Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 06 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 52801 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.126821

超时间窗醒后缺血性卒中患者与时间窗内患者静脉溶栓治疗的疗效对比

崔亚鹏1,刘媛媛2,徐少峰3,康海2*

1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院,山东 烟台

3招远市中医医院,山东 烟台

收稿日期:2022年5月23日;录用日期:2022年6月15日;发布日期:2022年6月24日

摘要

目的:探究超静脉溶栓时间窗与静脉溶栓时间窗内醒后缺血性卒中患者使用阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的安全性与有效性。方法:选取2019-01~2021-12月烟台毓璜顶医院收治的106例醒后缺血性卒中患者作为研究对象,其中50例患者入睡时间或最后正常时间到静脉溶栓开始时间 < 4.5 h,为时间窗内组(常规组);56例患者入睡时间或最后正常时间到静脉溶栓开始时间 > 4.5 h,但醒后到静脉溶栓开始时间 < 4.5 h,为超时间窗组(研究组),根据DWI-FLAIR不匹配筛选出超时间窗患者中可行静脉溶栓治疗的患者,2组患者均进行静脉溶栓治疗。比较2组患者静脉溶栓治疗后颅内出血转化情况、溶栓后效果。结果:2组溶栓后颅内出血转化发生率比较,超静脉溶栓时间窗醒后缺血性卒中患者(n = 56)行静脉溶栓治疗颅内出血转化风险(0% vs 10%; P = 0.021)不高于静脉溶栓时间窗内患者(n = 50);2组患者短期神经功能预后比较,超静脉溶栓时间窗醒后缺血性卒中患者(n = 56)行静脉溶栓治疗在短期神经功能改善方面(NIHSS评分下降 ≥ 4分) (26.8% vs 52.0%; χ2 = 7.080, P = 0.008)略逊于静脉溶栓时间窗内患者(n = 50);两组在短期预后良好方面(出院时mRS评分0~2分) (85.7% vs 80.0%; χ2 = 0.612, P = 0.434)无明显差异。结论:超静脉溶栓时间窗醒后缺血性卒中患者行颅脑MRI检查,根据DWI-FLAIR不匹配筛选出可行静脉溶栓治疗患者,静脉溶栓治疗的安全性较高,其有效性略低于在静脉溶栓时间窗内醒后缺血性卒中患者。

关键词

超时间窗,醒后缺血性卒中,DWI-FLAIR不匹配,阿替普酶,静脉溶栓治疗

Comparison of the Efficacy of Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy in Patients with Ischemic Stroke after Wake-Up beyond the Overtime Window versus Patients within the Time Window

Yapeng Cui1, Yuanyuan Liu2, Shaofeng Xu3, Hai Kang2*

1Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai Shandong

3Zhaoyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai Shandong

Received: May 23rd, 2022; accepted: Jun. 15th, 2022; published: Jun. 24th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the safety and efficacy of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis in patients with ischemic stroke after waking up within the ultra-intravenous thrombolysis time window and the intravenous thrombolysis time window. Methods: 106 patients with wakeful ischemic stroke admitted to Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital in 2019-01~2021-12 as the study object, of which 50 patients fell asleep time or the last normal time to the start time of intravenous thrombolysis < 4.5 h, which was the time window group (conventional group); 56 patients fell asleep time or last normal time to the start time of intravenous thrombolysis > 4.5 h, but after waking up to the onset time of venous thrombolysis < 4.5 h, which was the overtime window group (research group), patients with intravenous thrombolytic therapy were screened for patients with overtime window according to DWI-FLAIR mismatch, and both groups of patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy. The conversion of intracranial hemorrhage and the effect after thrombolysis were compared among the two groups. Results: Comparing the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage conversion after thrombolysis in the two groups, patients with ischemic stroke after the ultrasound thrombolytic time window (n = 56) undergo intravenous thrombolytic therapy (0% vs 10%; P = 0.021) was no higher than that of patients within the intravenous thrombolytic time window (n = 50); compared with the short-term neurologic prognosis of patients in 2 groups, patients with ischemic stroke after the ultrasound intravenous thrombolytic time window (n = 56) underwenous thrombolysis in terms of short-term neurological improvement (NIHSS score decreased ≥ 4 points) (26.8% vs 52.0%; χ2 = 7.080, P = 0.008) was slightly inferior to patients in intravenous thrombolytic time windows (n = 50); both groups had a good short-term prognosis (mRS score of 0 to 2 at discharge) (85.7% vs 80.0%; χ2 = 0.612, P = 0.434) and no significant difference. Conclusion: Patients with ischemic stroke after awakening from the ultravenous thrombolytic time window undergo cerebral MRI, and patients with viable intravenous thrombolytic therapy are screened according to the DWI-FLAIR mismatch, and the safety of intravenous thrombolytic therapy is higher, and its effectiveness is slightly lower than that of patients with ischemic stroke after waking up within the intravenous thrombolytic time window.

