Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 79351 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141104

乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的相关研究进展

朱旭冉,杨 驰,白芸齐,邵国安*

新疆医科大学第五附属医院甲乳外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年12月17日;录用日期:2024年1月11日;发布日期:2024年1月17日

摘要

乳腺癌是全球女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是我国女性癌症之首位。目前,外科手术仍是最主要最显著的治疗方式,然而手术会引起一系列并发症,皮瓣坏死就是乳腺癌术后最常见的并发症之一,常引起切口感染,伤口延期愈合等,给患者带来极大的痛苦并影响后续的综合治疗。笔者通过阅读国内外近几年相关文献,就乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的相关研究进展进行综述,以便开展有效的预防措施。

关键词

乳腺癌,皮瓣坏死,研究进展

Progress of Studies Related to Flap Necrosis after Breast Cancer Surgery

Xuran Zhu, Chi Yang, Yunqi Bai, Guoan Shao*

Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Dec. 17th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 11th, 2024; published: Jan. 17th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women in the world, and also the first female cancer in China. At present, surgery is still the most important and significant treatment, but surgery can cause a series of complications, flap necrosis is one of the most common complications after breast cancer surgery, it often causes incision infection, delayed wound healing, and brings great pain to patients and affects the subsequent comprehensive treatment. By reading the relevant literature in recent years, the author reviewed the relevant research progress of postoperative flap necrosis in breast cancer, so as to carry out effective and preventive measures.

Keywords:Breast Cancer, Flap Necrosis, Research Progress

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

乳腺癌(breast cancer, BC)是世界上最常见的癌症,据最新的全球癌症统计数据估计,20年有26万例乳腺癌病例,该疾病也是全球女性癌症死亡的主要原因 [1] 。同时,乳腺癌也是我国女性最常见的癌症,诊断时的平均年龄为48.7岁,因此尽早发现,及时开展针对性的治疗格外重要。乳腺癌的治疗是基于手术、放疗、全身治疗和靶向治疗等多学科的综合治疗方式 [2] 。其中,手术治疗仍是早期乳腺癌以及局部晚期乳腺癌患者治疗的基石,包括乳腺癌改良根治术、保留乳房手术和乳房重建术等,然而术后会引起一系列并发症,乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死就是其中之一,不仅需要手术清创、额外的重建和长期的伤口护理,也影响后续的综合治疗 [3] [4] ,对患者的生活质量产生负面影响。

2. 皮瓣坏死的发病率及原因

对于什么是真正的乳房切除皮瓣坏死的定义缺乏统一的共识,导致这种数据报道的“常见”并发症的估计发生率有很大的差异。这导致报道的乳房切除术皮瓣坏死发生率从低至2%到40%以上不等 [5] 。这些可怕事件的主要致病因素是乳腺癌手术所要游离的皮瓣较广,一定程度的创伤会诱发血管痉挛,从而损害皮瓣微循环,使皮瓣灌注受损,使组织易发生缺血和随后的坏死 [6] 。

3. 皮瓣坏死的诊断标准和分度

诊断标准:全层皮肤颜色明显变黑,甚至切割时无新鲜血液流出,2周后坏死皮瓣局限成黑色痂皮。皮肤坏死的分度:I度,坏死宽度 < 2 cm,II度,坏死宽度为2~5 cm,III度,坏死宽度 > 5 cm [7] 。

