Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 07 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 68944 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1371588

门脉高压性胆道病的诊疗进展

何洪博,樊海宁*

青海大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2023年6月18日;录用日期:2023年7月13日;发布日期:2023年7月19日

摘要

门脉高压性胆道病(PHB)是指在肝外门静脉高压症患者中观察到的胆道异常。虽然大多数患者无症状,但这些患者中约有30%存在胆道症状(腹痛、发热、黄疸、胆管炎以及由门静脉高压引起的上消化道出血等)。PHB的发病机制至今尚不明确,但扩张的静脉压迫胆总管或周围可能起主要作用。彩色多普勒超声、电子计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)和磁共振门静脉成像应是评价PHB的主要诊断方法。治疗仅限于有症状的病例,并强调其个体化治疗。PHB的治疗可通过内窥镜或外科手术(必要时通过门体分流术进行明确减压,然后进行胆肠吻合术)进行。本文将对门脉高压性胆道病的发病机制、临床特点、诊断以及治疗策略的研究进展加以文献回顾分析。

关键词

门脉高压性胆道病,肝外门静脉阻塞,高血压,胆道狭窄,门静脉海绵样变

Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy

Hongbo He, Haining Fan*

Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Jun. 18th, 2023; accepted: Jul. 13th, 2023; published: Jul. 19th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Portal hypertensive biliopathy (PHB) is a biliary abnormality observed in patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Although most patients are asymptomatic, about 30% of these patients have biliary symptoms (abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, cholangitis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by portal hypertension). The pathogenesis of PHB is still unclear, but dilated veins pressing on or around the common bile duct may play a major role. Color Doppler ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and magnetic resonance portography should be the main diagnostic methods for evaluating PHB. Treat- ment is limited to symptomatic cases, and individualized treatment is emphasized. PHB can be treated by endoscopy or surgery (definite decompression through portosystemic shunt if necessary, followed by choledochojejunostomy). In this paper, the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment strategies of portal hypertensive biliary disease were reviewed and analyzed.

Keywords:Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy, Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction, Hypertension, Biliary Stricture, Portal Vein Cavernous Degeneration

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

门脉高压性胆道病(portal hypertensive biliopathy, PHB)是指继发于肝外门脉高压(PH)而引起的胆道壁任何部位的异常,包括肝内和肝外胆管的狭窄、扩张、成角、移位以及胆结石的形成 [1] 。早在1944年Fraser等人就描述了与门静脉高压相关的黄疸和胆总管(CBD)压迫。2007年,Dhiman等人 [2] 首次提出了PHB的概念,用以描述这些由门脉高压导致的胆道异常。门脉高压性胆道病主要与肝外门静脉阻塞(extrahepatic portal vein obstruction, EHPVO)有关。影像学证实81%~100% EHPVO的患者发生胆管变化,然而只有5%~38%的患者出现胆道症状,症状包括腹痛、发热、黄疸等 [3] [4] [5] 。在患有非肝硬化门脉纤维化(NCPF)和肝硬化的患者中也发现了该病症,但是数量较少。

2. 发病机制

PHB最常见的原因是肝外门静脉阻塞(EHPVO),而EHPVO的病因至今还不明确。一般认为,局部和全身的危险因素都有可能涉及。成人EHPVO主要与凝血障碍、局部炎症、腹腔内脓毒症、骨髓增生性疾病、基础肝病或肝胆胰肿瘤相关,而新生儿和儿童的EHPVO主要与脐炎和腹腔内脓毒症有关 [6] [7] [8] 。EHPVO的病因及患病率如下:原发性骨髓增生性疾病(3%~42%);凝血障碍(3%~55%);胰腺炎(4%~19%);腹腔脓毒症(5%~36%);肝脓肿(0~4%);门静脉损伤(5%~17%);妊娠(0~2%);口服避孕药(3%~19%);肝移植后(1%~2%)。PHB不仅限于EHPVO患者,还报告了由其他原因引起的门静脉高压症患者,如肝硬变和特发性门脉高压症或非肝硬化性门脉纤维化,EHPVO患者中PHB的发生率为(81%~100%) [3] ,明显高于肝硬变(0~33%)或特发性门脉高压(9%~40%)的患者 [9] 。这可能与长期存在门脉高压有关,导致胆管区大量侧支循环的形成,形成典型的门静脉海绵状海绵瘤(CTPV)。EHPVO患者的肛门直肠静脉曲张、大型食道静脉曲张和静脉曲张出血的发生率明显高于肝硬化者,这进一步支持了这一观察结果 [10] 。但是,目前关于门脉高压后导致胆道异常样变的发病机制尚不清楚,可能与以下三种机制有关:1) 胆道受压理论:胆总管的静脉引流由两个胆总管周围丛提供:Saint上胆管静脉丛和Petren旁胆管静脉丛 [11] 。它们形成围绕胆总管和肝管外壁的细网状静脉丛。这些丛的静脉大小不同,但通常它们的直径不超过1毫米。胆总管旁静脉流入胰十二指肠静脉、胃静脉、门静脉并直接流入肝脏 [12] 。这些胆管周围的侧支丛在门脉高压时扩张,直接压迫周围胆管,导致胆管变形,它们形成PHB中主要胆管侧支血管压迫的基础。2) 胆管壁缺血:长期的门静脉血栓形成导致引流胆管的静脉硬化,这反过来又会导致毛细血管和小动脉的损伤。这种血管供应的中断又可导致胆管中缺血性狭窄的发展,在Khuroo等人的一项研究中发现,这种胆管狭窄在门体分流术或TIPS后不能逆转 [13] 。这更加证实了缺血性病理学。3) 胆道感染理论:近年来研究发现,即使是尚未出现症状的PHB患者可能已经出现了胆管的炎症性改变,胆管炎可能是PHB自然进程的后期表现,炎症出现后造成纤维组织的沉积与新生,也导致了胆道的狭窄与损害 [14] 。上述机制可能同时存在,导致PHB的特征性改变。

