Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 02 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 61370 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.132273

多个实验指标在急性阑尾炎不同感染程度中 诊断价值的研究现状及进展

付春雪,朱功兵*

新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年1月14日;录用日期:2023年2月8日;发布日期:2023年2月15日

摘要

急性阑尾炎作为目前最常见的急腹症之一,目前急性阑尾炎的诊断主要依靠典型的症状体征、实验室检查及影像学检查,但由于部分患者的症状和体征与病变严重程度不相符,腹部CT和超声检查受到患者腹腔积气及诊断医生经验等因素的影响,准确判断患者病变严重程度也受到一定程度的影响,从而导致治疗时机的延误。国内外大量研究表明白细胞(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)等多个实验室指标与急性阑尾炎严重程度的诊断密切相关,本文旨在对白细胞(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、D-二聚体(D-D)、胆红素(BIL)对急性阑尾炎不同感染程度的诊断价值进行综述。

关键词

急性阑尾炎,降钙素原(PCT),C反应蛋白(CRP),D-二聚体

Research Status and Progress of the Diagnostic Value of Multiple Experimental Indexes in Different Degrees of Acute Appendicitis

Chunxue Fu, Gongbing Zhu*

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Jan. 14th, 2023; accepted: Feb. 8th, 2023; published: Feb. 15th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases at present. At present, the diagnosis of acute appendicitis mainly depends on the typical symptoms and signs, laboratory examination and imaging examination. However, because the symptoms and signs of some patients are not consistent with the severity of the disease, abdominal CT and ultrasound examination are affected by factors such as the patient’s abdominal cavity gas accumulation and the experience of the diagnostic doctor, and the accurate judgment of the severity of the disease is also affected to a certain extent. This leads to the delay of treatment time. A large number of studies at home and abroad have shown that many laboratory indicators such as WBC and PCT are closely related to the diagnosis of the severity of acute appendicitis. This article aims to review the diagnostic value of WBC, PCT, CRP, IL-6, D-D and BIL in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with different degrees of infection.

Keywords:Acute Appendicitis, Procalcitonin (PCT), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), D-Dimer

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

阑尾是一个小的退化器官,位于回盲远端 [1] ,这种结构也被称为“蠕虫状阑尾”,最早由意大利解剖学家贝伦加里奥·德·卡普里描述 [2] 。关于病理过程,阑尾的炎症——即“阑尾炎”。阑尾炎的发病率是可变的。它最常影响10~20岁的年轻人,但老年人也可能易患阑尾炎 [3] 。急性阑尾炎是世界最常见的腹部外科急症之一,阑尾切除术仍然也是全世界范围内最常见外科手术之一,就目前现状来讲要获得一个准确的术前诊断仍然是一个挑战 [4] 。多年来的观点为绝大多数急性阑尾炎一经确诊,应早期行阑尾切除术 [5] 。近几年来,越来越多的研究者开始重视非手术疗法,国外文献报道中已提及抗生素治疗急性单纯性阑尾炎的效果。但对急性复杂型阑尾炎(急性化脓性阑尾炎、急性坏疽性阑尾炎、急性坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔、急性阑尾炎穿孔伴脓肿形成等)的保守治疗效果差,仍需进行手术。但是急性阑尾炎不一定会表现出其经典的症状,这使得阑尾炎有时难以达成一个明确的诊断。急性阑尾炎是阑尾的急性感染性炎症,是临床常见病,疾病特点为起病急、进展迅速等,大多数患者在入院诊疗时基本出现典型性临床症状如麦氏点压痛及明显转移性右下腹痛,行临床常规性检查即可确诊为急性阑尾炎。但部分患者在入院时并不具备上述典型性临床症状及体征,这类患者占急性阑尾炎总患病率的30%,且在诊断时极易与尿路结石、急性胆囊炎和肠胃炎等病症混淆,加大了诊断难度,且此类患者如若不能及时确诊,则会导致病情进展恶化,甚至增加急性腹膜炎或患者阑尾穿孔的风险性 [6] [7] 。所以在临床中,需要准确判断急性阑尾炎严重程度的实验室指标来用以指导临床手术时机选择及指导抗生素用药。白细胞是目前临床上最常用初步筛查感染的指标;降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)属蛋白质,在体内及体外稳定性都很好,血清PCT的升高与细菌感染密切相关,全身感染中,PCT早期即可升高;C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)属非特异性炎性标志物,是一种感染时,由肝脏合成的急性时相反应蛋白;D-二聚体(D-dimer, D-D)为凝血功能检查,感染较重时,凝血体统高度活化,血液高凝,也会引起凝血功能异常;白细胞介素-6 (Interleukin 6, IL-6)在集体抗感染免疫反应中起重要作用,目前也广泛应用于临床炎症程度的判断指标;相关外文文献提示,胆红素(Bilirubin, BIL)与急性阑尾炎的严重程度也有相关关系 [8] 。本文对其在急性阑尾炎诊断中的现状及进展综述如下。

