使用的止痛药会有所减少,需要进行的机械通气会有所延长,而且术后的疾病风险会有所下降,ICU及住院的时间会有所减少,而且死亡率会有所下降,同时还会有所改善 [9] [10] [11] 。Khandelwal等 [12] 研究共收集了118例肋骨骨折病例,按疼痛程度并将其划分为不同的类别,其中,轻中度病例采取了传统的保守措施,而重度病例最后采取手术治疗,其中,肋骨内固定技术能够有效缓解病情,并且能够显著缩短病人的康复期。一般来说,手术禁忌症是由于严重的肺挫伤和头部伤害,而且,对于伴随着严重的胸部伤害的多发肋骨骨折,在进行手术治疗时,需要考虑到病人的具体病史,以便更准确地确定是否需要进行肋骨骨折的内固定手术 [13] 。HE等的研究表明连枷胸合并严重颅脑外伤的患者有望恢复脑功能或试图脱机时,内固定手术可提高脱机概率。因此合并严重颅脑外伤的多发肋骨骨折不应该视为内固定手术的禁忌证 [14] 。

3. 手术时机

目前对肋骨骨折的手术时机选择观点不一,但手术时机的把握对患者的手术效果和预后都非常重要。但通常认为伤后48~72 h内机体应激反应明显,为肺组织继发性损害加重的过程,肺挫伤、肺水肿病情也在此期间达到高峰 [15] 。过早手术治疗,由于手术及麻醉本身带来的创伤与肺部挫伤相互叠加,可能进一步加重肺损伤及降低换气功能,导致胸廓稳定性及通气功能的改善不佳 [16] ;过晚手术,患者常已接受非手术治疗,因血肿机化、骨痂形成,使骨折断端分离显露困难,导致手术操作困难,增加了并发症发生风险,以及因疼痛、咳嗽无力致使呼吸道分泌物无法及时排出,出现肺不张及肺感染的概率增加,从而导致手术治疗效果不理想 [17] 。目前多数学者倾向于伤后72 h至7 d内行手术治疗。研究显示,与非手术治疗肋骨骨折相比,伤后72 h内手术治疗并不增加手术本身带来的风险,且能够使患者从中获益 [13] [18] [19] 。肺挫伤是影响手术时机的重要因素。严重肺挫伤往往比肋骨骨折更影响呼吸功能。因此,除了一些特殊情况外(如肋骨骨折错位严重刺入胸腔肺脏组织及损伤大血管、进行性血胸等),同时存在严重肺挫伤和肋骨骨折的情况下,手术稳定胸廓可能不会使患者受益,即肺挫伤是手术的禁忌证 [20] [21] 。治疗轻、中度肺挫伤对肺功能的影响尚不明确,存在肺挫伤不应作为肋骨骨折手术治疗的绝对禁忌证,肺挫伤患者应个体化评估后尽早手术治疗 [13] 。因此,肺挫伤的存在不能成为早期手术的障碍。多发肋骨骨折早期手术治疗可降低肺部并发症发生率,减轻胸痛,缩短术后通气时间、术后卧床休息时间及术后胸管留置时间,有利于患者康复,是符合强化康复外科理念的安全有效的治疗方法。

4. 手术方式

伴随着微创技术的发展,人们提出了胸腔镜辅助下肋骨骨折内固定的建议。与传统开胸手术相比,电视胸腔镜手术创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快,可以在直视下对胸腔内出血进行观察,并予以止血和去除积血及血凝块 [22] 。能在直视下明确肋骨骨折的位置和数目,并能对骨折的严重性进行判断,从而对肋骨骨折进行内固定的疗效进行评估。能在直视下指导胸部引管的放置 [23] 。但它也存在一些明显的缺陷,比如无法准确测量肋骨深度,需要采用肺隔离技术,以及现有的固定系统的局限性,因此,胸腔镜治疗肋骨骨折的方案并不被普遍采用 [24] [25] 。但全胸腔镜肋骨骨折内固定术也存在一定的缺点:手术切口较长,损伤胸壁肌肉,尤其是肩胛下肌,术后胸壁切口疼痛;内固定材料置入可能导致局部异物感;胸腔镜下手术操作难度大,术后发生内固定材料移位、断裂和脱落的风险增大;内固定材料置入可能导致术区血清肿等并发症。因此全胸腔镜肋骨骨折内固定术逐渐兴起,该方法是在胸腔镜下处理胸腔内问题后,通过牵引线或巾钳提拉复位骨折处,在胸腔内操作并置入内固定材料 [26] 。该方法可在胸腔镜下行血胸清除及肺裂伤修补术等,但同时增加了传统手术所不需要的单肺通气时间,并且全胸腔镜下肋骨骨折内固定需更匹配的手术器械及内固定材料,尚需更严谨及准确的手术入路及操作方法,但缺乏大样本的对比研究为全胸腔镜肋骨骨折内固定的普及使用提供临床依据。

5. 总结

通过进行手术内固定,我们能够大幅缩短呼吸机的使用寿命,缩短住院期限,同时也能够大大降低肺部并发症的风险。对于肋骨骨折患者,综合评估病情后有手术干预指征的建议及早行手术治疗。手术治疗方式的选择也越来越倾向于微创化。胸腔镜肋骨骨折内固定术有助于更准确地发现胸腔内的问题并及时排除,直观评估肋骨骨折的位置和程度,优化切口选择,使患者恢复得更快更好,这更符合快速康复医学的理念。但是随着手术器械及内固定材料的改良升级,需要更多的研究来为疗效提供临床依据。

文章引用

张润秀,李忠诚. 手术治疗多发肋骨骨折的研究进展
Research Progress of Surgical Treatment of Multiple Rib Fractures[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 7477-7481. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351044

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  27. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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