Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
13
No.
08
(
2023
), Article ID:
70767
,
6
pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381822
儿童肝脓肿的流行病学及病原学研究进展
王雪莉,刘泉波*
重庆医科大学附属儿童医院感染科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆市首批公共卫生重点学科(专科),重庆
收稿日期:2023年7月18日;录用日期:2023年8月10日;发布日期:2023年8月17日

摘要
儿童肝脓肿是一种严重但相对罕见的疾病,起病隐匿,临床症状不典型,早期诊断较困难,容易误诊及漏诊。近年来,随着抗菌药物的应用,辅助检查的开展,以及肝胆疾病和肿瘤性疾病增多、多重耐药菌增加、腹部侵入性操作,器官移植增多,免疫抑制剂的广泛使用,儿童肝脓肿的病因发生了很大的变化。以细菌感染最多见,如肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌等,其次有结核、真菌、寄生虫感染及其他特殊病原体感染,包括阿米巴原虫、蛔虫等。现就儿童肝脓肿近年流行病学、病原学研究作一综述,以指导临床医生早期诊断及治疗,改善预后。
关键词
儿童,肝脓肿,流行病学,病原学

Progress in the Epidemiology and Etiology of Liver Abscess in Children
Xueli Wang, Quanbo Liu*
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, The First Batch of Key Disciplines on Public Health in Chongqing, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Department of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
Received: Jul. 18th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 10th, 2023; published: Aug. 17th, 2023

ABSTRACT
Liver abscess in children is a serious but relatively rare disease, with insidious onset, atypical clinical symptoms, difficult early diagnosis, and easy misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. In recent years, with the application of antibacterial drugs, the development of auxiliary examinations, the increase of hepatobiliary diseases and tumor diseases, the increase of multi-drug resistant bacteria, abdominal invasive operation, increased organ transplantation, and the wide application of immunosuppressants, the etiology of liver abscess in children has changed greatly. Bacterial infections are the most common, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by tuberculosis, fungal, parasitic infections and other special pathogens infection, including amoeba, ascaris, etc. This paper reviews the epidemiology and etiology of liver abscess in children to guide clinicians in early diagnosis and treatment and improve the prognosis.
Keywords:Children, Liver Abscess, Epidemiology, Aetiology
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
