Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 08 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 70600 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381786

营养及炎症反应标志物与食管癌预后关系的 研究进展

苏比努尔·依孜哈尔,达尼亚尔·努尔德别克,玛依努尔·艾力*

新疆医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年7月13日;录用日期:2023年8月8日;发布日期:2023年8月15日

摘要

食管癌发病率在全球总体呈现上升趋势,具有早期诊断困难、常伴远处转移、易复发及预后较差等临床特点。炎症介质及营养状况与肿瘤发生发展密切相关,在食管癌肿瘤微环境中发挥了重要作用,并影响食管癌预后。研究已经证实,多种炎症反应标志物可用于预测食管癌的发生、发展和预后。本文就免疫炎症指数和预后营养指数与食管癌预后相关性的研究作一综述。

关键词

食管癌,炎症反应标志物,预后

Research Progress on the Relationship between Nutritional and Inflammatory Markers and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer

Subinuer Yizihaer, Daniyaer Nuerdebieke, Mayinuer Aili*

Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Jul. 13th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 8th, 2023; published: Aug. 15th, 2023

ABSTRACT

The incidence of esophageal cancer is increasing globally, with clinical characteristics such as difficult early diagnosis, often accompanied by distant metastasis, easy recurrence, and poor prognosis. Inflammatory mediators and nutritional status are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, playing an important role in the esophageal cancer microenvironment and affecting the prognosis of esophageal cancer. Studies have shown that various inflammatory biomarkers can be used to predict the occurrence, development, and prognosis of esophageal cancer. This article provides an overview of the research on the correlation between immune inflammation index, prognostic nutritional index, and the prognosis of esophageal cancer.

Keywords:Esophageal Cancer, Inflammatory Response Markers, Prognosis

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

近年来,食管癌患者的比例居高不下,有着较高的复发率和死亡率。据2020年全球癌症统计数据提示食管癌是我国第六大癌症 [1] 。食管癌早期难以诊断且侵袭性较强,故大部分初诊时就为局部晚期或远处转移,尽管当前治疗方式多样化,但其总的预后仍较差。十分需要一种准确、简单、实惠的方法动态预测预后。越来越多的研究表明 [2] [3] [4] [5] ,机体炎症及营养状况在食管癌患者预后中扮演了至关重要的角色,与肿瘤发生和发展密切相关,炎症反应可以带来长期的免疫应激和免疫抑制,还可能导致肿瘤的生长、转移和治疗效果的降低。近些年的研究发现治疗前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLR)、系统免疫炎症指数(systematic immune-inflammation index, SII)、预后营养指数(prognostic nutritional index, PNI)是多种肿瘤预后的独立影响因素。本综述旨在探讨不同营养和炎症反应标志物与食管癌预后的关系。

2. NLR、PLR与食管癌

2.1. NLR、PLR与手术治疗的食管癌

最新研究表明,在机体与癌细胞的对抗中,淋巴细胞拥有诱导细胞死亡、抑制肿瘤细胞生长和迁移的能力。淋巴细胞的功能在机体的良好免疫应答中起着重要作用。与此相反,中性粒细胞主要是体内循环系统中血管生成相关因子和生长因子等的主要来源。中性粒细胞的存在促进了肿瘤的生长过程。此外,血小板可以通过释放血小板源性血管生成因子来加速肿瘤的生长和侵袭,从而提高肿瘤患者的死亡风险 [6] [7] [8] ,Martin等人针对血小板及血小板受体对癌症转移中的作用进行了细致综述 [9] 。由以上指标组成的炎症指标NLR、PLR是简单且有效的指标,已经被证明对许多癌症的预后有很强的预测意义。Aysegul [10] 等人对80位非转移性食管鳞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC)患者进行回顾性分析,发现术前高NLR与其较差的无病生存期(Disease-free survival, DFS)和总生存期(OS)相关。同样,有研究者 [11] [12] 通过多因素COX分析发现NLR是其独立预后因素,NLR < 2.5有更长的中位生存期及生存率。除了研究术前NLR与预后相关性,Hoshino S [13] 等人发现患者在新辅助化疗前后NLR变化与组织学反应及无复发生存期相关。Sato等人研究发现,新辅助化疗前NLR < 2.2有更高的肿瘤缓解率(56%/21%,P = 0.001),证实了治疗前NLR及NLR变化值可以更好的预测化疗敏感性 [14] 。Hariruk对纳入7篇文章中的1540名食管癌患者进行荟萃分析,发现高NLR和PLR是食管癌T分期(OR分别为2.11和1.60,P < 0.001)和N分期(OR分别为2.14和1.67,P < 0.001)的显著预测因子,同时分析得出NLR与仅行根治术患者的OS不相关,而PLR相反 [15] 。然而在另外一项荟萃分析中发现NLR与OS相关,而PLR没有统计学意义 [16] 。免疫治疗作为近些年来的热点,有学者研究发现对接受PD-L1联合新辅助化疗的食管癌患者与病理疗效发现单独时基线NLR、PLR不是其病理疗效的相关因素,但将其互相联合预测时出现了相反的情况 [17] 。同样,多项研究已表明PLR在食管癌与其他血液炎症指标相比有着较差的预后预测效果 [18] - [23] 。所以进行更正规的前瞻性研究可能有助于明确PLR对生存的实际预后价值。

