Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 08 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 55065 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.1281122

成人睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤1例病例报道并文献 复习

罗正磊,刘云飞,王啟才,李建军,肖玉坤*

大理大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,云南 大理

收稿日期:2022年7月17日;录用日期:2022年8月16日;发布日期:2022年8月23日

摘要

目的:报告1例睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤并总结其临床表现、疾病特点、诊断及其治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1例睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤的临床资料及诊治流程并结合相关文献复习。结果:患者入院后通过手术治疗,并且顺利出院。术后病检示:[右睾丸肿物]送检囊壁样组织,由纤维组织构成伴钙盐沉积,未见内衬上皮,囊内为角化组织,考虑成熟性囊性畸胎瘤。结论:完善相关检查后予患者行“右侧睾丸肿物切除术”,并经术后病理免疫组化确诊,出院后随访10个月,患者术后复查未见明显异常,生存状况良好,无特殊不适。

关键词

睾丸畸胎瘤,良性肿瘤,手术治疗

Mature Teratoma of the Testis in Adults: A Case Report and Literature Review

Zhenglei Luo, Yunfei Liu, Qicai Wang, Jianjun Li, Yukun Xiao*

Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali Yunnan

Received: Jul. 17th, 2022; accepted: Aug. 16th, 2022; published: Aug. 23rd, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To report a case of mature teratoma of testis and summarize its clinical manifestations, disease characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A case of mature teratoma of testis was retrospectively analyzed. Results: The patient was treated by surgery after admission and discharged smoothly. Postoperative pathology examination showed: [right testicular mass] cyst wall like tissue was examined, composed of fibrous tissue with calcium salt deposition, no lining epithelium; keratinized tissue was found in the cyst, and mature cystic teratoma was considered. Conclusion: The patient underwent “right testicular mass resection” after the improvement of relevant examinations, and was confirmed by postoperative pathological immunohistochemistry. The patient was followed up for 10 months after discharge.

Keywords:Testicular Teratoma, Benign Tumor, Surgical Treatment

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

睾丸畸胎瘤是一种或几种不同胚层(内,中,外胚层)组织构成的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤。从流行病学的角度来看,睾丸肿瘤仅占人类肿瘤的1%至2% (占泌尿生殖系统肿瘤的3.5%),但却是15至40岁男性中最常见的肿瘤。睾丸肿瘤分为生殖细胞肿瘤和非生殖细胞肿瘤。只有生殖细胞肿瘤(95%的睾丸肿瘤)是该种肿瘤的发展趋势。畸胎瘤可分为成熟性畸胎瘤、未成熟畸胎瘤和混合型畸胎瘤。而成熟性畸胎瘤相比于混合型和未成熟性是十分少见的。2020年11月我院收治1例睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤,右侧睾丸肿物切除术后经病理及免疫组化进行确诊,术后患者痊愈出院,术后复查未见明显异常。

2. 资料与辅助检查

2.1. 临床资料

患者:男性,23岁,因“发现右侧睾丸肿物2月余”为诉入泌尿外科。患者2月前因胃痛在当地县医院就诊(具体不详),住院期间感右侧睾丸酸胀不适及下坠感明显;后予患者行阴囊彩超检查发现右侧睾丸肿物;患者未予规范治疗,病程中无明显疼痛、发热、血尿、排尿困难等不适;今为求系统诊治来我院就诊;专科检查:双肾季肋区无突起及凹陷、双侧腰背部皮肤无红肿、瘢痕及色素沉着、双侧肾区无隆起、叩击痛、双侧输尿管走行区无压痛、膀胱区无隆起、无明显压痛、未触及包块、双侧腹股沟区无红肿及色素沉着、无压痛、未触及肿大淋巴结及肿大包块;右阴囊肿大,较左侧稍增大,右侧阴囊可触及一大小约1.0 cm × 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm肿块,质硬、界清、表面光滑与阴囊周围皮肤无粘连,透光试验阴性,附睾精索未见异常,左睾丸附睾等正常。

2.2. 辅助检查

Figure 1. MRI examination

图1. MRI检查

入院后予患者完善血常规、血生化、二便常规、术前九项、凝血全套、肿瘤标志物及其他实验室检查,其结果无异常。我院阴囊彩超示:右侧睾丸实质低回声结节声像(性质?);MRI示;右侧睾丸区结节状异常信号影(如图1所示)。术中病检示:[右睾丸肿物]送检囊壁样组织,由纤维组织构成伴钙盐沉积,未见内衬上皮,囊内为角化组织,考虑成熟性囊性畸胎瘤。免疫组化示:成熟性囊性畸胎瘤。

2.3. 手术方法

麻醉生效后,患者取仰卧位,术野区常规消毒铺巾,取右侧阴囊纵切口,逐层切开阴囊皮肤各层,查见右侧附睾及睾丸肿物,大小约1.0 cm × 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm的不规则肿块,质硬、境界清,表面光滑,与阴囊皮肤无粘连,后打开睾丸白膜,完全分离睾丸占位并切除,术中冰冻送检结果示:成熟性囊性畸胎瘤,为良性肿瘤;后查术野无渗血,逐层关闭鞘膜、肉膜、皮下组织及皮肤。