肝脓肿(liver abscess, LA)是指病原体通过胆道、肝动脉、门静脉、直接蔓延等途径侵入肝脏后,由于炎症反应在肝脏内引起的肝内局灶性、占位性病变,是消化系统常见疾病。根据感染的病原体不同,可分为细菌性肝脓肿、阿米巴肝脓肿、结核性肝脓肿、真菌性肝脓肿等,临床表现主要为高热、寒战、右上腹痛、肝肿大、触痛等 [1] 。儿童肝脓肿是一种相对罕见的疾病,严重时可危及生命,儿童LA的结局取决于及时的诊断和干预,然而儿童LA起病隐匿、临床症状尚不典型,早期诊断较困难,且随着近年来临床上肝胆有创操作、广谱抗生素的临床应用日益广泛,加之免疫抑制剂的普遍应用,多重耐药和高毒力致病菌株的产生,LA的病因及病原体发生了变化,相应地,LA的诊治难度增加 [2] 。鉴于此,本文通过总结国内外相关文献,对儿童LA的流行病学及病原学进行综述,以期提升对儿童LA的早期诊治,改善预后。
2. 儿童肝脓肿的发病机制
儿童LA在发达国家并不常见,但对于在发展中国家居住的儿童是一个重要的感染性疾病,这可能与发展中国家社会经济水平较低及卫生条件较差,儿童易发生蛋白质营养不良及接触感染有关 [3] 。其发病机制多由胆管寄生虫感染、腹腔脏器感染如阑尾炎,细菌随门静脉进入肝脏、皮肤软组织感染细菌由肝动脉进入肝脏或腹部创伤直接导致肝脏损伤形成化脓性病灶等 [4] [5] [6] 。由于门静脉分支特点,大多数LA发生在肝右叶,且为单发,肝左叶脓肿较少见,且易发生腹膜炎及心包积液等并发症 [3] 。细菌性肝脓肿(pyogenic liver abscess, PLA)是指细菌经胆道逆行、门脉系统和全身血液循环等途径造成的感染性疾病 [7] ,经胆道途径感染可引起多发性脓肿,且年龄较大儿童多见 [8] 。Cerwenka研究发现,东亚国家的PLA患者主要是隐源性的,而欧美国家PLA与胆道畸形或恶性肿瘤密切相关 [9] 。隐源性LA是指尚不明确病因,结合病史及检查结果未发现明显肝外感染灶,而目前关于隐源性LA研究较少 [7] 。儿童PLA发病通常隐匿,因此隐源性所占的比例较高,在台湾的一项儿童相关研究中显示隐源性LA占70%~80% [10] [11] 。另外,肝脏发生穿透性肝损伤时,各种病原菌可直接通过创口进入肝实质,非穿透性肝损伤引起肝脏局部坏死、肝内出血或胆漏等为细菌生长提供适宜环境,从而进一步致脓肿发生 [8] 。
阿米巴肝脓肿(Amebic liver abscess, ALA)是由于溶组织阿米巴滋养体从肠道病变处经血流进入肝脏,使肝脏发生坏死而形成,是阿米巴病最常见的肠外表现,主要通过粪–口途径传染,常见于肝右叶。真菌性肝脓肿在临床上较少见,常继发于免疫抑制,主要见于血液系统恶性肿瘤或白血病患者化疗后。结核性肝脓肿常继发于肺或肠道结核,由结核杆菌通过肝动脉或门静脉及淋巴系统播散到肝内。
3. 儿童肝脓肿的流行病学
3.1. 儿童细菌性肝脓肿
儿童由于免疫系统尚不成熟,较易发生感染,胆道、肠道、皮肤等感染为菌血症及肝脏感染提供了来源,儿童PLA最常见,占LA的80% [12] ,若未得到及时治疗,可造成致命性损伤。但随着影像学检查的积极应用、抗生素及介入手术的治疗,PLA的诊断率及治愈率已显著提高,死亡率已低至10%以下 [2] 。各国家儿童PLA发病率不同,可能与该国的卫生、医疗保健等有关,发展中国家相比发达国家PLA更常见。在发展中国家,发病率从印度每10万人12岁以下儿童79例,到巴西约每140人中1例不等,而在美国,每10万人约有25人 [11] 。在台湾,在所有年龄组中,发病率从每10万例中的10.83例增加到15.45例。美国的一项基于该国2003年至2015年儿童PLA的发病率一项研究显示,在这12年间PLA的发病率显著增加(2003年至2015年期间增加了60%),这可能是由于IBD、胆道疾病等危险因素的增加,以及肝移植成功率的上升 [13] 。大多数研究报告的儿童PLA的发病年龄相似,美国的一项研究表明儿童PLA发病的平均年龄为13岁 [13] ,台湾的一项关于儿童PLA多中心研究得到平均的诊断年龄为9.6 ± 6.2岁 [10] ,在某些发展中国家进行的一些研究揭示了发病年龄较年轻的趋势,如西印度6.3岁,巴西8.1岁,科特迪瓦5.4岁 [14] [15] [16] 。PLA是一种严重的感染性疾病,其复发率也较高,Cheng等的一项前瞻性研究发现,胆源性PLA的复发率高达23%~37%,而非胆源性 PLA 的复发率也达到了2%~4% [17] 。患者病情严重程度、潜在的胆道疾病和治疗的延误可能是导致高死亡率和复发率的主要因素 [18] ,同时有免疫缺陷的儿童患PLA的风险相对于其他儿童有增加,既往研究表明,PLA在慢性肉芽肿性疾病患者中更为常见,可表现为复发性或长时间的脓肿 [19] [20] 。
3.2. 儿童非细菌性肝脓肿
寄生虫感染是儿童LA的重要病因,包括溶组织内阿米巴原虫、蛔虫病、血吸虫病及钩虫等,溶组织内阿米巴可在全球分布,该疾病的发生与卫生条件和社会经济状况的关系密切相关,中低收入国家感染率明显高于高收入国家,此外,高收入国家中相当一部分病例通常是输入性的,而非输入性病例通常是免疫抑制患者 [21] 。ALA是儿童非细菌性LA常见类型,是溶组织内阿米巴原虫感染的重要肠外表现,约占儿童LA的21%~30%,关于儿童ALA的报道多来自拉丁美洲和非洲 [22] [23] [24] 。胆道蛔虫病与LA的发生有一定的相关性,在蛔虫的流行地区较常见。真菌性LA常见于有免疫缺陷、血液系统恶性肿瘤或干细胞和器官移植后免疫抑制状态的患儿 [25] 。儿童结核性LA罕见。
4. 病原学分布
4.1. 儿童细菌性肝脓肿