2.2. NLR、PLR与非手术治疗的食管癌

吴佳对86名进行放疗的ESCC患者进行回归性分析发现放疗前高/低NLR的3年、5年总生存率分别为(32.3%/14.0%, 52.8%/33.2%, P < 0.001),低NLR的生存时间显著长于高NLR,是行放疗食管癌患者生存时间的独立预后因素 [24] 。而DU等人 [24] 的研究却得出了相反的观点,在对非手术胸段ESCC调强放疗患者的治疗前NLR、PLR等指标进行多因素分析发现NLR、PLR与OS及PFS无显著相关性,而与全身炎症评分(systemic inflammation score, SIS)强相关,并制作了其预后模型。但以上两个研究均未使用联合指标进行检验,这提示后期或许联合指标才可更好的预测患者预后。目前对这两个指标与非手术ESCC患者预后关系的研究仍较少,且每位研究者最终得出的结论也各有差异。仍需前瞻性研究探讨及证实两者之间的关系。

总之,NLR、PLR可作为评判ESCC患者预后的一项重要参考指标,提示NLR更高的患者术后的肿瘤分期更高,且预后较差,然而在非手术治疗的食管癌中,目前尚未有足够的证据来证明这个结论。

3. SII与食管癌

3.1. SII与手术治疗的食管癌

SII是一种有效的综合指标,其结合了中性粒细胞计数、血小板计数和淋巴细胞计数。SII在食管癌预后方面可能具有较大的预测价值,这一指数的引入为食管癌患者的治疗和预后评估提供了新的工具,并已经引起了广泛的研究兴趣。

Geng等人 [25] 对960名行根治术的食管癌患者进行分析发现NLR、PLR、SII等多种指标均与其预后相关,但进行多因素COX分析后得出仅SII是其独立风险因素(HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.01~1.53, P = 0.042),且SII < 307的患者5年生存率高于SII > 307。得出同样结论的还有Lu等学者的研究 [26] ,发现SII的截断值为560 (P < 0.001, HR 2.578, 95% CI 1.625~4.088)。随后进一步研究中,Ji等人 [27] 得出SII是未行新辅助治疗的手术治疗的食管鳞癌的显著预测指标(P = 0.027),并绘制了其相关列线图。Gao同样在未行新辅助治疗的手术治疗的食管鳞癌患者中分析发现SII、NLR、PLR均与OS相关,但SII的曲线下面积(AUC)大于NLR、PLR (分别为0.553、0.540、0.532),有着更强的预测能力 [28] 。有研究人员在对2376例食管癌患者进行Meta分析得:手术治疗前SII与食管癌患者的OS有明显相关性(HR = 1.54, 95% CI (1.14, 2.08), P = 0.005),其有着比NLR、PLR更强的预后预测价值 [29] 。由此发现,尽管目前没有较大的前瞻性研究证实SII对手术食管癌的预测价值,但较多的研究者均得出相同结论,可推测SII与手术食管癌患者的预后相关可能性大。

3.2. SII与非手术食管癌

近年来,针对无法或不愿接受手术治疗的食管癌患者,放化疗已经成为较少而宝贵的治疗选择之一,随这种治疗方式越来越精准、技术娴熟,为这些患者提供了一个有效且有望改善其病情的治疗途径。在非手术患者中,SII同样显示出了其出色的预测能力,张等人对328例老年食管鳞癌患者进行回顾性分析,提示高SII是未行手术治疗的老年食管癌患者死亡的独立危险因素,且SII预测老年食管癌患者死亡的临床效能高于NLR (分别为0.793,0.685) [30] 。同年,夏等人 [31] 对老年食管癌患者回顾性分析发现高SII是其独立危险因素。赵也证实SII是食管癌根治性放疗患者的OS (HR = 1.357, P = 0.037)、PFS (HR = 1.393, P = 0.022)的独立影响因素 [32] 。陈 [33] 则发现联合SII与N分期可以更好的预测老年食管癌患者生存情况。同样有学者研究发现SII联合TNM总分期也与放疗患者预后相关性,且比单独使用SII更强 [34] 。随后的进一步研究中,Jun等人发现高SII在同步放化疗食管癌患者同样导致更差的OS及PFS [35] ,同时证实SII联合肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte, TIL)的预测能力相对单变量更好,再次印证了SII在非手术患者中均有较强的预测效能。据以上研究可得出,SII可能是判断ESCS预后的一种简单而可靠的外周血标志物,其对ESCS患者预后的相关性可能要强于其他指标,高SII患者比低SII患者的预后更差。若能联合分期及炎症浸润状况可能更准确的预测患者预后,有望成为今后食管肿瘤患者预后评估手段,进而应用于临床。