2. 白细胞(WBC)

白细胞为临床上目前最常用初筛感染的诊断指标,意大利学者通过对术后病理证实的急性阑尾炎患者术前检查指标分析时发现:腹部感染时白细胞(White Blood Cell, WBC),通常很高,在无并发症的急性阑尾炎(Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis, UAA)中的敏感性为79%。在复杂性急性阑尾炎(Complex Acute Appendicitis, CAA)病例中,白细胞的敏感性增加到84% [9] 。对于无并发症的成年急性阑尾炎患者,白细胞可以初步判断其感染程度,从而指导临床抗生素用药及早期手术。但个体差异较大,结果往往存在一定差异。

3. 降钙素原(PCT)

降钙素原(PCT)它由甲状腺的C细胞,肺的K细胞和许多受内毒素或炎性细胞因子刺激的实质组织迅速产生。细菌脂多糖和促炎细胞因子是PCT产生的最有效诱导剂 [10] 。然后这种激素被裂解形成降钙素,这是一种主要作用于降低身体钙水平的激素。PCT的有用性直到最近才真正得到重视。PCT水平升高与感染过程有关,尤其是细菌感染的过程 [11] 。国外有研究报告表明,PCT在急性阑尾炎的早期阶段无效,但对急性坏死性阑尾炎或穿孔性阑尾炎是一种很好的检查方法 [12] 。PCT在辅助诊断急性阑尾炎方面的有用性取决于阑尾炎的严重程度,与单纯性阑尾炎(Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis, UAA)和多种其他非阑尾性腹内病变患者相比,穿孔、坏疽或坏死等复杂性阑尾炎(CAA)的患者的PCT水平显著升高 [13] 。将已经确诊的急性阑尾炎患者的PCT水平与非阑尾腹部病变(例如尿路结石、胃肠炎)患者的PCT水平进行比较时,可以得出的结论是,急性阑尾炎患者的PCT水平平均更高 [14] [15] 但其统计意义也存在变化,大多数人的结论是,与其他腹腔内病变相比,PCT在预测UAA的诊断方面并不更好。国外学者研究了具有不同临床严重程度的AA患者,所有作者得出的结论是,与UAA相比,CAA患者的PCT水平更高。从统计角度来看,可以得出结论,在比较UAA和CAA时,PCT水平存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。因此,也向临床医师指示在判断腹部感染是否为急性阑尾炎时,PCT存在一定争议,而通过其他相关检查诊断为急性阑尾炎时,PCT可提示阑尾炎的潜在感染程度。

4. C反应蛋白(CRP)

C反应蛋白(CRP)于1930年由Tillet和Francis首次发现。它是一种非特异性急性期反应物,主要刺激炎症中细胞介导的免疫和趋化性。研究表明,CRP的定量值通常在急性炎症过程中(如AA)升高 [16] 。已发现CRP在诊断AA方面具有高度敏感性 [17] 。印度学者在对其院内的46名确诊急性阑尾炎患者各项指标研究中发现:入院时,研究中的平均hsCRP (mg/L)在C-AA患者中显着更高,hsCRP值 > 35 mg/dL在预测C-AA (PPV 100%, NPV 45%)方面具有高度敏感性(100%)但没有特异性(21%) [18] 。其他学者同样发现CRP是阑尾穿孔炎的预测指标 [19] [20] [21] 。虽然既往研究没有单独评估将CRP加用于其他阑尾炎特征的价值,但在目前欧洲部分国家CRP被选为二级医疗机构阑尾炎炎症反应评分的预测指标 [22] 。CRP仅对症状和体征有价值,并可能改善全科医生的决策,但只有在临床病史和体格检查有指征时才应进行。事实上,对患有急性腹痛但没有阑尾炎体征或症状的患者进行CRP检查是没有意义的 [23] 。CRP是急性期反应物实验室因素,其诊断AA的敏感性已得到证实 [24] 。炎症开始6~12小时后,血浆CRP水平达到可检测点 [25] 。虽然血浆中测得的CRP水平较高意味着更严重的炎症过程甚至复杂性阑尾炎,但无论是敏感性还是特异性,该标志物对于AA的早期诊断都不够 [29] 。所以CRP与PCT检查相同,对于判断一个腹部感染的患者是否为急性阑尾炎是,并没有特异性,但对于结合其他影像学检查已经确诊的急性阑尾炎患者感染严重程度的判断有一定价值。

5. 白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)

