Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 01 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 48493 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.121103

青年缺血性脑卒中病因及危险因素研究进展

齐祥东,李小龙

延安大学附属医院,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2021年12月28日;录用日期:2022年1月18日;发布日期:2022年1月29日

摘要

青年缺血性脑卒中指的是发生在18~45岁的卒中,在近几年发生率逐渐升高,主要是由于这一年龄组中传统血管危险因素的流行率上升,但也由于非法药物使用;尽管年轻卒中患者的生存率和功能结果均优于老年患者,但对预期寿命为几十年的患者来说,社会经济后果同样严重,给家庭和社会带来极大负担;相对于老年患者,青年卒中病因多样。因此,对其危险因素及发病机制的研究日益受到重视。本文对青年缺血性脑卒中进行综述,为制定有效防控措施,对青年脑卒中的预防提供参考。

关键词

青年,缺血性脑卒中,危险因素,病因

Research Progress on Etiology and Risk Factors of Ischemic Stroke in Young People

Xiangdong Qi, Xiaolong Li

Yan’an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Dec. 28th, 2021; accepted: Jan. 18th, 2022; published: Jan. 29th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Ischemic stroke in young people refers to stroke that occurs between the ages of 18 and 45, and the incidence has gradually increased in recent years, mainly due to the increased prevalence of traditional vascular risk factors in this age group, and also due to the use of illegal drugs. Although the survival rate and functional outcome of young patients with stroke are better than those of elderly patients, the socio-economic consequences are also serious for patients with a life expectancy of several decades, which brings great burden to families and society. Compared with elderly patients, there are various causes of stroke in young people. Therefore, the research on its risk factors and pathogenesis has been paid more and more attention. This paper summarizes the ischemic stroke in young people, in order to formulate effective prevention and control measures and provide reference for the prevention of stroke in young people.

Keywords:Young Adults, Ischemic Stroke, Risk Factors, Etiology

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 流行病学

脑卒中是全球第二大死亡原因和第三大致残原因,大约80%的卒中是脑梗死 [1] [2]。一项关于青年脑卒中发病率的综述中,系统地分析了1980年至2009年间发表的29项相关研究,缺血性脑卒中的比例范围分别为21%~77.9% [3];Ness-china研究调查提示中国脑卒中患病率、发病率和死亡率分别为:1114.8/10万、246.8/10万人年和114.8/10万人年。也就是说我国目前每年约有240万人新发脑卒中,每年110万人死于脑卒中 [4] [5]。发病率的增加可能包括常见危险因素的改变,比如年轻人长期久坐不动,体力活动减少,饮食习惯变化,糖、盐以及加工食品的摄入量增加,以及有毒物质的使用,如吸烟、酒精或非法药物的使用 [6],传统风险因素,如高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病和肥胖等发病率也在增加 [7] [8]。

针对缺血性脑卒中的分型,目前国际最常采用的缺血性脑卒中的分类方法为1993年美国公布的TOAST分型 [9],包括大动脉粥样硬化型(large-artery atherosclerosis),心源性栓塞型(cardio embolism),小动脉闭塞型(small artery occlusive stroke),其他明确病因型(stroke of other demonstrated etiology),不明原因型(stroke of undemonstrated etiology)。TOAST分型主要是基于老年卒中人群的研究,老年患者主要由动脉粥样硬化、心源性所致,目前没有专门针对年轻患者脑卒中的病因分型,仍采用的是基于老年卒中的TOAST分型,虽然青年患者在我国仍以动脉粥样硬化为主,主要集中在40岁以后 [10] [11] [12],但是其它原因型及不明原因型明显较老年人增多。如颈动脉夹层。目前,大约三分之一的病例的病因尚不清楚 [13]。

2. 病因

2.1. 大动脉粥样硬化

大动脉粥样硬化提示血管检查中与脑梗死神经功能缺失相对应的颅内或颅外动脉及其分支狭窄程度 > 50%。在青年缺血性脑卒中患者中,大脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄是目前脑梗死的发病率最高的原因,但在35岁以上的男性中最为常见 [10] [14] [15] [16],原因多为随着时间增加,传统的危险因素如吸烟、酗酒、高血压、糖尿病、血脂紊乱、高Hcy血症、高纤维蛋白血症、hsCRP升高所致 [8] [10] [17] [18]。

2.2. 心源性栓塞

心源性栓塞性缺血性脑卒中主要是指由于患者心脏病所导致的脑栓塞,在中年性脑卒中约占1/3 [19]。常见的心脏病类型包括心律失常、卵圆孔未闭型心脏病、风湿性心脏病、心脏瓣膜病变等 [20]。心房颤动(AF)是老年人卒中最常见的原因之一,占25%至35%。然而,在年轻脑卒中患者中,房颤的发生率相对较低,大约只有5%。