4. PNI与食管癌

4.1. PNI与手术食管癌

近年来,越来越多的研究发现,PNI作为营养状态和免疫的状态联合指标,在预测肿瘤预后方面发挥出杰出的作用。许多学者研究发现PNI与头颈部恶性肿瘤、胃癌、胆道癌、胰腺癌及食管癌的预后相关 [36] [37] [38] [39] 。对于PNI与食管癌之间的关系,近年来逐渐成为热点,这可能与食管癌自身的疾病特征有关,与其他肿瘤相比,食管癌更容易导致恶病质。Scarpa等人 [40] 对老年食管癌患者术前评估患者手术指征及预测其预后的研究中,发现对于术后并发症的最具鉴别力的预后评分是PNI。徐等对258例行食管鳞癌根治术患者进行回顾性分析发现高PNI组患者的中位生存期及生存率均高于低PNI组(P < 0.01),低PNI更易出现术后并发症,且PNI是影响食管癌生存率的独立预后因素(RR = 0.722, 95% CI (0.524, 0.994), P = 0.046) [41] ,同时也有其他研究者得出相同结论 [42] [43] [44] 。Xiao FK [45] 对3812例食管癌患者临床资料进行统计分析发现PNI是食管鳞癌长期生存的有效预测因子。Noriyuki等人对169例食管癌患者研究分析得出低PNI是其总生存期及特异生存期(Disease Free Survival, DSS)的独立不良预测因子 [46] ,而Nakatani等人对66例行新辅助治疗且行根治术的食管鳞癌患者进行回顾性分析,发现新辅助化疗前PNI并不是其OS、PFS的独立预后因素,而术前PNI是其独立预后因素,可能是因为化疗使部分患者的PNI值下降从而导致更差的预后相关。该学者又纳入76例复发状态的食管癌患者,发现复发状态下的PNI可以预测复发性食管鳞癌患者的生存时间 [47] [48] 。

4.2. PNI与非手术食管癌

PNI在非手术治疗食管癌患者中的预测能力也逐渐被重视并被研究探讨。放化疗期间导致患者出现放射性食管炎或骨髓抑制,使肿瘤患者营养状况及免疫状态均受到重大打击,进而影响疗效。尤其颈段食管癌因其位置特殊,通常不给予手术治疗,放化疗就成为其十分重要且有效控制的手段。Yaqing Dai等人 [49] 对行放射治疗的106例食管鳞癌患者的临床资料进行分析并随访,统计分析提示治疗前PNI > 48.15和放疗技术是颈段食管鳞癌患者OS的独立因素。Jin Wang等实验得出同步放化疗(simultaneous chemoradiotherapy, CRT)的第三周,PNI可以作为预后的独立危险因素的结论。从而得出一个科学问题,放疗前及放疗中PNI下降导致更差的预后,那么营养支持是否可以改善PNI?于是Jin Wang等人对进行放化疗的患者给予25 kcal/(kg)的肠内营养却发现其无法改善放疗患者的PNI [50] [51] 。或许营养状况的恶化无法只靠蛋白改善,是否应该联合应用其他免疫营养支持改善其PNI,需进一步研究。目前对于PNI在非手术治疗食管癌患者中的预后作用,需要较大样本量的MeTa分析或前瞻性研究。总结以上研究结论得出,PNI无论在手术或非手术治疗ESCC患者中均有较好的预后预测能力,但其分界值一直无统一标准,以上几位研究者选取的截断值不尽相同,这些学者的研究以ROC曲线做得出的阈值为界、以PNI的中位数为界、以45为界,哪一种更准确,现尚无定论,需要更强大的实验证据证实分界值的选取。

目前,在评估食管癌患者的预后方面,临床上主要依靠肿瘤分期、分化程度、年龄及是否转移等指标。对于未接受手术治疗的患者尤其如此,因为很难直观地确定其分期,也难以准确评估其预后情况。此外,影像学评估结果还受到临床医生个人阅片能力的影响,可能存在评估不准确的情况。因此,我们迫切需要一种简便可靠的预测工具。总结以上观点,结合中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板和血清白蛋白等指标的NLR、PLR、SII和PNI可能更准确地评估肿瘤患者的治疗情况。然而,这些指标的阈值仍缺乏更好更强的证据来统一。因此,我们需要更强有力的证据来确定其阈值,以便在临床实践中更好地应用这些指标,早期干预,获得更好的预后效果。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(82260471)。

文章引用

苏比努尔·依孜哈尔,达尼亚尔·努尔德别克,玛依努尔·艾力. 营养及炎症反应标志物与食管癌预后关系的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Nutritional and Inflammatory Markers and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 12740-12746. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381786

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  52. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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