术中病检示:成熟性囊性畸胎瘤。术后免疫组化示:成熟性囊性畸胎瘤(如图2所示)。

术后复查阴囊彩超结果回示:未见明显异常。术后随访患者生存状况良好,无特殊不适。

Figure 2. Postoperative pathological examination

图2. 术后病理组织检查

3. 讨论

3.1. 疾病特点

睾丸肿瘤并不常见,仅占人体恶性肿瘤的1% [1]。可分为精原细胞瘤及非精原细胞瘤。睾丸畸胎瘤属一种特殊类型的非精原细胞瘤,更为少见,仅占成人睾丸肿瘤的2%~6% [2]。畸胎瘤是生殖细胞肿瘤的一种少见类型,约占睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的7%~10%。畸胎瘤为胚胎性全能细胞向胚层组织分化形成的肿物。

睾丸畸胎瘤是一种或几种不同胚层(内,中,外胚层)组织构成的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤。2004年世界卫生组织WHO《泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中将睾丸畸胎瘤分为:畸胎瘤、皮样囊肿、单胚层畸胎瘤及伴有体细胞恶性成分肿瘤 [3]。青春期前睾丸畸胎瘤为良性病变,青春期后睾丸畸胎瘤中有22%~37%患者发生转移。皮样囊肿是一种特殊良性单胚层畸胎瘤,显微镜下表现富含毛发;角化物的囊肿伴有皮肤附属器结构。睾丸畸胎瘤多有两种或两种以上胚层构成,包括内胚层的粘液腺体,中胚层的软骨 [4];肌肉和淋巴组织,以及外胚层的鳞状上皮和神经组织。畸胎瘤分为成熟性畸胎瘤、未成熟畸胎瘤和混合型畸胎瘤。成熟性畸胎瘤约占睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的1% [5] [6] [7],可发生儿童和成年,儿童中睾丸畸胎瘤是最常见的睾丸肿瘤之一 [8] [9],精原细胞瘤和混合生殖细胞瘤最为常见 [7],成人成熟性畸胎瘤报道相对少见。

3.2. 临床表现

睾丸畸胎瘤一般表现为患侧阴囊内单发无痛性肿块,呈结节性,质硬或有韧感,偶伴有阴囊钝痛或下腹部坠胀不适,少部分患者有背部或腹肋部疼痛 [10]。血清肿瘤标志物对诊断、分期、预后有重要的作用。主要包含APF、HCG和乳酸脱氢酶,尚缺乏敏感性和特异性,阴囊彩超和CT是临床常用的检查,超声能明确肿块和搞完的关系,尤其是肿块较小难以触及时有重要的意义,而CT检查不仅能够显示睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤本身的特征,也能够显示肿瘤是否转移及转移后的淋巴结肿大情况,超声检查是睾丸肿瘤的首选方法,多用于肿瘤的普查和早期诊断。多表现为睾丸内回声不均,内含大小不等的液性暗区或强回声灶。包块附有毛发、牙齿或骨骼,有的畸胎瘤呈实性分叶状或以实性为主的团块,内含有许多小囊腔,实体区可见未成熟的骨与软骨组织 [11]。畸胎瘤CT特征为:睾丸实质内具有软组织密度块影、脂肪密度块影伴钙化点。如果畸胎瘤肿物与周围组织有浸润情况要高度警惕畸胎瘤恶变情况 [12]。

3.3. 治疗方式及预后

青春期睾丸畸胎瘤一般属于良性肿瘤,首选保留睾丸手术 [13]。术中应送快速冰冻病理检查明确诊断避免睾丸不必要切除 [14]。正常睾丸组织的保留对其患者内分泌功能以及生育能力有着很大的意义。该例患者有生育需求行睾丸肿物切除,术中快速冰冻提示:睾丸成熟性囊性畸胎瘤,术后复查各项常规均正常。青春期以后的睾丸肿瘤首选经腹股沟入路根治性睾丸切除 [15]。

目前对于睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤国内外报道相对较少,对于选择何种治疗方案尚未有统一的标准,一般对于无远处转移且有生育要求的选择睾丸部分切除术;当伴有远处转移时可选择睾丸切除伴定期化疗 [16]。成熟性畸胎瘤相对少见,虽然是良性肿瘤,但同样存在恶变风险,对于其手术方式的选择,Gentile G [17] 等认为除非明确为良性病变,否则首选根治性睾丸切除术 [18],但临床诊断不明确或影像学评估更倾向于良性病变,可避免对睾丸做不必要切除 [19]。本例睾丸患者考虑年龄以及生育需求故采取右侧睾丸肿物切除术,术后10月随访患者生存状况良好,无特殊不适。复查阴囊彩超未见明显异常,目前随访时间短,需进一步随访定期复查。

4. 结论

综上所述,睾丸畸胎瘤是一种很少见的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤,临床发病少见,成人睾丸畸胎瘤具有恶性,对放化疗不敏感,故根治切除是最好的治疗方法。因此,按照指南推荐的早期诊断及治疗睾丸畸胎瘤可取得良好的治疗效果,并对睾丸畸胎瘤的预后有着重要的意义。

文章引用

罗正磊,刘云飞,王啟才,李建军,肖玉坤. 成人睾丸成熟性畸胎瘤1例病例报道并文献复习
Mature Teratoma of the Testis in Adults: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(08): 7791-7795. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1281122

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  20. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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