3. 临床特点

通常,PHB在很长一段时间内会保持无症状。在其他疾病的治疗过程中,经常会偶然诊断出PHB,但有时胃食管静脉曲张或出血会提示PHB [15] 。约65%至95%的患者不存在任何胆道梗阻症状 [2] [3] [4] 。黄疸、腹痛和发热等症状与年龄较大、疾病持续时间较长、胆石症发生频率较高和肝功能检查异常有关 [16] 。尽管近年来影像学和内窥镜技术有所改进,但由于PHB引起的良性胆管狭窄与由于胆管癌引起的恶性狭窄的鉴别仍很困难 [1] 。研究表明,年龄较大、胆红素水平 > 14.3 mg/dL、CA 19-9水平 > 100 UI/L、近端胆管扩张、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶水平较高以及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)和内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)显示的典型恶性外观是恶性狭窄的判断因素 [17] [18] 。对疑似PHB患者的主要诊断挑战是确定门静脉海绵样变性是胆道系统改变的唯一原因。

4. 辅助检查

4.1. 实验室检查

肝功能检查是识别可能受益于影像学检查的患者的最佳初始检查。血清胆红素水平升高,以直接胆红素升高为主,血清碱性磷酸酶升高,是进行胆道成像的指征。转氨酶的升高一般发生在疾病晚期,如果长期的胆道梗阻和继发性胆汁性肝硬化,血清白蛋白水平和凝血酶原时间会变得异常。

4.2. 超声检查

超声检查在识别PHB中胆总管方面的敏感性较差,因为它通常被门静脉侧支所掩盖。PHB患者超声下肝脏回声多正常,典型者可见明显的门静脉海绵样变性,门静脉狭窄、变形或者血栓的形成,血流不规律,门静脉区域回声增强,其内可见数个无回声管状结构,解剖结构紊乱,胆总管难以辨认。然而,超声检查在术前勾画脾门静脉轴和识别胆囊静脉曲张方面具有重要作用,如果计划行胆囊切除术,约35%的患者可见胆囊静脉曲张 [19] [20] [21] 。

4.3. CT检查

多排螺旋CT在描绘门静脉系统解剖结构方面优于超声,有助于发现门静脉血栓形成的原因并排除胆道恶性肿瘤 [22] 。多排螺旋CT不仅可以直接观察扩张的侧支循环及阻塞的门静脉,还可以对图像进行立体重建等后处理,可以清楚的显示门静脉海绵样变性,胆管周围侧支循环的压迫以及胆囊静脉曲张等征象。

4.4. 内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)

多年来,ERCP一直是PHB的关键诊断方法,从而解释了ERCP中的影像学表现已被广泛描述。Chandra和Sarin [23] 根据ERCP的胆道异常定位确定了四种PHB类型:Ⅰ型,仅累及肝外胆管;Ⅱ型,仅累及肝内胆管;Ⅲa型,肝外胆管受累,单侧肝内胆管(左或右)受累;Ⅲb型,肝外胆管及双侧肝内胆管受累。Llop等人 [24] 还将PHB分为不同的严重程度:Ⅰ级,胆管树不规则或成角;Ⅱ级:凹陷或狭窄,无扩张;Ⅲ级:狭窄伴扩张(定义为肝内胆管≥4 mm或肝外胆管≥7 mm)。40%~100%的PHB患者左肝管会出现异常,而右肝管仅累及40%~57%的患者,其异常程度低于左肝管 [13] [25] 。其表现包括狭窄、口径不规则、节段性上游扩张、导管移位、导管成角或扭结、肝内导管聚集和导管修剪。胆管内可观察到结石或胆总管静脉曲张引起的多发性管腔缺损 [2] 。由于ERCP是一种有创性的检查方法,检查后容易诱发急性胰腺炎等并发症,所以只建议有症状的PHB患者行ERCP检查帮助评估病情。

4.5. 磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)和门静脉成像(MR Portography)

由于ERCP的侵入性及其伴随的风险,磁共振胰胆管造影术(MRCP)伴或不伴磁共振(MR)门静脉造影术已成为PHB的首选检查方法,因为它可以同时检查胆道改变和门静脉侧支循环的情况。Condat等人报告称,三分之一的PHB MR结果患者有症状;他们还证明MRCP诊断PHB的准确性与ERCP相似,但是没有特定的发病率 [26] 。因此,MRCP应特别适用于无症状的患者,或作为有胆道症状患者的初步检查,可以在任何治疗干预前阐明胆道梗阻的机制。此外,MR门静脉造影术还描绘了门静脉的解剖结构,这有助于评估治疗性门体分流(PSS)的可能性。

