Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 11 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 58142 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12111506

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与慢性乙型肝炎的相互 影响及可能机制

陈博诗,俞慧宏*

重庆医科大学附属第二医院消化内科,重庆

收稿日期:2022年10月18日;录用日期:2022年11月15日;发布日期:2022年11月22日

摘要

随着生活水平改善及方式转变,全球非酒精脂肪性肝病发病率逐年上升,未来可能成为肝移植首要原因;同时我国罹患慢性乙型肝炎人口多,其中共病患者数量不容忽视。本文就二者相互影响及可能机制作一概述。

关键词

非酒精性脂肪性肝病,慢性乙型肝炎,脂质代谢

Interaction and Possible Mechanism between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis B

Boshi Chen, Huihong Yu*

Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Oct. 18th, 2022; accepted: Nov. 15th, 2022; published: Nov. 22nd, 2022

ABSTRACT

With the improvement of living standards and the change of lifestyle, the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing year by year worldwide, which may become the leading cause of liver transplantation in the future. At the same time, the population suffering from Chronic B virus liver disease is large in China, and the number of comorbidity patients cannot be ignored. This paper gives an overview of the interaction and possible mechanism between them.

Keywords:Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Chronic Hepatitis B, Lipid Metabolism

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

过去40年中,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD)在全球的流行率达到25%,成为最常见的慢性肝病,其可能导致肝纤维化、肝硬化,甚至肝细胞癌,造成严重的社会经济负担 [1];近20年,其在中国的流行率也达到29.6% [2]。同时,中国是慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic Hepatitis B, CHB)的高发国家,其2016年流行率为6.1% [3],乙肝进展也可导致肝硬化和肝癌。随着NAFLD患病率逐年升高,我国CHB合并NAFLD患病人数不可小觑。本文探讨NAFLD与CHB的相互影响及可能机制,并对NAFLD合并CHB的临床管理提出一些建议。

2. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病发病机制

非酒精性脂肪性肝病是肝脂肪变引起的一组连续疾病谱,包括非酒精性脂肪肝(Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis),及其相关的肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma)。其中非酒精性脂肪肝以伴或不伴有轻度炎症为主要特征;非酒精性脂肪性肝炎以坏死性炎症和纤维化进展为主要特征。C P Day等提出“二次打击”,为NASH发病机制的经典学说,即NASH形成第一步需要脂肪变性,第二步需要脂质过氧化。随着研究深入,学术界发现NAFLD的发病机制较为复杂,其发生发展涉及多种途径及不同器官之间的相互作用,故“多重打击”学说逐渐代替“二次打击”并成为目前主流观点。在遗传易感和生活水平日益提高的背景下,营养过剩等因素驱动脂肪异位堆积。营养素及其代谢产物通过诱导内脏脂肪细胞、巨噬细胞等多种细胞分泌脂肪因子、炎症因子,触发慢性系统性低峰度炎症。炎症促进肝脏选择性和/或全身性胰岛素抵抗,从而导致游离脂肪酸增多、肝脏从头合成脂肪增多。合成脂肪途中多生成的甘油二脂及神经酰胺,造成线粒体氧化应激、胰岛素敏感性下降及血糖升高。而血糖过高,葡萄糖可

直接进入细胞内合成脂肪 [4] [5] [6]。总效应为增加炎症,脂肪生成增加,胰岛素和血糖水平升高。此外,多种研究表明肠道菌群、肠肝轴也参与到NAFLD的发生发展。

3. HBV病毒结构特点

慢性乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染引起的全球性疾病,2016年调查显示全球感染总人数为2.57亿,我国乙肝感染人数为8600万 [2],是我国引起肝硬化和肝细胞癌(HCC)的首要病因。1963年Blumberg等在澳大利亚土著人血液中提取出澳大利亚抗原即HBsAg,从此逐渐揭开乙型肝炎神秘的面纱。乙肝病毒是可感染人畜的最小嗜肝DNA包膜病毒,呈部分环状。乙肝病毒由直径42 nm的Dane颗粒和其内直径27 nm的核心颗粒组成。Dane颗粒具有感染性,主要成分是脂质双层和镶嵌其上的3种大、中、小表面抗原(L-HBsAg, M-HBsAg, S-HBsAg)。核心颗粒由作为核衣壳的核心蛋白二聚体(HBcAg)、3.2 kb松弛环状DNA (rcDNA)和聚合酶组成。乙肝病毒通过L-HBsAg与人肝表面的牛磺胆酸钠转运多肽(NTCP)结合进入肝细胞内,基因组通过核孔进入细胞核内,转变为共价环状闭合DNA (cccDNA),cccDNA招募人组蛋白、非组蛋白、调控因子、转录因子等成为cccDNA微染色体结构,该结构较为稳定,且不易被人体免疫组织识别,难以清除。cccDNA利用宿主聚合酶进行转录和复制,在肝细胞内病毒生活周期占有关键地位 [7]。