Keywords:Overtime Window, Ischemic Stroke after Waking Up, DWI-FLAIR Mismatch, Alteplase, Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

醒后缺血性卒中(wake-up ischemic stroke, WUIS)是急性缺血性卒中常见的一种临床类型,是指患者在入睡时无任何神经系统症状,醒来时本人或被他人发现有新发的卒中症状,如失语、偏瘫、感觉异常、意识障碍等神经系统缺损的症状或体征,占急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke, AIS)的14.3%~29.6% [1]。目前国内外有关AIS的治疗指南均推荐发病时间4.5 h内的AIS患者应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rtPA)行静脉溶栓治疗 [2] [3] [4]。醒后卒中的主要特点是无法确定患者发病的准确时间,发病时间多以患者入睡时间或最后正常时间来计算,为“溶栓时间窗”的确定带来困难,因此未被纳入溶栓筛查,这也是WUIS患者致残率高的主要原因之一 [5]。近年来,有研究 [6] [7] 发现,WUIS患者发病的时间多数是在将要从睡眠中觉醒的时刻,并不是在睡眠开始时或均匀分布在睡眠过程中,所以部分WUIS患者仍有接受静脉溶栓治疗的机会并从中获益。近年来,多模式MRI序列的磁共振弥散加权像(diffusion-weighted MR imaging, DWI)和磁共振液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging, FLAIR)由于其扫描时间短且不需要造影剂的优点,DWI-FLAIR不匹配在临床上应用于评估核心梗死灶和缺血半暗带。既往研究表明,DWI-FLAIR不匹配识别实际发生在4.5 h以内的缺血性脑卒中的特异性和阳性预测值较高,分别为78%和83%,可使静脉溶栓治疗以“组织窗”为溶栓指征,而不再单纯依赖“时间窗” [8]。本研究通过应用DWI-FLAIR不匹配回顾性分析探讨超静脉溶栓时间窗与静脉溶栓时间窗内WUIS患者行静脉溶栓治疗的安全性与短期有效性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾性纳入2019-01~2021-12在青岛大学医学院附属烟台毓璜顶医院就诊的WUIS患者。纳入标准:1) 符合2018年《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中诊断标准,均完善头颅CT或MRI检查证实为脑梗死的患者;2) 首次发生急性缺血性卒中,或以前发生过卒中但没有遗留影响神经评分的后遗症;3) 患者在睡眠醒来第一时间发现卒中症状;4) 醒后到静脉溶栓开始时间 < 4.5 h。排除标准:1)短暂性脑缺血发作者;2) CT扫描显示出血性卒中患者;3) 患者依从性差,患者或患者家属不愿合作者;4) 卒中样发病的其他疾病(如线粒体脑肌病、颅内感染等);5) 需行动脉取栓治疗的大动脉闭塞患者。共纳入符合标准的患者106例,其中50例患者入睡时间或最后正常时间到静脉溶栓开始时间 < 4.5 h,为时间窗内组(常规组);56例患者入睡时间或最后正常时间到静脉溶栓开始时间 > 4.5 h,但醒后到静脉溶栓开始时间 < 4.5 h,为超时间窗组(研究组)。收集患者的性别、年龄、身体质量指数(BMI= 体质量/身高的平方(国际单位kg/m2)、饮酒、吸烟、房颤(既往诊断有明确的心房颤动病史,或者入院后完善心电图检查显示阵发性或持续性心房颤动)、糖尿病(既往有明确诊断的糖尿病病史,或曾口服降糖药物或注射胰岛素治疗,或空腹血糖 ≥ 7.0 mmol/L或随机血糖 ≥ 11.1 mmol/L或糖化血红蛋白 > 6.5%)、高血压(既往有诊断明确的高血压病史,或已经或正在服用降压药物,既往有收缩压 ≥ 140 mmHg或舒张压 ≥ 90 mmHg)、冠心病病史(既往经冠脉CTA或冠脉造影予以证实或行冠脉支架安置术或行冠脉搭桥术后的病人)、脑血管病史(既往由神经科医生明确诊断,包括脑梗死和ICH)。所有患者均符合2018年《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中除时间窗外静脉溶栓的适应证,排除静脉溶栓的禁忌症,患者及其家属签属知情同意书。

