Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 12 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 47138 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.1112840

射血分数保留的心力衰竭的新进展

吴海军1,杨发满2

1青海大学,青海 西宁

2青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2021年11月9日;录用日期:2021年11月29日;发布日期:2021年12月13日

摘要

射血分数保留的心力衰竭发病率高,诊断困难,目前尚无指南推荐的能显著改善预后的有效治疗方法,临床预后差,近几年成为人们研究的热点,文章主要对流行病学、诊断、非药物治疗、预后方面的新进展作出综述。

关键词

射血分数保留的心力衰竭,流行病学,诊断,非药物治疗,预后

New Progress in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Haijun Wu1, Faman Yang2

1Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Nov. 9th, 2021; accepted: Nov. 29th, 2021; published: Dec. 13th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has a high incidence and difficult diagnosis, there is no effective treatment recommended by the guidelines to significantly improve the prognosis, and the clinical prognosis is poor, which has become the focus of research in recent years. This article mainly reviews the new progress in epidemiology, diagnosis, non-drug treatment and prognosis.

Keywords:Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Non-Drug Treatment, Prognosis

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF)是由多种原因导致心脏结构和功能异常,进而引发心室舒张功能障碍伴心室舒张末压升高,而心室收缩功能正常或轻度受损,左心室射血分数(Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)尚处于正常范围内的一种心力衰竭(心衰) (heart failure, HF)。因其病理生理机制复杂、临床预后差,近年来成为人们研究的热点,在患病率、诊断、非药物治疗、预后方面有了新的进展。

2. 流行病学

由于人口增长及老龄化、医学技术的进步、确诊后生存率的提高,心衰患者的总数仍在继续上升。2017年全球心衰患者约6430万 [1]。近期的报告中发达国家心衰的患病率已由1%~2% [2] [3] 上升到4.2% [4]。4.2%和2%之间的差异表明,有超过一半的心衰未被诊断,尤其是HFpEF很容易被漏掉:高达76%的未被诊断的心衰是HFpEF [5]。国外研究发现超过50% [6] 的心衰是HFpEF,预计很快将成为最常见的心衰综合征 [7]。亚洲的心衰患病率与西方国家相似,介于1%和1.3%之间 [4]。金雪娟等 [8] 报道我国35~74岁成年人的心衰患病率为0.9%,其中HFpEF占50%以上,这与国外研究结果一致。新近的研究 [4] 发现我国的心衰患病率已达到1.3%~3.5%。根据2019年人口统计数据,我国总人口数达到14.0005亿。据此估计,我国HFpEF患者达910万~2450万。

3. 诊断

HFpEF的诊断具有一定的难度。2019年欧洲心力衰竭协会HFA/ESC共识建议 [9],对HFpEF的诊断可分为4个步骤:① 初始评估:了解心衰的症状和体征,完善心电图及血液检查,评估危险因素/共病,排除其他疾病可疑诊为HFpEF;② 全面超声心动图检查和检测BNP水平:由心脏专科医生通过超声心动图参数评估心脏的结构和功能,并测定BNP水平。然后进行评分,总分 ≤ 1分基本可排除HFpEF,总分 ≥ 5分可确诊为HFpEF,总分2~4分不能确诊,需进行第三步功能测试;③ 功能测试:运动负荷超声心动图和有创血流动力学测定;④ 病因检查:心脏磁共振;活检(心脏或心脏外);核素显像检查或基因检测等。该诊断流程细化了HFpEF的诊断标准,使其诊断更为科学,但其中有创血流动力学、运动负荷超声心动图、心脏磁共振、基因检测等需要更专业的技术和更先进的设备,且涉及有创、费用高等缺陷,在普及和应用中存在一定的局限性。

