Asian Case Reports in Emergency Medicine
Vol.
07
No.
01
(
2019
), Article ID:
28503
,
4
pages
10.12677/ACREM.2019.71001
Dieulafoy’s Lesion with Hypovolemic Shock: Two Cases Report
Xiaojun Zhang, Yun Wu
Intensive Care Unit, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Danyang Jiangsu
Received: Dec. 24th, 2018; accepted: Jan. 10th, 2019; published: Jan. 17th, 2019
ABSTRACT
Rupture of gastric submucosal constant diameter arterial, also known as Dieulafoy’s lesion, is a congenital disease. Dieulafoy’s lesion is a rare cause of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These lesions are responsible for 0.3% to 6.8% of acute upper GI bleeding in western developed countries, and 1.1% to 9.4% in Japan. Because of its rarity and occult in clinical, and a large amount of bleeding, hypovolemic shock can occur rapidly, and improper diagnosis and treatment can lead to the death of the patients.
Keywords:Dieulafoy’s Lesion, Constant Diameter Arterial, Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
以休克为表现的Dieulafoy病2例
张小军,吴云
丹阳市人民医院重症医学科,江苏 丹阳
收稿日期:2018年12月24日;录用日期:2019年1月10日;发布日期:2019年1月17日
摘 要
胃粘膜下恒径动脉破裂出血,又称Dieulafoy病,系一种先天性疾病。Dieulafoy病大出血是上消化道非静脉曲张性大出血的罕见病因。西方发达国家占上消化道大出血病例的0.3%~6.8%,日本为1.1%~9.4%。由于该病临床少见,病灶隐匿,出血量大,可迅速出现低血容量性休克,诊断处理不当,可致患者死亡。
关键词 :Dieulafoy病,恒径动脉,上消化道大出血
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 介绍
Dieulafoy病又称恒径动脉瘤、恒径动脉畸形,是一种胃壁血管的畸形。胃血管进入粘膜下后,不是逐渐变细形成毛细血管,一直保持直径不变进入粘膜肌层,突出于胃腔,在食物和胃酸作用下出血。该病可发生于消化道任何部位,由于病灶小、位置隐匿,导致临床确诊困难。该病起病隐匿,可发生低血容量性休克,易误诊,死亡率高。
2. 病例
病例1:男性49岁,因呕血1000 ml急诊入院,Bp70/40 mmHg,Hb 65 g/L。呕血前有口服7天非甾体消炎药史。入院给予补液、输血、多巴胺维持血压治疗。急诊胃镜检查示距门齿38 cm大弯后壁粘膜局灶性缺损,为红色出血灶,有血痂,约0.5 * 0.5 cm,组织质地脆,触之易出血。在胃镜直视下予1:10,000肾上腺素高渗盐水以注射针在病变裸露的血管或血凝块周围分多点注射,每点1 ml,总量6 ml。肾上腺素局部注射后出血停止,Hb 90 g/L。病理:符合恒径动脉瘤表现(见图1)。该患者出现肝功能及肾功能衰竭行血浆置换+CVVH,后转上级医院因肝功能衰竭死亡。