2.2. 检查方法

使用MR扫描设备于接受静脉溶栓治疗前行1次颅脑MR检查。MR扫描序列包括T1、T2、FLAIR、DWI、MRA。

2.3. 静脉溶栓治疗

本研究中超静脉溶栓时间窗行颅脑MRI发现DWI-FLAIR不完全匹配的WUIS患者若符合2018年《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中除时间窗外其余静脉溶栓适应证,静脉溶栓时间窗内WUIS患者若符合2018年《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南》中静脉溶栓适应证,与患者本人及其家属沟通,患方知情同意后使用重组组织型纤溶酶激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen, rt-PA)行静脉溶栓治疗,总剂量按0.9 mg/kg给药,最高剂量不超过90 mg,首先将rt-PA总剂量的10%在1 min内静脉推注,然后将剩余的90% rt-PA使用输液泵持续静脉注射1 h。

2.4. 影像分析

2位神经影像学诊断经验丰富的医师对WUIS患者的影像资料采用双盲法进行分析,对DWI-FLAIR是否匹配达成一致意见。定义DWI-FLAIR不匹配为DWI阳性,FLAIR阴性,既DWI序列存在高信号缺血病变区,而FLAIR序列所对应位置的信号无明显变化或与对侧半球FLAIR序列信号一致。见图1

注:DWI-FLAIR不匹配,FLAIR阴性(a),(b):DWI图(a)示右侧海马高信号梗死区,FLAIR图(b)对应位置未见明显高信号。

Figure 1. Comparison of DWI-FLAIR image

图1. DWI-FLAIR显像对比图

2.5. 观察指标和评价标准

观察指标:患者入院及出院时的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale, NIHSS)评分分值;入院24 h内发生颅内出血转化的情况;出院时的改良Rankin评分量表(modified Rankin scale, mRS)用来衡量短期脑卒中后神经功能恢复情况。评价标准:颅内出血转化为治疗后24 h内行影像学检查发现脑实质出血或蛛网膜下腔出血;出院时NIHSS评分降低 ≥ 4分时则认为卒中患者短期神经功能有改善;根据出院时mRS评分将患者分为预后良好组(mRS 0~2分)和预后不良组(mRS 3~6分)。

2.6. 统计学分析

本文的研究数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± s )表示,采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以百分率(%)表示,采用卡方检验。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 组人口基线及危险因素比较

共106例WUIS患者纳入研究,其中超静脉溶栓时间窗DWI-FLAIR不匹配患者56例,静脉溶栓时间窗内患者50例,见表1。2组在一般资料(性别、年龄、BMI值)比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。2组饮酒史、房颤病史差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。2组间入院后危险因素相关实验室检验结果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2

Table 1. Comparison of population baseline and risk factors between the two groups [n(%), x ¯ ± s ]

表1. 2组人口基线及危险因素比较[n(%), x ¯ ± s ]

Table 2. Comparison of the test results of 2 groups of related risk factors ( x ¯ ± s )

表2. 2组相关危险因素检验结果对比( x ¯ ± s )

3.2. 组预后比较

超静脉溶栓时间窗组在静脉溶栓后无颅内出血发生,静脉溶栓时间窗内组在静脉溶栓后发生颅内出血5例。与静脉溶栓时间窗内组相比,超静脉溶栓时间窗组短期神经功能改善(出院时较入院时NIHSS下降 ≥ 4分)有显著性差异(P < 0.05),短期预后良好(出院时mRS评分0~2分)无明显差异(P > 0.05),见表3