4.6. 内镜多普勒超声检查(EUS)

内镜多普勒超声检查可以识别胆总管静脉曲张和胆管结石,还可以区分PHB引起的下胆管狭窄与胆管癌或慢性胰腺炎引起的下胆管狭窄 [27] 。EUS还可以显示胆总管周围静脉侧支,因为这些静脉侧支太小,无法通过其他成像方式检测到 [28] 。但是,EUS不推荐用于PHB患者的常规检查。

5. 治疗

目前,关于PHB的最佳治疗还没有达成共识,因为关于各种形式的治疗的数据是不确定的。无症状的PHB患者不需要任何治疗,特别是如果肝脏血液检查正常。PHB症状的治疗应根据个体患者的特征来确定。应重视门静脉高压症的治疗和梗阻性黄疸的解除。使用治疗剂量的熊去氧胆酸可作为预防胆结石的首选,但其疗效尚未得到证实。

5.1. 内镜治疗

内镜治疗包括内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术联合十二指肠括约肌切开、球囊扩张、取石、支架置入等治疗方式。内镜治疗主要适用于胆总管结石、胆管炎或分流术不可行的PHB患者。在PHB患者中,由于存在胆管静脉曲张,胆道扩张术或括约肌切开术具有较高的出血风险,可导致胆道出血 [29] [30] 。暂时性内镜胆道支架植入术已用于患者,以减少再狭窄和结石复发发生率。塑料或覆膜金属支架可有效治疗胆道梗阻和胆管炎,但几个月后很可能会发生梗阻,因此通常需要定期更换;而且它们还具有由于反复性支架阻塞发展为继发性胆汁性肝硬化的风险 [31] 。无覆膜金属支架绝对禁忌用于良性狭窄,如PHB,因为5年时间发生支架阻塞的风险为100% [32] 。因此,尽管内镜治疗是伴有胆总管结石或胆管炎PHB患者的首选治疗方法,但是由于它并没有解除门静脉高压症,所以术后的再梗阻与结石形成率很高 [33] 。

5.2. 手术治疗

目前,大多数中心认为门体分流术(PSS)是继发于胆管狭窄的胆道梗阻的一线治疗方法,除非存在胆管炎或缺乏可分流静脉等并发症。据报道,在经过门体分流术后,可以使50% PHB患者的症状得到很大缓解 [34] 。脾肾分流术(SRS)是最常用的PSS。在这个过程中,脾静脉与肠系膜上级静脉分离并吻合到左肾静脉,可以结扎冠状静脉以防止离肝血流。该手术也可以使用人工移植物或自体静脉来进行,以在胰腺水平以下建立脾静脉和左肾静脉之间的连接。分流管的直径不应太大,以保留一些肠系膜血流到肝脏。在有症状的PHB患者中,也可以进行其他变体形式的PSS,并获得良好的结果。特别是,内脏静脉曲张与下腔静脉或左肾静脉之间的分流也已被报道 [35] 。在没有静脉可用于分流的患者中,脾切除术和断流术可能会改变PHB的自然病程,可能是通过减少总门静脉流量,因此可以被视为一种治疗性手术 [36] 。此外,PSS还有助于避免内镜下静脉曲张结扎或硬化治疗后胃肠道出血复发 [37] 。因此,门体分流手术在大多数患者中被建议使用,因为它可以逆转门静脉胆道病变,如果胆道梗阻持续存在,还可以使随后的胆肠吻合术变得更容易。

5.3. 肝移植

对于内镜或手术治疗失败的患者,肝移植是唯一的治疗方法。但是由于供体比较稀缺以及手术难度较大,这种治疗方法难以推广,目前国际上仅报道了2例肝移植治疗PHB的案例 [38] 。

6. 总结

门脉高压性胆道病(PHB)是门静脉高压症的晚期并发症,在肝外门静脉阻塞患者中较肝硬化或特发性门静脉高压患者更常见。来自胆管侧支的外部压力和/或门静脉血栓形成期间胆管的缺血性损伤似乎是导致PHB发展的主要机制。大约30%的患者有症状,这与年龄较大、疾病持续时间较长、胆石症发生频率较高和肝功能检查异常有关。磁共振(MR)胰胆管造影和MR门静脉造影是首选的初步检查。PHB症状的治疗应针对门静脉高压症的管理和梗阻性黄疸的缓解。内镜治疗是胆总管结石、胆管炎或主要胆管狭窄但无可分流静脉的患者的首选治疗方法。对于具有可分流静脉的显性胆管狭窄患者,应进行门体分流术。对于顽固性和晚期疾病可能需要肝移植。

文章引用

何洪博,樊海宁. 门脉高压性胆道病的诊疗进展
Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Por-tal Hypertensive Biliopathy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(07): 11361-11367. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371588

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  39. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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