2.2.1. 卵圆孔未闭

卵圆孔在子宫内连接左右心房,通常在出生后不久闭合;未能闭合导致卵圆孔未闭(PFO)。这可能会使患者通过右向左分流增加反常血栓栓塞的风险;然而,PFO在普通人群中的患病率约为25%,在年轻卒中患者中的患病率却高达50% [21] [22],卵圆孔未闭致脑梗占青年心源性卒中37% [23]。几项研究证实了PFO与隐源性卒中之间的联系,但在这些患者中有三分之一的人偶然发现了PFO [24]。

2.3. 小动脉疾病

高血压、糖尿病会引起血管病变,致使小动脉的玻璃样变或纤维素样坏死,形成脑梗塞。另外还有一些罕见的小动脉疾病。这些罕见疾病中最常见的是伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)。这是一种在临床、MRI和遗传学标准上发现的脑内小血管的情况。这是由于19号染色体上Noch3基因的突变导致一种导致动脉闭塞的物质积聚在小血管壁上;在50岁以下的人中,大约10%的腔隙性脑梗死是由它引起的。临床表型包括有先兆的偏头痛,反复的皮质下梗死,情绪障碍,冷漠和认知障碍。最初的症状最常出现在第三个十年,死亡发生在50岁左右 [25]。

2.4. 其他已确定的原因

2.4.1. 颈动脉夹层

颈动脉夹层是由于动脉破裂,血液通过颈动脉内膜撕裂口进入内膜与中膜之间或中外膜交界处所致。—颈颈动脉或椎动脉夹层是年轻人卒中的最常见原因之一,颈内动脉夹层比椎动脉夹层更常见,虽然颈动脉夹层只占脑卒中2%左右,但在45岁及以下的患者中,颈动脉夹层约占的20% [26] [27]。除颈部外伤外,颈动脉夹层可能跟遗传因素有关,如Ehler-Danlos综合征、Marfan综合征和纤维肌肉发育不良可能是诱发因素 [26] [28]。最常见的临床症状是头痛和颈痛,或伴有霍纳综合征以及耳鸣。诊断上可以行CTA或DSA检查,典型的长而细的不规则丝状串珠样狭窄或“火焰征”,管腔狭窄表现出的“鼠尾征”或“线样征” [29]。

2.4.2. 炎症性动脉病

当年轻卒中患者为不典型卒中部位及表现时,应怀疑为非感染性和炎症性血管病变。炎性动脉疾病,是一种引起颅内大血管壁炎症,伴有或者不伴有坏死的疾病 [30]。颅内血管炎的原因很广泛,如结缔组织疾病、系统性红斑狼疮、乙肝、丙肝、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、水痘–带状疱疹病毒(VZV)、梅毒和其它血管炎症性血管病,如:大动脉炎、Cogan综合征、Susac综合征、Sneddon综合征、抗磷脂综合征或Eales病等相关的感染性血管炎 [31] [32] [33] [34]。常规检查包括评估炎症标志物,如血沉、C反应蛋白、类风湿因子、抗核抗体谱、补体和抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体,以及常规脑脊液实验室检查。

2.4.3. 烟雾病(Moyamoya)

Moyamoya在日语中的意思是“烟雾弥漫”,指的是颈内动脉末端及大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉起始部慢性进行性狭窄或闭塞,许多异常颅底血管网形成为,这些侧支发育起来是为了补偿Willis环内的狭窄闭塞性疾病 [35]。Moyamoya病主要影响亚洲人,占非动脉粥样硬化性血管病病例的6%~15%。年龄较小者以发生缺血性卒中为主,年龄较大者则发生脑出血的可能性较大 [36]。

2.4.4. 血液系统异常

血液系统疾病是年轻患者群体中的一部分隐源性卒中的原因,但青年脑卒中比例较小,血栓前疾病可导致静脉、动脉或微血管血栓,其机制目前尚不能具体明确。常见的疾病包括:抗凝血酶III缺乏症、凝血酶原基因突变、第V因子突变、蛋白C和S缺乏症、抗磷脂抗体综合征、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)突变、高同型半胱氨酸血症 [37]。因此,青年脑卒中患者病因未明时,血液系统的筛查是有必要的。有回顾性研究提示凝血酶原基因G20210A、第V因子突变、蛋白C缺乏与卒中相关 [38] [39] [40]。康奈尔大学急性卒中登记处最近完成的一项回顾性试验表明,40%的隐源性卒中患者至少有一种高凝筛查组阳性的血栓形成倾向。

2.4.5. 可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(SVCR)