Table 3. Comparison of prognosis between 2 groups

表3. 2组预后比较

4. 讨论

据美国心脏学会(American Heart Association, AHA)的一项研究显示,卒中相关死亡及伤残调整寿命年(Disability Adjusted Life Year, DALY)的损失仍在上升 [9]。由于WUIS患者无法明确准确发病时间,多数WUIS患者按照看到患者最后正常的时间或入睡时间来计算静脉溶栓时间窗,导致超出静脉溶栓治疗时间窗而排除在静脉溶栓治疗之外,使其丧失可能获益的血管再通方法。既往研究证明磁共振DWI-FLAIR不匹配的患者预计发病时间在3~6 h [10],超过90%的症状出现在发病3 h内 [11],这部分患者可行溶栓筛查,若无禁忌症,可行静脉溶栓治疗,可能从中获益。研究发现,脑卒中在24 h内的发病时间分布是不均匀的 [12],更易在清晨发生 [13]。Riccio [14] 等研究发现房颤和WUIS之间存在独立的关联。有研究表明 [15] [16] WUIS较非醒后卒中患者,其阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(Obstructive Sleep Apnea, OSA)发生率更高,且短期预后更差。AHMED等 [17] 研究表明,大多数醒后卒中的患者(65.2%)基于DWI-FLAIR不匹配使用rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,在溶栓90 d后功能结果良好(mRs评分 = 0~1分)。Kim [18] 等人通过多变量逻辑回归分析发现,静脉溶栓治疗是患者预后良好的独立危险因素,出院后3个月mRS评分在0~1分的患者占比37.6%。2018年WAKE-UP卒中研究显示,利用DWI-FLAIR不匹配指导发病时间不明确的患者行静脉溶栓治疗可使这部分患者获益 [19],而脑出血的比例并不会增加。既往研究发现基于DWI-FLAIR不匹配给予醒后卒中患者和清晨醒后已知发病时间的卒中患者rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,两者溶栓效果相似 [20]。CT因其廉价、易得的特点,早期应用多模式CT指导静脉溶栓治疗也是临床上常用的方法,CT灌注成像指导超时间窗溶栓近些年也被多个指南推荐 [21] [22]。据国内某单中心研究,在多模式影像指导下,超24 h的前循环大血管闭塞急性脑梗死患者血管内治疗仍可获益 [23]。本研究应用DWI-FLAIR不匹配识别超传统意义上时间窗外的WUIS可溶栓患者,给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,2组短期预后良好相仿,超时间窗组在短期神经功能改善方面略逊于时间窗内组。对超时间窗的患者行静脉溶栓治疗颅内出血转化风险不高于时间窗内患者。对超静脉溶栓时间窗的醒后缺血性卒中患者,行颅脑MRI检查,根据DWI-FLAIR不匹配筛选出可行静脉溶栓治疗的患者,对其进行静脉溶栓治疗,静脉溶栓治疗的安全性较高,其有效性略低于在静脉溶栓时间窗内醒后缺血性卒中患者。

本研究存在一定的局限性:首先,本研究是基于单中心结果的非随机回顾性分析,且样本量少。其次,本研究中2组患者入院时NIHSS评分存在差异(P < 0.05),溶栓时间窗内患者NIHSS评分较高,可能与这部分患者临床症状较重,遂来就诊时间较短有关,这导致短期神经功能改善方面较好,但出血风险较高,亦可能神经功能症状较重的患者是否更易早期觉醒,有待进一步研究。第三,本研究虽然证实了超静脉溶栓时间窗患者行静脉溶栓治疗颅内出血转化风险不高于静脉溶栓时间窗内患者,但该研究结果还需更多研究中心的大样本数据进一步证实。第四,本研究为回顾性研究,因未纳入WUIS患者中DWI-FLAIR不匹配未选择静脉溶栓的患者,故在样本选择上可能存在偏倚。

基金项目

烟台市科技发展计划项目(2020MGGY080);烟台市科技计划项目(2021YD004)。

文章引用

崔亚鹏,刘媛媛,徐少峰,康 海. 超时间窗醒后缺血性卒中患者与时间窗内患者静脉溶栓治疗的疗效对比
Comparison of the Efficacy of Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy in Patients with Is-chemic Stroke after Wake-Up beyond the Overtime Window versus Patients within the Time Window[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(06): 5681-5687. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126821

参考文献

  1. 1. Moradiya, Y. and Janjua, N. (2013) Presentation and Outcomes of “Wake-Up Strokes” in a Large Randomized Stroke Trial: Analysis of Data from the International Stroke Trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 22, e286-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.07.016

  2. 2. Powers, W.J., Derdeyn, C.P., Biller, J., et al. (2015) American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Focused Update of the 2013 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Regarding Endovascular Treatment: A Guideline for Health-Care Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 46, 3020-3035. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000074

  3. 3. Fiehler, J., Cognard, C., Gallitelli, M., et al. (2016) European Recommendations on Organization of Interventional Care in Acute Stroke (EROICAS). International Journal of Stroke, 11, 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493016647735

  4. 4. 段延龙, 张春阳, 石秋艳, 杨斌, 王翠兰, 孙原. 急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者出血转化及预后的危险因素研究[J]. 中风与神经疾病杂志, 2021, 38(1): 36-41.

