Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 10 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 73722 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13102247

胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏管理研究进展

雷民淦,季学闻*

新疆医科大学第一附属医院,肝脏·腹腔镜外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年9月13日;录用日期:2023年10月8日;发布日期:2023年10月16日

摘要

术后胰瘘(postoperative pancreatic fistula, POPF)是胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)术后最主要的并发症,POPF会延长患者的住院时间和增加患者的经济负担,甚至可导致严重并发症甚至危及患者生命。与预防不同,POPF的治疗管理长期以来一直缺乏规范。现对国内外关于POPF患者在营养支持、合并感染、合并出血等方面管理现状和研究进展进行综述,为未来进一步优化POPF管理提供参考。

关键词

胰十二指肠切除术,术后胰漏管理

Research Progress in the Management of Pancreatic Leakage after Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Mingan Lei, Xuewen Ji*

Department of Hepato-Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Sep. 13th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 8th, 2023; published: Oct. 16th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is the most common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). POPF can prolong patients’ hospital stay and increase patients’ economic burden. It can even lead to serious complications and even endanger the patient’s life. Unlike prevention, treatment management of POPF has long been poorly regulated. This article reviews the current status and research progress of the management of POPF patients in nutritional support, co-infection, co-bleeding and other aspects, so as to provide reference for further optimization of POPF management in the future.

Keywords:Pancreaticoduodenectomy, Postoperative Pancreatic Leakage Management

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

胰十二指肠切除术(PD)一直是胰头和壶腹部位周围良恶性肿瘤的主要治疗方法 [1] [2] 。由于胰腺周围相对复杂的解剖结构,以及需要切除和吻合大量器官,使PD成为最复杂的手术之一 [3] 。PD术后并发症包括POPF、胆漏、出血、腹腔感染、胃排空延迟等,这些并发症的出现不仅影响了患者的预后效果,而且增加了患者的住院时间和经济负担 [4] 。法国一项高容量中心调查结果显示,PD术后的并发症发生率约为30%~50%,术后90天死亡率约为5% [5] 。而POPF是胰十二指肠切除术后最常见和最严重的并发症,发生率约为15%左右 [6] 。胰液外漏引起腹腔内器官坏死、感染,并侵蚀周围血管,可诱发出血甚至死亡 [7] 。与POPF的预防不同,POPF的长期治疗管理没有得到很好的规范 [8] 。本文综述了目前临床上对POPF的管理现状和研究进展,为临床医师针对POPF的治疗和管理提供思路。

2016年国际胰腺外科学组(International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery, ISGPS)将胰漏诊断分级进行定义:术后 > 3 d任意量的引流液淀粉酶含量大于血清淀粉酶正常值上限的3倍,临床无需特殊处理的,归为生化漏(非胰漏);对住院和治疗发生影响,需要临床相关处理,如因胰漏相关出血或出现胰漏相关的感染征象(未出现器官功能衰竭),需经皮或内镜下穿刺引流、血管造影介入治疗的,归为B级胰漏;当B级胰漏需二次手术且出现胰漏相关的感染征象(出现器官功能衰竭)或死亡的,归为C级胰漏。此定义将胰漏重新划分为生化漏、B级胰漏及C级胰漏3个等级,其中B级和C级胰漏统称为POPF [9] 。

2. POPF的诊断

胰漏的临床症状是非特异性的,只要患者在接受PD术后出现正常临床病程的偏差,就应该开始怀疑POPF [10] 。患者可能会伴有腹痛、恶心、呕吐、无法排气或排便等不适,并且通常伴有以下临床症状:大于38℃的发热;体位性低血压;腹部触痛、肿胀或僵硬;腹部伤口红斑、发热或肿胀 [11] 。除了以上临床症状和体征外,术后前几天引流管出现的红棕色引流液则可能提示POPF的发生,其原因可能是由富含蛋白酶的胰腺分泌物对腹腔内蛋白质的酶降解引起的。目前POPF的诊断很大程度上依赖于吻合口引流液的早期分析,对于没有吻合口引流的有术后胰漏症状的患者,可以通过腹腔穿刺液中的淀粉酶测定来诊断POPF。而对于无法有效引流的有症状患者可以通过CT扫描诊断POPF [12] [13] 。当术后第一周内吻合口引流液产生速度 > 200 mL/天,淀粉酶浓度 > 1000 IU/L则强烈提示可能有B/C级POPF及其败血症和出血风险 [14] 。

3. POPF的管理

POPF的管理是多学科的,包括外科、营养科、感染科、介入科、内镜室治疗。POPF治疗的目的是控制患者的循环、电解质和营养状况,避免严重的感染和出血等并发症 [8] 。Cameron在其2000例PD中指出,POPF手术再干预非常罕见,90%~95%的POPF患者通过非再次手术治疗愈合 [15] 。