PLA的致病菌包括需氧菌及厌氧菌,检出方法通常为血培养或脓液培养,各研究标本的培养阳性率不同。有关PLA病原学的研究表明,脓液培养对革兰阳性球菌的敏感度为90%,对革兰阴性杆菌的敏感度为52%,然而,血培养对革兰阳性球菌和革兰阴性杆菌的敏感度仅为30%和39% [26] ,但随着近年抗生素的及时应用,特别是有严重全身感染和非特异性临床体征的患儿,通常在诊断LA之前及获得培养标本之前使用广谱抗生素,不管是血液还是脓液检出阳性率都较低。在世界范围内,发达国家及发展中国家关于儿童PLA最常见的病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌 [27] ,印度的一项关于儿童LA研究也有相同的结果 [3] 。大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、肠杆菌属也是LA的常见病原菌 [28] 。19世纪80年代台湾首次报道了有肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染的LA [29] ,随后台湾的一项研究报道,肺炎克雷伯菌是儿童PLA最常见的病原体 [30] ,特别是在亚洲,克雷伯杆菌所致的LA可占50%~73% [31] [32] [33] [34] 。一项2016年关于中国PLA病原菌分布的meta分析指出,在中国,肺炎克雷伯杆菌(54%)、大肠杆菌(29%)、肠杆菌(9%)、变形杆菌(6%)和假单胞菌(5%)是最主要的致病革兰阴性菌,革兰阳性菌主要包括葡萄球菌(13%)、链球菌(8%)和肠球菌(7%) [35] 。有报道指出,厌氧菌感染占所有病原微生物的30% [8] ,PLA中最常见的厌氧菌是梭杆菌、拟杆菌、厌氧链球菌或微嗜氧菌 [36] ,通常是由机会性感染引起的。PLA患者发生菌血症及其他并发症可能性较高,特别是肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染,美国的一项对所有由肺炎克雷伯杆菌引起的PLA患者进行的研究中,发现83%的患者同时患有菌血症 [37] 。有研究表明,糖尿病是肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿的一个危险因素,同时易发生肝外并发症,如脑膜炎、眼内炎及脓胸,中枢神经系统及眼睛受累是永久性的,难以治疗,脓胸患者的预后较差,死亡率较高 [38] 。
4.2. 儿童非细菌性肝脓肿
儿童非细菌性LA包括寄生虫(阿米巴原虫、蛔虫)、混合性(寄生虫脓肿的化脓性重复感染)或更罕见的真菌感染所致。相对于成人,儿童更易感染寄生虫,更易导致儿童LA,几乎所有的寄生虫包括蛔虫病、血吸虫病、毛虫病、吸虫病和弓形虫感染都有被报道过导致LA [3] 。ALA的诊断主要通过血清学检查和影像学检查来确定的。在非流行地区,ALA发病大概在离开流行地区后的8至20周内,平均间隔12周,但症状发作可能在旅行或居住在流行地区后推迟数月至数年 [39] [40] 。与成人相比,ALA患儿更容易出现高热、胃肠道症状、肝肿大、咳嗽或呼吸困难 [41] ,约75%的患者出现肺不张、浆液性胸腔积液和右半膈肌抬高 [42] 。脓肿破裂是一种罕见但严重的并发症,可出现严重的腹痛和腹膜体征,包括腹胀和板状腹,并迅速发展为脓毒症和休克 [43] 。患有ALA的婴儿更容易出现肝肿大和结肠炎的症状,包括腹泻和血便,在美国的一项对18例ALA婴儿进行的回顾性研究中,约92%的病例为暴发性病例,死亡率为47% [44] 。真菌性LA最常见的真菌种类是白色念珠菌,其次是曲霉菌、毛霉菌和荚膜组织胞浆菌 [45] 。
5. 小结
儿童LA是一种严重但相对罕见的消化系统感染性疾病,不同国家的发病率、发病年龄及病原菌不同,这可能与各国的卫生条件及经济水平相关。在有蛋白质营养不良、胆道疾病、血液系统疾病、慢性肉芽肿病和恶性肿瘤病史的儿童中,需特别警惕LA的发生。儿童LA中以PLA最常见,PLA的主要病原菌种类为肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、肠杆菌、链球菌和肠球菌,糖尿病是肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿的一个危险因素,且比其他病原菌感染的患儿更易发生肝外并发症。有关厌氧菌引起的PLA报道较少,常见于机会性感染。ALA是非细菌性LA最常见的类型,其临床表现无特异性需与PLA相区别,在免疫抑制状态下的患儿需高度警惕真菌性LA。早期识别、诊断及治疗可有效减少并发症的出现,改善患儿的预后。
文章引用
王雪莉,刘泉波. 儿童肝脓肿的流行病学及病原学研究进展
Progress in the Epidemiology and Etiology of Liver Abscess in Children[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 13014-13019. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381822
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NOTES
*通讯作者。