4. NAFLD对CHB的影响

4.1. NAFLD与乙肝病毒学指标下降相关

高脂饮食建立NAFLD合并HBV的转基因小鼠研究结果显示:合并脂肪肝小鼠的血清HBeAg、HBsAg 及HBV DNA水平均出现明显下降 [8] [9]。许多临床研究也发现脂肪变性对乙肝血清病毒学指标呈负相关。与单纯乙肝患者相比,合并症患者血清中HBeAg阳性率和HBV DNA阳性率,肝内HBsAg和HBcAg染色阳性率均减少(P < 0.001) [10]。一项回顾性研究发现,合并肝脂肪变性患者易更早实现HBsAg清除(49 vs. 53 岁,P = 0.001)。这可能是肝细胞内脂肪的存在及相关脂质代谢异常改变HBsAg的胞质分布,诱导肝细胞凋亡,从而抑制病毒复制,导致HBsAg丢失有关 [11]。一项前瞻性研究中,发生HBsAg清除的患者,经FibroScan诊断的轻中度脂肪变性的比例较高,而重度脂肪肝更易发生纤维化进展 [12]。这可能与炎症严重程度相关,即轻度炎症反应具有肝保护作用,有助于组织修复和促进内稳态重建,而重度炎症反应可能导致肝细胞大量丢失,从而加剧各种肝脏疾病的严重程度,实际上与不可逆的肝损伤、纤维化和致癌有关。

多项研究表明,不符合治疗指征的乙肝患者,即使处于免疫耐受期,也可发生炎症和纤维化进展风险,远期发生肝细胞癌风险大于治疗患者 [13] [14]。近年来,全球多地学者甚至提出“全治”治疗策略(“Treat All”)。上文已提到CHB合并NAFLD患者血清病毒载量、血清HBeAg阳性率更低,但实际上有可能病毒在肝内肝细胞损害是持续存在的,因此采用现行指南中抗病毒治疗标准,可能延误这部分患者的治疗。

4.2. NAFLD对慢乙肝抗病毒疗效无明显影响

大多研究表明NAFLD对抗病毒疗效无明显影响。一项中国台湾的研究回顾性分析了,196名HBeAg阳性患者抗病毒5年后HBeAg清除率,根据肝穿病理分为脂肪肝及对照组,两组5年后HBeAg清除率无差异 [15]。土耳其的一项研究前瞻性随访乙肝病人使用1年干扰素后持续抗病毒反应,结果显示持续抗病毒反应在非脂肪肝患者比例更高,但无统计学差异 [16]。泰国设计了一项前瞻性研究,未启动抗病毒治疗的乙肝患者治疗前完成肝穿检查,根据病理结果分为无脂肪变性、脂肪变性组、脂肪性肝炎三组,核苷类似物单药治疗48周后,生化应答及完全应答均无明显差异 [17]。我国一项多中心临床试验的事后分析,通过肝脏病理诊断将慢乙肝患者分为NASH组和非NASH组,恩替卡韦治疗72周后血清HBeAg转阴率、HBV DNA转阴率和ALT复常率无显著差异 [18]。来自韩国的一项研究却得出相反的结论,通过瞬时弹性成像评估334名乙肝抗病毒患者肝脂肪含量,结果提示5年后发生HBeAg血清学转换组有更低的CAP值,即非脂肪肝组HBeAg血清转换率高于脂肪肝组 [19]。笔者认为这可能与纳入人群种族差异、定义的脂肪肝诊断标准、治疗措施不统一等有关。