可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(SVCR),这是一种急性非炎症性动脉病变。SVCR的特点是脑动脉可逆性收缩,通常伴有严重的、反复发作的雷厉性头痛。血管收缩可由内源性或外源性因素引起。如使用血管活性药物、非法或娱乐用药、创伤、产后状态或子痫、肿瘤、偏头痛或颈动脉夹层 [41]。诊断上CTA或者MRA检查可见血管节段性和多灶性狭窄;脑脊液正常;最重要的是动脉病变在12周内可逆性 [42]。RCVS所致脑梗死少见,反而蛛网膜下腔出血和血管痉挛更常见。诊断上RCVS需与血管性炎症相鉴别,血管壁成像也可用于鉴别RCVS与包括血管炎在内的其他血管病变。RCVS无强化或轻度强化,而血管炎有高度强化 [43] [44]。鉴别诊断非常重要,因为RCVS是用观察剂和钙通道阻滞剂治疗的,而血管炎是用类固醇和免疫抑制剂治疗的 [43]。

2.4.6. 遗传性原因

疾病包括Fabry病、伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)、伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病(CARASIL)、马凡综合征、MELAS (线粒体脑病、乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作),镰状细胞病和血管性Ehlers-Danlos综合征 [26] [45]。虽然这些情况很少见,但关键的临床和影像学特征有助于将其视为潜在的卒中病因。由于缺乏流行病学数据,真实的发病率尚不清楚。

2.4.7. 颈动脉网

颈动脉网发病率低,常被人们忽略,病变是内膜纤维肌肉发育不良所致,其特征是刚好超出颈内动脉起源的纤维内膜增厚的网架状突起 [46]。检查上核磁血管成像可见纤维网薄而无增强,无相关的壁内出血或脂质核 [47]。颈动脉网导致的卒中复发率很高,即使在抗血小板治疗或抗凝治疗的情况下也是如此,治疗上颈动脉网可以通过血管成形术治疗 [48]。

2.4.8. 非法药物使用

全世界每年约2500万为慢性药物使用者,18岁年龄问题更为严峻 [49]。影响中枢神经系统的非法和娱乐毒品包括可卡因、海洛因、甲苯、大麻。这些药物可诱发导致颅脑出血、脑梗死、脑血管痉挛、心律失常、血小板活化增加和血管炎。

3. 危险因素

3.1. 传统风险因素

传统的风险因素,包括高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、饮酒、肥胖及高同型半胱氨酸。随着年龄的增长,传统的血管危险因素和动脉粥样硬化以及缺血性卒中的病因的发病率也在增加 [50]。随着年龄增加,36-45合并糖代谢异常、高血压、大动脉粥样硬化明显高于18~35岁。这解释了动脉粥样硬化或小血管疾病作为缺血性卒中病因的分布更广 [46] [51]。在年轻人中脑卒中发病率的增加与这一年龄组中传统危险因素的流行增加是一致的。

3.2. 偏头痛

长期反复偏头痛患者,易诱发脑梗死,尤其是有先兆的偏头痛,会使卒中的风险增加2倍,以女性为主,而且卒中的风险随着偏头痛发作次数的增加而增加。当同时有吸烟或口服避孕药的偏头痛患者,脑卒卒中险明显要大得多。发病机制目前不是很清楚,没有明确的预防方法 [52]。

3.3. 口服避孕药

长期口服避孕药的女性患者脑梗死明显升高。荟萃分析显示,长期高雌激素避孕药所致的脑卒中风险增加4倍,即使低剂量的雌激素所致的脑卒中风险也会增加2倍。仅由孕激素组成的药片似乎不会增加风险 [16] [53]。

3.4. 妊娠和产后

妊娠期间会增加脑卒中的发生率,但孕妇–产褥期期间脑卒中的发生率较低;据报道,妊娠和产褥期间脑卒中的发生率从5/10万至67/10万不等。在怀孕和产褥期(分娩后6周),由于高凝状态,女性卒中的风险增加,怀孕和产褥期脑卒中的风险估计是同龄妇女的3倍。一般来说产褥期前2周发生脑静脉血栓的风险最高 [54] [55]。

4. 总结

综上所述,随着青年缺血性发病率逐渐增多,青年缺血性脑卒中病因及危险因素的特点广泛且复杂,青年脑卒中大脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄仍是目前脑梗死的发病率最高的原因,考虑原因可能为随着生活质量提高,传统的危险因素增加所致,因此,对传统危险因素的宣传目前仍是预防青年缺血性脑卒中的重点;其它明确病因(如颈动脉夹层、烟雾病、血管炎、血液系统疾病)明显较老年卒中增多,目前没有针对相应的一级二级预防措施;同时仍有1/3青年卒中病因仍尚未明确,因此对此类病因的研究仍十分重要。

文章引用

齐祥东,李小龙. 青年缺血性脑卒中病因及危险因素研究进展
Research Progress on Etiology and Risk Factors of Ischemic Stroke in Young People[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(01): 702-708. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.121103

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