3.1. 放置鼻胃管

对于POPF的患者,如果合并出现肠梗阻或胃瘫等症状都需要禁食,在出现呕吐或急性胃胀症状时,应该放置鼻胃管(nasogastric tube, NGT)抽吸,这不仅可以减轻以上症状,还能抽吸胃肠中的肠液及食物残渣,防止发生误吸,同时NGT限制了胃胀的风险,这对POPF的缓解有帮助 [8] 。

3.2. 营养支持

经口摄入食物被认为会增加胰液的产生和胰蛋白酶原的活化,这在理论上可能会加重CR-POPF [16] 。全胃肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition, TPN)由于不刺激胰腺分泌,因此可以延长营养支持而不增加胰腺外分泌功能,针对患者术后呕吐、肠梗阻、厌食现象、胃排空延迟,给予TPN可以保证机体营养的摄入 [17] 。肠内营养(enteral nutrition, EN)通过肠营养管将营养物引入空肠或回肠,这一方法不仅提供了营养,而且负反馈抑制了胰腺的外分泌 [18] 。

针对存在POPF的患者,是否进行禁食处理目前仍存在争议 [19] 。在Fujii等人的研究中,POPF患者被随机分配到非禁食或禁食组,每组由15例患者组成 [20] 。禁食组患者禁食至引流管移除,非禁食组患者于术后第6天开始进食。结果显示,两组在引流管放置时间、POPF相关腹腔出血发生率、其他并发症发生率及术后住院时间等方面均无显著差异。早期口服摄入食物除了能获取营养方面外,食物或液体通过胃肠道的生理通道可诱导胰岛素的分泌,会使患者的葡萄糖代谢更早恢复正常 [21] 。并且肠内营养有助于维持胃肠道完整性和免疫能力,单独使用长期静脉营养可导致微生态失调导致代谢不良的发生 [22] [23] [24] 。并且美国胃肠病协会建议在胰十二指肠切除术后应尽早开始肠内营养以降低感染坏死的风险,对于没有恶心、呕吐且无严重肠梗阻迹象的患者,建议立即进行口服营养试验 [25] 。而对于肠内营养与全肠外营养的选择目前并没有确切指南表明,这可能由于临床医生对POPF的诊断和愈合判断存在差异有关,并且临床上很难单一使用某一种营养方式,因此往往有一定程度的重合,使得难以分离其实际临床结果 [26] 。在临床术后胰漏发生后,保证营养摄入,将不仅有助于其胰漏吻合口的愈合,还将有助于预防其他并发症的发生,提高患者预后 [27] 。

3.3. 生长抑素及其类似物

生长抑素是天然存在的十四肽,可以抑制胰腺外分泌并增加水和电解质吸收。奥曲肽和帕瑞肽是生长抑素类似物。与天然生长抑素相比,奥曲肽具有更长的半衰期和更大的效力,其可以抑制胰腺的外分泌功能并保护胰腺细胞 [28] 。已经有大量研究报道生长抑素及其类似物在“预防”POPF上的效果,然而却很少有报道其“治疗”POPF的效果。只有一项对7项随机试验的荟萃分析,主要评价了静脉注射生长抑素或皮下注射奥曲肽倾向于增加POPF的闭合率,但不显著 [29] 。Gans等人研究表明,与标准治疗相比,使用生长抑素极其类似物实现更高的胰漏治愈率缺乏可靠的证据 [29] 。生长抑素及其类似物是否可以实现更高的胰漏治愈率仍需要大样本、前瞻性的临床随机对照实验来对比验证生长抑素、生长抑素类似物在治疗POPF的作用。在此之前,生长抑素及其类似物不应被视为胰漏的标准治疗方法。

3.4. 术区引流

对于PD患者,大多数医师会在胰肠吻合口周围放置1~2根引流管,用来引流术区积液和监测是否发生POPF [30] [31] 。在发生POPF的患者中,必须特别注意引流,定期监测循环总量、引流液淀粉酶浓度和皮肤状况,因为胰漏量及淀粉酶浓度将影响术区引流方式及患者营养方式。除了监测引流量和淀粉酶浓度外,还应监测引流液的外观,当出现脓性外观(棕色或灰色)则可能提示POPF合并感染,出现绿色提示胆漏相关的POPF [32] 。