白细胞介素-6是免疫细胞作用于其他细胞所产生的蛋白质,作用为调节并促进免疫反应,刺激急性反应物产生,在炎症或是组织损伤时血液中浓度增加。在急性阑尾炎期间,由于细菌侵入阑尾 [26] 后的炎症过程和中性粒细胞募集,其他促炎细胞因子,特别是IL-6作为发热和急性期反应的介质而分泌。在Gürleyik等人的研究中,对于急性阑尾炎患者IL-6的敏感性和特异性分别为84%和46%,并且在穿孔性阑尾炎患者中报告了IL-6水平的显着升高 [27] 。Paajanen等人测量了80名接受阑尾切除术手术的患者的细胞因子水平,发现IL-6水平与组织病理学上观察到的炎症严重程度增加相关,但未穿孔性阑尾炎患者和无阑尾炎患者之间的IL-6水平没有显着差异 [28] 。但研究中也明确提到无法确定患者IL-6评估据发病开始的时间,IL-6通过mRNA转录(需要4到6小时)上调,蛋白质水平在局部炎症过程发展后24小时达到峰值 [29] 。因此,诊断性能可能取决于病程中何时采集血清。综合来讲,IL-6同PCT、CRP相似,在诊断急性阑尾炎时无特异性,但可用于对于急性阑尾炎严重程度的判断。

6. D-二聚体(D-D)

国外有学者认为,阑尾梗阻、随后的缺血以及伴随这些事件的炎症反应可能会增加血液中的D-二聚体水平。在正常范围内,D-二聚体已被证明在排除重要疾病(如弥散性血管内凝血病、肺栓塞或血栓栓塞)方面具有高度特异性 [30] 。长期阑尾炎表现为壁部腹膜刺激和壁不可逆缺血导致纤维蛋白溶解和D-二聚体水平升高 [31] 。D-二聚体水平高提示持续性阑尾炎,但它并不是诊断的有用标志物。D-二聚体具有较高的阳性预测价值,因此可以作为坏疽性或穿孔性阑尾炎风险的良好指标,这具有更大的临床意义。然而,这是一种非特异性标志物,在其他原因引起的腹痛中也会升高,因此,在阑尾炎的诊断中没有帮助 [32] 。Mentes O et al. [33] 报告了D-二聚体诊断价值的相关结果:发现D-二聚体检测在急性阑尾炎中的特异性相对较高(约75%)。但与PCT类似,D-二聚体在急性阑尾炎中的诊断价值非常低(31%)。

7. 胆红素(BIL)

就阑尾炎而言,胆红素不是公认的标志物。高胆红素血症通常在肝功能障碍和胆道梗阻中增加,但由于一般腹膜炎、AA和脓毒症,患者也可观察到胆红素升高。高胆红素血症发生在各种疾病的全身感染中,包括一般腹膜炎和败血症 [34] [35] ,已经描述了导致全身感染中高胆红素血症的几种机制。几种细菌感染已被证明可诱发胆汁淤积 [35] [36] ,大肠杆菌和脆弱拟杆菌是阑尾炎最常见的细菌性病因 [37] 。复杂性阑尾炎引起肠水肿和运动减慢。这些机制导致胆红素升高 [38] 。日本学者在对成人急性阑尾炎术前胆红素指标的研究中已经发现:高胆红素血症、高CRP水平和发热可能是急性阑尾炎严重程度的有效预测指标,与老年患者相比,高胆红素血症在<65岁患者中更有用 [39] 。

8. 总结

国内外相关研究对于急性阑尾炎患者术前实验室指标研究中,可以发现,对于急性阑尾炎及其他腹腔感染疾病而言,白细胞(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、D-二聚体(D-D)、胆红素(BIL)对于急性阑尾炎的诊断均无明显特异性。但对于已经诊断为急性阑尾炎的患者,国内外多数学者在对其医院内的急性阑尾炎患者进行研究时发现,对于经术后病理证实的急性阑尾炎患者,术前PCT、CRP、IL-6、D-D及BIL均可用于对于急性阑尾炎感染严重程度的判断。国外相关对比研究提示,PCT的灵敏度及特异性均高于CRP、IL-6。D-二聚体对于急性阑尾炎严重程度的判断多内研究较少,国外大多研究发现D-二聚体对急性阑尾炎的感染严重程度的诊断有一定价值,但由于急诊患者检查经费及其他原因,D-二聚体并不作为一个常规术前检查,所以对于临床应用来说,有一定的局限性。目前临床上并不将胆红素作为常规判断急性阑尾炎患者感染严重程度的指标,但日本学者研究认为,对于小于65岁的急性阑尾炎患者,高胆红素血症对于其严重程度的判断具有一定意义。总之,以上实验室指标均对阑尾炎的严重程度的诊断有一定意义,其中以PCT的意义最为重要,白细胞及D-二聚体、胆红素在临床应用时,由于个体差异、检查受限等原因,其对阑尾炎感染严重程度的诊断价值不如PCT、CRP、IL-6。

文章引用

付春雪,朱功兵. 多个实验指标在急性阑尾炎不同感染程度中诊断价值的研究现状及进展
Research Status and Progress of the Diagnostic Value of Multiple Experimental Indexes in Different Degrees of Acute Appendicitis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(02): 1968-1973. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132273

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  40. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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