5. 乙肝病毒对NAFLD的影响

5.1. HBV基因表达诱发脂肪变性

HBV基因表达和复制依赖肝代谢核受体,部分核受体在肝细胞内作为关键成分参与肝脏内糖异生、脂质代谢和胆固醇稳态。HBV DNA四个重叠开放阅读框分别编码C、X、P、S蛋白,其中X蛋白在病毒生活周期中发挥重要作用,刺激代谢途径中基因或信号分子,增强脂质合成,为HBV转录复制提供能量。HBx蛋白过表达可上调代谢相关基因如LXRα/β、SREBP1、C/EBPα和PPARγ的表达和转录激活,增强脂质合成 [20] [21]。HBx还通过诱导脂肪酸结合蛋白1 (FABP1)的表达增加细胞内脂肪酸的转运。HBx可刺激线粒体功能,增加线粒体活性氧水平(ROS)和氧化应激导致肝内脂质蓄积增加。HBV诱导胆固醇合成基因表达,比如HMG-CoA和LDL受体,从而导致脂肪变性。HBV通过结合NTCP,促进胆汁酸和胆固醇升高,上调SREBP-2和HMG-CoA还原酶的表达 [22]。在Hep2.2.15细胞培养液中使用洛伐他汀(Lovastatin),来抑制胆固醇合成,结果显示培养上清中HBsAg水平降低,而HBV DNA水平未见明显变化 [23],使用脂肪酸合酶抑制剂(Fatty acid synthase inhibitors)处理,在有效降低胞内长链脂肪酸水平的同时,培养上清HBV DNA水平降低至对照组的50%,HBsAg降低至80% [24]。这些结果表明,HBV转录复制可从多种途径增强脂质合成,导致脂肪变性,使用脂质合成抑制剂,可有效抑制HBsAg水平。

5.2. HBV感染可能是降低脂肪肝发生的有利因素

有研究认为病毒感染可诱导肝脂肪变性,例如临床观察到丙型肝炎患者脂肪变性率较一般人群更高,乙肝病毒基础研究亦提示HBV感染可诱导肝内脂肪变性。相悖的是,更多乙肝临床研究观察到HBV感染与脂肪肝发病率呈负相关,倾向于HBV感染是降低脂肪肝发生的有利因素,这可能与HBV感染影响多种脂肪因子分泌并改变脂质谱有关。多项大规模人口研究显示现症HBV感染是低脂肪肝风险的独立因素 [25] [26],且高甘油三酯血症、缺血性中风、心肌梗死、代谢综合征风险更低,进一步将这部分患者病毒学指标行亚组分析,结果显示HBV DNA水平、病毒基因类型、HBeAg状态与NAFLD发生率无关 [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]。基于实验室与人群观察结论相悖之处,进一步研究脂质代谢与HBV复制周期之间的联系,可能会为新的治疗靶点提供线索。

6. 代谢紊乱是CHB风险分层的主要因素

多项临床研究表明,肝脂肪变性是慢乙肝患者肝严重纤维化、肝细胞癌等肝脏相关不良事件发生的危险因素,部分研究纠正代谢因素后,发现单纯脂肪变性与肝相关不良结局不相关,2型糖尿病、超重/肥胖或其他代谢功能障碍等是远期不良结局的有害因素,即代谢紊乱与慢乙肝患者严重纤维化、肝硬化和肝细胞癌的风险增加密切相关 [32] [33] [34]。而临床研究观察到NAFLD常与其他代谢性疾病伴发,如在一项多中心回顾性研究中,CHB合并NAFLD患者中患有代谢紊乱占85.6% [35]。上述现象或许可解释基础与临床观察相悖之处,即其中存在代谢紊乱等重要中间变量。因此使用代谢紊乱对CHB进行危险分层,及时做好生活方式干预、体重和腰围控制,可有效控制肝脏炎症和纤维化 [36],减轻胰岛素抵抗、改善远期预后。

7. 总结

我国HBV感染患者多,且仍处于高流行阶段,在NAFLD患病率日益增高情况下,探讨CHB合并NAFLD发病机制、相互影响,指导临床管理,改善不良预后,减轻因此带来严重社会经济负担具有重要意义。

就目前的研究来看,轻中度NAFLD可能是乙肝患者病毒学指标的保护因素,HBsAg转阴实现可能性稍大。重度脂肪肝则提示可能炎症反应重,加剧肝内损伤、纤维化、癌变,若同时合并代谢紊乱或NASH,则是肝病进展的危险因素,需要及时临床干预。

HBV复制转录高度依赖肝内代谢核受体,通过多种通路诱导肝内脂肪变性,矛盾的是,大规模人群研究提示乙肝是降低NAFLD患病率的保护因素。明确HBV复制周期与脂质代谢的关系,可为优化治疗方式提供新方向。

文章引用

陈博诗,俞慧宏. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病与慢性乙型肝炎的相互影响及可能机制
Interaction and Possible Mechanism between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis B[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 10453-10458. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111506

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  37. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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