Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 04 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 50443 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.124421

高尿酸血症与慢性肾衰竭的研究进展

郭思琦,刘玲*

重庆医科大学附属第二医院,泌尿肾病中心,重庆

收稿日期:2022年3月18日;录用日期:2022年4月12日;发布日期:2022年4月20日

摘要

中国近年高尿酸血症(HUA)的发病率逐年升高。高尿酸血症可能通过促炎作用、损伤内皮细胞、引起血管病变等机制促进慢性肾衰竭(CRF)的发生发展,而慢性肾衰竭患者尿酸代谢异常也可导致尿酸水平升高。该文综述了高尿酸血症与慢性肾衰竭患者的相关性、作用机制、治疗进展,为临床医生提供参考。

关键词

高尿酸血症,慢性肾衰竭,机制,治疗

Research Progress of Hyperuricemia and Chronic Renal Failure

Siqi Guo, Ling Liu*

Urology and Nephrology Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Mar. 18th, 2022; accepted: Apr. 12th, 2022; published: Apr. 20th, 2022

ABSTRACT

The incidence rate of hyperuricemia (hyperuricemia, HUA) has increased year by year in China. Hyperuricemia may promote the occurrence and development of chronic renal failure (CRF) by promoting inflammation, damaging endothelial cells and causing vascular lesions. Abnormal uric acid metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure can also lead to the increase of uric acid level. This paper reviews the correlation, mechanism and treatment progress between hyperuricemia and patients with chronic renal failure, so as to provide reference for clinicians.

Keywords:Hyperuricemia, Chronic Renal Failure, Pathogenesis, Treatment

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

尿酸(Uric acid, UA)是嘌呤及其化合物分解代谢的终末产物,60%~75%的UA通过肾脏排泄。近年来高尿酸血症(Hyperuricemia, HUA)的发病率增长迅速并呈年轻化趋势,流行病学调查数据显示我国高尿酸血症患病率为13.3%,与世界其他地区流行病学调查的患病率一致 [1]。高尿酸血症与慢性肾衰竭(Chronic renal failure, CRF)密切相关,但目前对合并高尿酸血症的慢性肾病患者是否进行降尿酸治疗,尚未达成共识。本文就现就高尿酸血症与CRF的相关性及其作用机制、治疗进展作一综述。

2. HUA与CRF相关性

HUA是嘌呤代谢紊乱所致的慢性代谢性疾病,研究表明CRF患者HUA的患病率明显高于健康人群,HUA与肾脏疾病密切相关,但目前对于HUA是否导致CRF进展仍有争议。多数研究表明,高尿酸血症是肾功能进行性下降的独立危险因素。Levy等回顾性分析了南加州健康计划(KPSCHP)的高尿酸血症患者,对首次出现血尿酸水平 > 7 mg/dl的16,186名患者进行长达3年的随访,结果显示接受降尿酸治疗的患者组与未治疗组相比,治疗组80%以上的患者无获益,但对于治疗后血尿酸 < 6 mg/dl的患者,肾脏疾病进展显著降低 [2]。在一项中国血清尿酸(Serum uric acid, SUA)水平与慢性肾脏病之间关系的前瞻性研究中,参与者SUA水平每增加1 mg/dL在4年随访期间发生慢性肾脏病的风险增加49% [3]。Nakayama分析了JMDC数据库的138,511名基线为无慢性肾脏病的参与者,在平均4.68年的随访中有12,589人发展为(Chronic kidney disease, CKD),高SUA与低SUA水平均为中年人群慢性肾病发病的危险因素,与SUA 4.0~4.9 mg/dL男性相比,SUA < 4.0、10.0~10.9 和≥11.0 mg/dL男性CKD发病率为1.13、1.98和3.74。与SUA 4.0~4.9 mg/dL女性相比,SUA < 4.0、8.0~8.9和≥9.0 mg/dL女性CKD发病率的分别为1.08、2.39和3.20。SUA水平与CKD发病风险增加的关联性因性别而异,与CKD发病风险增加相关SUA水平范围也因性别而异 [4]。通过使用别嘌醇降低UA水平的临床试验,表明降低UA水平可能会延缓慢性肾脏病的进展,伴HUA的慢性肾衰竭患者肾功能不全快速进展、达到肾脏替代治疗阶段的风险较高 [5]。但在一项使用孟德尔随机化方法来评估因果效应的样本量大于400,000的大型研究中,最终观察表明血清尿酸水平与肾脏疾病没有显著的因果关系,降低SUA水平不太可能使CKD的风险降低 [6]。目前关于降低UA水平以延缓CRF进展的研究之间仍存在矛盾,有待进一步扩大研究范围分析。