  5. 5. 刘世扬. 急性缺血性脑卒中超早期静脉溶栓围治疗期的优质护理效果研究[J]. 中国实用医药, 2020, 15(34): 165-167.

  6. 6. Roveri, L., La Gioia, S., Ghidinelli, C., et al. (2013) Wake-Up Stroke within 3 Hours of Symptom Awareness: Imaging and Clinical Features Compared to Standard Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treated Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 22, 703-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.10.003

  7. 7. Costa, R., Pinho, J., Alves, J.N., et al. (2016) Wake-Up Stroke and Stroke within the Therapeutic Window for Thrombolysis Have Similar Clinical Severity, Imaging Characteristics, and Outcome. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 25, 511-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.10.032

  8. 8. Thomalla, G., Cheng, B., Ebinger, M., et al. (2011) DWI-FLAIR Mismatch for the Identification of Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke within 4.5 h of Symptom Onset (PRE-FLAIR): A Multicentre Observational Study. The Lancet Neurology, 10, 978-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70192-2

  9. 9. Benjamin, E.J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., et al. (2019) Dis-ease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139, e56-e528.

  10. 10. Tao, A., Wang, Z., Chen, H., et al. (2019) Association of Atrial Fibrillation with Hemorrhagic Trans-formation after Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Science), 48, 254-259.

  11. 11. Geraldo, A.F., Berner, L.P., Haesebaert, J., et al. (2016) Does b1000-b0 Mismatch Chal-lenge Diffusion-Weighted Imaging-Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery Mismatch in Stroke. Stroke, 47, 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011501

  12. 12. Elfil, M., Eldokmak, M., Baratloo, A., et al. (2020) Path-ophysiologic Mechanisms, Neuroimaging and Treatment in Wake-Up Stroke. CNS Spectrums, 25, 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852919001354

  13. 13. Andrews, N., Gralnick, H., Merryman, P., et al. (1996) Mecha-nisms Underlying the Morning Increase in Platelet Aggregation: A Flow Cytometry Study. Journal of the American Col-lege of Cardiology, 28, 1789-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00398-1

  14. 14. Riccio, P.M., Klein, F.R., Pagani, C.F., et al. (2013) Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation Linked to Wake-Up Stroke and TIA: Hypothetical Implications. Neurology, 80, 1834-1840. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318292a330

  15. 15. Haula, T.M., Puustinen, J., Takala, M., et al. (2021) Wake-Up Strokes Are Linked to Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Worse Early Functional Outcome. Brain and Behavior, 11, e2284. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2284

  16. 16. Park, J., Yeo, M., Kim, J., et al. (2020) Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Wake-Up Stroke: A Differential Association Depending on Etiologic Subtypes. Sleep Medicine, 76, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.030

  17. 17. Ahmed, H., Logallo, N., Thomassen, L., et al. (2020) Clinical Outcomes and Safety Profile of Tenecteplase in Wake-Up Stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 142, 475-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13296

  18. 18. Kim, J., Park, M., Nam, T., et al. (2011) Thrombolysis as a Factor Associ-ated with Favorable Outcomes in Patients with Unclear-Onset Stroke. European Journal of Neurology, 18, 988-994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03351.x

  19. 19. Thomalla, G., Simonsen, C.Z., Boutitie, F., et al. (2018) MRI-Guided Thrombolysis for Stroke with Unknown Time of Onset. New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 611-622. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804355

  20. 20. Huisa, B.N., Liebeskind, D.S., Raman, R., et al. (2013) Diffu-sion-Weighted Imaging-Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery Mismatch in Nocturnal Stroke Patients with Unknown Time of Onset. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 22, 972-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.01.004

  21. 21. Bivard, A., Kleinig, T., Miteff, F., et al. (2017) Is-chemic Core Thresholds Change with Time to Reperfusion: A Case Control Study. Annals of Neurology, 82, 995-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25109

  22. 22. Feil, K., Reidler, P., Kunz, W.G., et al. (2020) Addressing a Real-Life Problem: Treatment with Intravenous Thrombolysis and Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke Patients with an Ex-tended Time Window beyond 4.5 h Based on Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging. European Journal of Neurol-ogy, 27, 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14051

  23. 23. 尹帅领, 王海波, 康泰, 等. 多模式影像指导下超时间窗的前循环大血管闭塞急性脑梗死患者血管内治疗单中心临床经验[J]. 中国实用神经疾病杂志, 2020, 23(9): 803-807.

  24. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

期刊菜单