4. 非药物治疗

1) 自适应伺服通气(adaptive servo-ventilation, ASV):是一种治疗睡眠呼吸紊乱(sleep disordered-breathing, SDB)的非侵入性治疗方法,在低通气和呼吸暂停期间增加通气支持,在正常呼吸期间减少支持。研究 [10] 表明ASV治疗可以减轻心衰患者SDB的严重程度,提高运动能力,缩小HFpEF患者的左房内径。D’Elia等 [11] 发现对急性HFpEF合并SDB和中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停(central sleep apnea, CSA)的患者,急性期给予ASV治疗能显著减少呼吸暂停–低通气指数和中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停的发作次数,有效降低BNP水平,显著改善心脏舒张和右心室功能。但这些研究存在不同的缺陷,ASV能否成为治疗HFpEF的有效方法及能否改善其远期预后,尚需更多的临床研究进行验证。

2) 心房分流术:左房压力升高和肺淤血是HFpEF晚期患者的特征之一,也是出现胸闷、憋喘、平卧受限等心衰症状和活动耐量下降的主要原因。国内外学者受房间隔缺损可以降低左房压力的启发,开发出一种心房分流术来降低左房压力。目前报道的心房分流装置有3种,分别为IASD、V-WAVE和AFR。研究 [12] 发现心房分流术可以改善HFpEF患者血流动力学状态:降低左房压、降低肺毛细血管楔压、减轻肺淤血,提高活动耐量及改善心功能分级,一定程度上还可改善左心室重构和功能、功能性瓣膜返流。心房分流术有望成为治疗HFpEF的有效方式。

3) 运动疗法:现有文献报道已经证实了运动疗法的临床疗效。Mueller S等 [13] 发现接受治疗的HFpEF患者,高强度间歇训练组和中等强度持续训练组治疗3个月后最大摄氧量较指南对照组明显增加,高强度间歇训练组治疗12个月后最大摄氧量增加仍比较明显。由此可见,HFpEF患者更适合将高强度间歇训练作为一种长期的运动治疗方式,从而提高其运动耐力、改善其生存质量。

5. 预后

1) C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP):是由肝细胞合成分泌的一种急性期蛋白,也是一种反应全身炎症的重要指标。近期的一项荟萃分析 [14] 报告CRP高的患者发生HFpEF的风险增加9%,在发生HFpEF后其心血管死亡率增加两倍、全因死亡率增加78%。有研究发现仅在HFpEF患者中死亡率的降低与CRP的降低有关 [15]。由此推测,CRP很可能是HFpEF预后的标志物。

2) 白蛋白:也是由肝脏合成分泌的一种急性期蛋白,在急性和慢性疾病中都会降低。已有研究 [16] 证实,低白蛋白水平可以预测无症状的成年人发生心衰,而一旦发生心衰,通过白蛋白水平又可以预测更差的临床结局。Prenner SB等 [17] 发现白蛋白是HFpEF中各种不良反应的综合标志物,包括炎症、亚临床肝病、动脉硬化和肾脏疾病,是一种强大的风险预测因子,独立于传统的风险预测模型,较低的白蛋白与较差的预后密切相关,即使在正常范围内(>3.5 g/dL)也是如此,风险在4.6~3.6 g/dL之间急剧增加。因此,白蛋白也可能是HFpEF预后的标志物。

3) N-末端B型利钠肽前体(N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-pro BNP):BNP主要存在于心室隔膜颗粒中,其分泌有赖于心室容积扩张和压力负荷增加。相比于BNP,NT-pro BNP的半衰期更长、稳定性更好,临床上更常用于评估疗效及预后。在没有心血管病史的动脉粥样硬化患者中,Chahal H等 [18] 发现NT-pro BNP升高者发生心衰的风险增加2.48倍。一项多中心国际研究 [19] 发现NT-pro BNP水平对急性心衰住院患者短期预后评估具有重要价值,当NT-pro BNP > 5180 pg/ml时,提示短期死亡风险较高。丹麦的一项研究 [20] 共纳入764例50岁到89岁之间的非住院患者,结果发现NT-pro BNP水平 > 655 pg/ml的受试者5年后死亡风险上升24.5%。学者们一致认为连续动态监测NT-pro BNP能更好的预测HFpEF的不良预后。2017年ACC/AHA/HFSA心衰指南 [21] 对NT-pro BNP作为预后指标的推荐等级为住院期间Ia级、出院后IIa级。