病例2:男性74岁,行甲状腺部分切除后出现解黑便300 g,Hb 67 g/L,予输红细胞悬液8U。急诊胃镜检查示距门齿40 cm大弯后壁粘膜不规则增生,表面糜烂,有血痂,有新鲜渗血,约3.0 * 4.0 cm,组织质地脆,触之易出血。胃底:有大量积血,无法看清。去甲肾上腺素8 mg + 250 ml生理盐水分次以50 ml胃管内注入,止血效果差,急诊行上半胃切除术,术后出血停止,Hb 94 g/L,术后一期恢复。手术标本病理:贲门前壁3.0 * 3.0 cm粘膜僵硬,可见屈曲裸露血管,较多血凝块,考虑为恒径动脉瘤伴出血(见图2)。
2例病例报道均获得患者及其家属同意。
Figure 1. Consistent with constant diameter aneurysm
图1. 符合恒径动脉瘤表现
Figure 2. Constant diameter aneurysm with hemorrhage
图2. 考虑为恒径动脉瘤伴出血
3. 讨论
Dieulafoy病的病因未完全阐明。多数学者认为,Dieulafoy病是由于胃粘膜下血管先天发育异常,胃粘膜下恒径动脉进入肌层后缺乏逐渐变细的过程,而以类同于粘膜的口径进入粘膜肌层,是畸形的粗管径动脉 [1] ,血管口径可达1.0~4.0 mm,为正常的5~10倍。在高压力血流冲击下,恒径动脉局部迂曲、扩张、膨大,易造成其上覆盖的粘膜受压形成糜烂缺损或溃疡(糜烂缺损或溃疡一般不侵犯肌层),继而血管暴露。其内镜主要表现为:1) 孤立性粘膜缺损,直径多在2~5 cm范围内,其周围无明显炎症。2) 粘膜缺损中央可见突出的血管走行。3) 于裸露血管上可有血痂、渗血或可见搏动性出血。
多数Dieulafoy病大出血的患者就诊时已处于低血容量性休克状态,因此,在常规输血、输液、止血治疗时,及时准确的诊断是紧急治疗的基础。急性出血期急诊胃镜不仅是明确诊断的主要手段,而且可以行紧急内镜下治疗。治疗手段包括内镜下治疗有多种方式,如喷洒止血药、肾上腺素局部注射、硬化剂注射、理化疗法、套扎及钛夹等。近来报道钛夹治疗止血效果明显,创伤小 [2] 。胃粘膜下恒径动脉主要来源于胃左动脉的小弯侧 [3] ,出血灶80%位于贲门下方6 cm内的胃体后、前壁近小弯侧胃壁;其次是十二指肠,再次是结肠 [4] 。此外,罕见的发病部位在支气管 [5] 。故检查时应特别注意贲门下6 cm内局灶性粘膜糜烂、缺损或病灶中央有搏动性出血,或可见病灶中央的凝血块。但内镜下治疗有再出血可能,发生率为10% [6] 。再出血后可再行内镜下治疗,有效率可达100% [7] 。
本报道病例1,就诊时处于休克状态,发病前有服用非甾体类消炎药史,入院经补液、输血、多巴胺扩容、升压治疗。急诊行胃镜检查并于肾上腺素局部注射后出血停止,明确为恒径动脉瘤出血。
最新研究发现用止血夹和聚乙二醇注射大部分是有效的 [8] ,而另一些报道显示硬化剂和肾上腺素的使用是再出血的高风险因素 [9] 。
因Dieulafoy病造成病人休克而死亡的发生率同其他胃肠道出血造成病人死亡的发生率相差不多 [10] 。故凡遇急诊拟诊Dieulafoy病大出血,临床医师在快速采集病史及体检后,应立即输血、输液,纠正低血容量性休克,并急诊胃镜检查以明确诊断。治疗上本病现在优先考虑内科内镜治疗,其成功率达90%以上 [11] [12] ,特别是钛夹的应用使止血有效率大大提高。
对内科常规制酸剂、止血治疗无效且内镜下止血治疗无效时,须考虑外科手术治疗。外科治疗Dieulafoy病的手术方式包括近端胃大部切除、楔形胃壁切除或缝扎异常血管等。病例2中,由于手术应激出现解黑便,提示出血量大。急诊胃镜检查,见贲门前壁粘膜屈曲裸露血管,较多血凝块。肾上腺素止血不成功,转行上半胃切除术,出血停止。病理符合恒径动脉瘤表现。对于不适合内镜和手术治疗者,可考虑行选择性动脉血管栓塞治疗 [13] 。
文章引用
张小军,吴 云. 以休克为表现的Dieulafoy病2例
Dieulafoy’s Lesion with Hypovolemic Shock: Two Cases Report[J]. 亚洲急诊医学病例研究, 2019, 07(01): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACREM.2019.71001
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