薏苡为禾本科植物,有健脾利湿、清热排脓、美容养颜的功能。薏苡的种仁不仅可以供人们食用,更可以开发用于治疗肿瘤、高血糖、高血脂等。多酚类化合物是薏苡诸多生理功能的活性物质之一。薏苡中所含的多酚类化合物,具有较强的抗氧化性,是薏苡发挥抗氧化作用的重要活性物质之一。本文概述了薏苡中天然存在的诸多活性物质,并且论述了薏苡中多酚类化合物的抗氧化作用。
As a gramineous plant, Job’s tears has the function of invigorating spleen to remove dampness, clearing away heat and eliminating pus and maintaining beauty and keeping young. The seeds of Job’s tears are not only edible, but also can be developed for the treatment of tumors, hyperglyce-mia, hyperlipidemia and so on. The polyphenol compounds are one kind of the active materials of Job’s tears’ multiple physiological functions. The polyphenol compounds contained in Job’s tears, with strong oxidation resistance, are one of the important active substances of Job’s tears’ anti-oxygenation. The paper summarizes the numerous active substances naturally existed in Job’s tears, and expounds the antioxidant effect of polyphenol compounds in Job’s tears.
薏苡,活性物质,多酚类化合物, Job’s Tears Active Substance Polyphenol compounds薏苡活性成分研究新进展
薏苡壳富含维生素E和膳食纤维,孙建华的研究表明,相比于薏苡胚芽和麸皮,薏苡壳中的α-生育酚含量为最高,且薏苡壳中粗纤维的含量高达25%,是薏苡麸皮中粗纤维含量的3倍 [3] 。Kuo et al.的实验中发现,薏米壳的甲醇提取物用1-丁醇萃取物对DPPH自由基有巨大的清除能力,后将该萃取物进行分离纯化,用光谱法鉴定出了以下六种物质,分别为:松柏醇、阿魏酸、丁香酸、丁香脂素、4-酮松脂酚、木酚素,该6种物质普遍具有较强的抗氧化性质 [4] 。除此以外,谷壳中还含有神经酰胺、对-香豆素、圣草素等 [5] 。从Kuo et al.的另一项研究中,我们可以发现,AH的甲醇提取物相比于AT、AB和PA的甲醇提取物似乎能展现出更强大的清除超氧自由基、过氧化氢、羟基以及抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的作用。其中AH和AT的甲醇提取物对人体U937恶性细胞的增殖起到剂量效应的抑制关系 [6] 。因此,将薏苡中不食用的部分进行合理利用开发是可以考虑的,在台湾和日本已经有利用薏苡壳开发的功能性饮料上市。
2.1.2. 薏苡麸皮
Lee et al.从薏苡麸皮中得到薏苡麸皮甲醇提取物,并用乙酸乙酯进行萃取,利用硅胶柱分离纯化结合制备液相的方式得到5种抑制癌细胞的活性物质,分别为4种内酰胺类化合物:coixspirolactam A (1),coixspirolactam B (2),和coixspirolactam C (3),coixlactam (4)以及Methyl dioxindole-3-acetate,进行MTT实验后,结果表明这几种化合物对肺癌细胞A549,结肠癌细胞HT-29、COLO 205具有很强的抗增殖作用 [7] 。Chen et al.从薏米麸皮中分离出15种化合物,包括1种橙酮类衍生物,2种色酮类化合物,1种二氢查尔酮类化合物,1种查尔酮类化合物,4种黄烷酮类化合物,5种黄酮类化合物和1种异黄酮类化合物 [8] 。Chen et al.的另一项研究中发现薏米的乙醇提取物可以抑制细胞激素分泌和RBL-2H3细胞的肥大细胞脱颗粒从而起到免疫反应的调制作用 [9] 。Chung et al.在薏苡麸皮的乙醇提取物中发现了多种多酚类化合物,其中阿魏酸是主要的酚酸,含量为5206 μg/g ABE-Ea,并且他发现该物质可以抑制结肠肿瘤的癌变以及阻止MDF的形成 [10] 。薏苡麸皮除了含有上述内酰胺类、黄酮类、酚酸类化合物以外,还含有木质素类化合物。木质素是一种聚合的芳香醇构成的一类物质,是植物细胞壁的成分之一,可以用于制备生物燃料和高附加值化学品 [11] 。
为了能高效利用薏苡中的活性物质,有研究人员将谷物进行发酵处理后,发现其功效都有加强。Wang et al.将包括薏米在内的4种谷类用枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌分别进行发酵。结果表明,不仅谷物中所含的多酚类物质有所增加,DPPH自由基清除能力和亚铁离子螯合能力均有提升。发酵可以使谷物的细胞壁破裂,更多的生物活性物质就随即释放。所以,若要获得薏苡的更大的生物作用,将其发酵后再进行利用可能也是一个不错的选择 [23] 。
张怡一. 薏苡活性成分研究新进展New Research Progress of Active Ingredients in Job’s Tears[J]. 食品与营养科学, 2015, 04(03): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/HJFNS.2015.43012
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