4) 合并症:

① 慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD):COPD影响多达三分之一的心衰患者 [22],它在HFpEF患者中更常见,但其影响全身心血管结构和功能的机制尚不清楚。JASPER研究 [23] 将518例住院的HFpEF患者分为合并COPD组(40例)和非COPD组(478例),与非COPD组相比,COPD组的全因死亡风险增加1.957倍、全因死亡或因心衰再住院风险增加1.694倍。由此可见,COPD是HFpEF患者不良预后(全因死亡和/或因心衰再住院)的预测因子。

② 焦虑、抑郁:心衰患者由于再入院率高、长期服用多种药物、医疗费用高等因素,容易罹患焦虑、抑郁等精神心理疾病。据报道 [24] 在慢性心衰患者中焦虑和抑郁的患病率分别为11%~45%、10%~60%。根据医院焦虑抑郁量表(hospital anxiety depression scale, HADs)评分,史秀莉等 [25] 发现301例心衰住院患者中有41.2%存在焦虑、58.8%存在抑郁,这与国外的研究结果一致。研究表明焦虑、抑郁会增加心衰患者全因死亡风险,合并焦虑者为1.02倍,合并抑郁者为1.57倍 [26],同时合并焦虑抑郁者为2.59倍 [27],其影响程度为:焦虑合并抑郁 > 抑郁 > 焦虑。焦虑、抑郁已成为预测心衰患者预后的独立危险因素。有关研究焦虑、抑郁与HFpEF预后关系的资料较少。根据患者健康问卷9项(PHQ-9)评分,Chandra A等 [28] 发现1431名HFpEF住院患者有抑郁症状,其中27%为中–重度抑郁、29%为中度抑郁、44%为轻度抑郁,随访12个月后发现抑郁加重的患者心血管死亡率和全因死亡率显著升高。因此,抑郁的严重程度与HFpEF的不良预后有关,抑郁可能是HFpEF预后的预测因子。

6. 结语

HFpEF的发病率高、再住院率及死亡率高、医疗负担重,已成为各国共同关注的公共卫生问题。现有研究 [29] 表明,在HFpEF的自然病程中,内皮粘附分子和尿微量白蛋白在临床前期(A和B期)已经升高,而BNP、纤维化标志物半乳糖凝集素3 (galectin-3, Gal-3)和肌钙蛋白I在临床晚期(C和D期)才升高,不同生物标志物连续升高为个性化预防HFpEF发生提供了新的途径。对有心血管风险的年轻患者(如肥胖、糖尿病或动脉性高血压),应积极努力纠正促使内皮细胞粘附分子升高的危险因素,以防止老年发生HFpEF。

在诊断方面,人们发现联合检测NT-pro BNP、可溶性肿瘤生成抑制因子2 (soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, sST2)、生长分化因子15 (growth differentiation factor 15, GDF-15)和C反应蛋白在HFpEF和射血分数减少的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF)之间有很好的鉴别价值 [30],联合使用多种生物标志物是未来诊断HFpEF的发展方向。而在治疗方面,目前尚无指南推荐的能显著改善HFpEF患者预后的有效方法,在实际工作中需根据患者不同的临床特征灵活选用药物、介入手术、呼吸支持、运动训练等多种手段,同时需关注患者的精神心理状态并及时干预,以期达到缓解临床症状、改善临床结局、提高生存质量的目标。HFpEF仍需人们开展更多的临床研究,进行更多的探索,以便提供更强有力的循证医学证据。

文章引用

吴海军,杨发满. 射血分数保留的心力衰竭的新进展
New Progress in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(12): 5673-5678. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1112840

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