3. 高尿酸血症性引起肾损伤的机制

高尿酸血症可通过晶体依赖性和非依赖性方式诱发肾脏炎症。由于脱水所致的血液浓缩或UA浓度过高后尿液过饱和会导致肾小管中的溶质结晶,结晶沉积物会激活NLRP3炎性体,导致IL-1β和其他促炎细胞因子的释放,诱发肾脏炎症。肾功能衰竭进展期间,小鼠炎症小体成分、NLRP3炎性体的缺乏可减少肾脏炎症 [7] [8]。可溶性尿酸作为内源性损伤相关分子模式(DAMP)发挥作用并激活巨噬细胞中的NLRP3炎性体,促进炎症 [9]。此外,尿酸可通过免疫细胞激活导致炎症。尿酸的促炎症性质目前被认为不仅影响免疫细胞,而且影响非免疫细胞。高尿酸血症不仅与慢性肾衰竭相关实验室指标相关,也与肾脏的病理相关,高尿酸是节段性肾小球硬化、肾小管萎缩、间质纤维化的独立危险因素。一项对1070名接受肾活检的参与者的回顾性横断面研究显示,在调整肌酐、年龄和血压后,HUA是节段性肾小球硬化(OR = 1.800, 95% CI: 1.309~2.477)和肾小管萎缩/间质纤维化(OR = 1.802, 95% CI: 1.005~3.232)的危险因素 [10]。HUA还可通过激活近端小管细胞中的肾素原受体,激活肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮(RASS)系统、抑制一氧化氮合成,从而导致血管重塑和器官损伤 [11]。

4. 高尿酸血症的治疗

4.1. 非药物治疗

改善生活习惯,如低嘌呤饮食、多饮水、适量运动、戒烟戒酒;避免使用升高尿酸的药物,如利尿剂、吡嗪酰胺、阿司匹林等;积极控制心血管疾病高危因素,如糖尿病、高血压等。

4.2. 降尿酸药物治疗

对于无症状性高尿酸血症是否应积极治疗,目前仍有较大争议,高尿酸与CRF的发生是否存在因果关系、与药物副作用相比降尿酸的获益等问题仍需要继续探究。目前也有较多证据表明,HUA是肾功能损伤、高血压、心血管疾病等的独立高危因素。

4.2.1. 抑制尿酸合成药物

黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(Xanthine oxidoreductase, XOR)有黄嘌呤脱氢酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶两种形式,并可互相转化,它们均可促使次黄嘌呤转化为黄嘌呤及黄嘌呤转化为尿酸。别嘌醇是黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase, XO)抑制剂,能抑制黄嘌呤转化为尿酸,目前仍是治疗高尿酸血症的一线用药 [12]。2%~5%的患者使用别嘌呤可能会出现副作用,如皮疹、胃肠不适。别嘌醇还可能引起严重皮肤不良反应和肝肾损伤 [13]。研究表明使用别嘌醇的HLA-B*58:01基因型患者严重皮肤不良反应患病率相对较高(8%~13%)。因此HLA-B*5801等位基因阳性患者禁用别嘌醇 [14]。别嘌醇主要通过尿液代谢,对于CRF患者而言,需依据肾功能使用别嘌醇需调整剂量,处于尿毒症期患者应禁用别嘌醇 [15] [16]。

非布司他是新型强效非嘌呤选择性XO抑制剂,主要经由肝脏代谢,极少量由肾脏排泄,因此肾小球滤过率(Glomerular filtration rate, GFR)对非布司他的代谢影响不大 [17]。一项共有1317名参与者的研究表明,在非布司他治疗组中UA明显降低,CKD3期、4期患者非布司他治疗组的GFR明显升高,提示非布司他可能有肾脏保护作用 [18]。研究表明,与别嘌醇相比非布司他引起不良事件的可能性更小,对CRF患者具有更高的安全性 [19]。

4.2.2. 促进尿酸排泄药物

由于近端小管分泌减少,大多数高尿酸血症患者的尿酸排泄比健康人群少 [20]。促进尿酸排泄常用药包括苯溴马隆、丙磺舒、苯磺唑酮等。苯溴马隆能阻止肾小管重吸收尿酸、加快尿酸排泄,从而降低UA浓度。一项来自日本的研究发现,苯溴马隆与非布司他相比除了降低UA水平,还增加了脂联素,可能比非布司他对内皮功能有更多益处 [21]。与别嘌醇相比,苯溴马隆在降低肾功能正常的高尿酸血症患者的血清尿酸水平方面更有效 [22]。与苯溴马隆相关的副作用相对较少,但有个别报道其可能引起爆发性肝损伤 [23]。对于GFR小于20 ml/min的患者而言,应禁用苯溴马隆 [14]。

4.2.3. 其他药物

一些促进尿酸分解药物,如拉布立酶、普瑞凯希、尿酸酶等,能使尿酸分解成更易溶于水的小分子化合物尿囊素、过氧化氢等,再由肾脏排出。但目前进入市场的酶与人亲缘性低、免疫原性强,因此发生过敏反应的几率高、时效性较短 [24] [25]。还有一些其他新型药物也正在研发阶段,黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂(Topiroxostat)、次黄嘌呤抑制剂(BCX4208)、排尿酸尿药(Verinurad, Arhalofenate, UR-1102)、XOR和尿酸转运体双抑制剂(RLBN1001、KUX-1151)和机制尚不明确的药物(Levotofisopam、金枪鱼提取物) [26] [27]。

5. 总结

随着生活水平的提升与饮食结构的改变,全球HUA发病率较前明显升高,HUA与CRF、高血压、心血管疾病、代谢疾病等密切相关。目前研究表明HUA是CRF发生发展的独立危险因素,但二者是否有因果关系及可能致病机制仍有争议,有待未来进一步探究。

文章引用

郭思琦,刘 玲. 高尿酸血症与慢性肾衰竭的研究进展
Research Progress of Hyperuricemia and Chronic Renal Failure[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(04): 2923-2927. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.124421

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  28. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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