4. 乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的危险因素

乳房切除术后皮瓣坏死一直被认为是自体和植入型乳房重建术后最常见的并发症之一 [8] ,一项荟萃分析发现,自体组织似乎比植入物的重建更能耐受辐射引起的组织损伤,因此严重并发症的风险不会增加。然而,皮瓣可能显示辐射诱发的脂肪坏死、纤维化、萎缩和皮瓣挛缩 [9] 。虽然坏死的实际严重程度可能有所不同,但乳房切除皮瓣坏死可能会导致美学损害、重建失败或延迟辅助治疗的实施。因此,尽早识别其危险因素至关重要。研究表明,酒酿、吸烟 [10] 、体重指数 [11] 、辅助放射治疗 [12] 和初始组织扩张器填充量等因素已被证明是乳房切除皮瓣坏死的潜在危险因素,剥离皮肤和乳头的乳房切除技术以及直接植入重建等技术的进步已被调查为潜在的诱因。此外,一项回顾性研究发现,患者因素包括较高的体重指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病 [13] 、主动吸烟、既往放疗和年龄增加,可能与乳房切除术皮肤坏死的风险增加有关。手术因素,如较高的乳房切除术重量(weight of breast resection, WBS)、切口模式和重建类型(同种异体与自体),可能会影响乳房切除术皮肤坏死的风险 [14] 。大量的研究证实,WBR是皮瓣坏死的重要因素,且WBR为400 g或更高时的患者的皮瓣坏死发生率非常高 [15] [16] 。对这一结果的一种可能的解释是,在需要在皮下进行广泛手术操作的情况下,皮瓣中的血流量可能会减少。另一种可能的解释是,在乳房较大的患者中,皮下血管丛可能会受损,因为在手术过程中,皮瓣很容易被手术回缩压碎。Rusby等 [17] 认为,切口类型会影响皮瓣坏死的风险,乳晕周围的切口比远离乳晕的切口风险更高。一项基于皮瓣厚度与残留腺体组织之间的相关性的实验研究表明 [18] ,与小于5毫米的皮瓣相比,大于5毫米皮瓣中的残留腺体组织显着增加,发生皮瓣坏死的概率更高。

5. 乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的预防

5.1. 药物预防

实验表明,硝酸甘油(NTG)的应用有望降低皮瓣坏死率,但其有效性尚未证明,迄今为止,没有固定的剂量和方案来达到令人满意的高治疗指数效果 [19] 。此外,延缓或减少坏死的预防性生物活性敷料的概念也可以有效预防皮瓣坏死 [20] 。研究证实,曲克芦丁和类肝素可有效减少皮瓣坏死,提高皮瓣存活率。其原因可能是由于它们的抗水肿、自由基清除、抗氧化作用和对毛细血管通透性和渗出的支持活性 [21] 。

5.2. 减少皮下积液

皮下积液是乳腺癌术后的并发症之一,由乳腺癌术后的皮下及腋窝,以及保乳术后的残余乳腺内死腔中的异常积聚的浆液性液体形成 [22] 。当积液范围较大时会导致皮瓣与创面之间间隙加大,使之无法紧密贴合,造成皮瓣漂浮,皮瓣处血液循环不畅、坏死等现象 [23] ,因此,减少术后皮下积液有助于预防皮瓣坏死。目前针对皮下积液的主要措施有预防淋巴管漏、减少创面渗液、加强术后引流及合适的胸带加压包扎 [24] 。研究发现,使用皮瓣固定和皮瓣绗缝可以减少乳房切除术后的死腔,且使用缝合线固定皮瓣较使用组织胶固定皮瓣固定较好的减少皮下积液 [25] 。此外,皮瓣剥离的方法也被证明能减少血清肿的形成。

5.3. 合理的饮食结构

肥胖是一种多系统疾病过程,不仅会增加手术风险,也会导致手术部位的皮下脂肪大量堆积于皮肤,造成皮瓣处皮肤张力大,引发静脉回流受阻,动脉供血不足,最终致使皮瓣处血液循环障碍,引发皮瓣坏死 [6] 。合理控制饮食,控制自身的体脂质量,减少高脂肪、高糖食物的摄入,减少热量的摄入,多以蔬菜、水果、谷物和少量瘦蛋白为主,养成良好的饮食习惯,有助于预防皮瓣坏死。

5.4. 切口的选择

术前合理设计皮瓣,以病变周围2~3 cm的切口为宜,皮瓣边缘厚度以1~2 cm为宜,切口设计可以乳头为中心,作横或纵梭形切口,有效地避免切口边缘距离皮瓣基底过长,从而影响皮瓣的血运,且术中应注意精细操作,游离皮瓣时注意保护皮下毛细血管网 [26] 。

6. 小结

乳腺癌是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是癌症死亡的主要原因。皮瓣坏死作为乳腺癌术后最常见并发症之一,虽不足以危及生命,但给患者带来巨大的痛苦,延长了伤口的愈合时间并影响后续的综合治疗。伴随着我国医疗事业的进步及外科医生技术的提高,应尽早识别皮瓣坏死的危险因素并采取有效的预防措施,从而降低皮瓣坏死的发生率。

文章引用

朱旭冉,杨 驰,白芸齐,邵国安. 乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的相关研究进展
Progress of Studies Related to Flap Necrosis after Breast Cancer Surgery[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 748-752. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141104

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  27. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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