在患者发生生化漏的情况下,引流管原则上应在术后3周内拔出,且应逐步拔出引流管,每2~3天拔出约2厘米 [33] 。在缓慢拔出引流管的过程中,应监测引流液的外观和淀粉酶浓度水平,特别是在患者重新进食后,它们可能发生变化,并导致患者转变成B级或C级POPF [34] 。目前对已稳定数天的生化漏转变成B级或C级POPF的原因尚不明确,其可能与胰漏区域局限包裹有关。在患者发生B级或C级POPF的情况下,应该先积极处理并发症(感染、出血等),当并发症得到控制,且引流少于10~20 mL/天时,则可以逐步拔出引流管 [34] 。

3.5. POPF合并感染

当PD患者术后出现发热或体温过低、心动过速、呼吸急促或低血压、精神错乱等临床症状;或者出现CRP升高,白细胞、中性粒细胞增多或者减少,其都可能提示出现POPF合并感染,此时应该积极对感染部位进行引流 [35] 。如果术区引流管无法正常引流,但引流管和感染区有接触,则可由外科医师用非创伤引流管通过以前的引流通道反复引流同时对引流液进行细菌学培养;或由介入放射科医生在CT或超声引导下进行穿刺引流 [8] 。当患者出现临床或生物学感染性症状和体征时,除了引流,胰漏管理与现行实践(Management of Pancreatic Fistula versus Current Practice, PORSCH)试验中指出:当患者出现感染耐受性差、发热 > 38℃ (或体温降低 < 36℃),白细胞增多 > 12,000或<4000/mm3,心率 > 90次/分钟或呼吸频率 > 20次/分钟时,应开始抗生素的治疗。在治疗过程中除了常规进行引流液淀粉酶浓度测定外,还需要对引流液、胆汁进行细菌学培养和药敏实验,根据其结果指导抗生素的选择和用量,如果无法进行引流液的细菌学培养和药敏实验,也应该由专家建议经验性的使用抗生素抗感染治疗 [36] 。

POPF合并感染应避免立即再次手术引流,应先采取非再次手术来引流感染灶和术区积液。在Smits的一项回顾性比较研究中,手术明显比经皮引流更容易导致器官衰竭(15% vs. 40%),也更容易重返重症监护病室(36% vs. 14%) [37] 。Gleeson也在一项回顾性多中心研究中证实这一观点,经皮引流与再次手术相比,死亡率较低 [38] 。荷兰的一项回顾性匹配比较研究中,微创引流(主要经皮穿刺引流)使得77% (177/227)的POPF患者愈合 [37] ,越来越多的临床研究证实了微创引流在治疗POPF合并感染方面通常是有效和安全的。但是,如果感染不能通过保守措施和微创引流控制,则应讨论再次手术清除感染灶,但这种干预的必要性越来越小 [37] 。

3.6. POPF合并腹腔出血治疗

PD术后一些“早期”出血(术后24~48小时),血压稳定,没有明显的血红蛋白下降,CT也无明显出血相关症状,一般不需要特殊治疗可自行消退。而发生在术后24~48小时后的“晚期”出血是最严重的,死亡率高 [39] 。术后出血程度分为三级 [40] :A级出血只需要简单的临床和生物学监测或CT扫描,无需特殊治疗;B级和C级包括严重出血(血红蛋白 > 下降3 g/dL,伴有或不伴有低血容量休克),需要特殊器械或手术治疗,且C级与患者的危急状态相关 [39] 。发生POPF的患者需要医师积极的临床和生物学监测,若发现出血,必要时应迅速治疗出血。出血发生机制可能是胰腺分泌物对血管的侵蚀(胃十二指肠动脉和肝动脉的残端,但也有胰周动脉,胰腺的小动脉),因此在POPF情况下,出血的风险增加。

针对大部分腹腔内出血情况,需要紧急腹部CT血管造影或其他影像学检查 [39] 。血管造影可以确定出血的来源,检测出血的类型(假性动脉瘤破裂或者其他类型),评估仪器治疗的可能性(线圈栓塞或覆盖支架),检测腹腔内积液情况 [41] 。血管内治疗在70~80%的病例中是有效的,但有时在复发性出血后需要额外进行一次甚至两次血管内治疗 [42] 。在治疗术后出血方面,介入放射学治疗避免了患者胃肠道损伤的风险,其发病率低于外科手术。介入性放射科检查通常从动脉造影步骤(在CT血管造影引导下)开始,以显示出血的来源。栓塞是一种治疗腹腔内出血有效的方案,确定出血的来源后,可以进行堵塞。若没有弹簧圈栓塞动脉残端或导致出血的动脉(肝动脉、肠系膜上动脉)则不能被阻塞,则应使用覆膜支架。这一方案能桥接假性动脉瘤或动脉衰弱区,但操作起来比较困难(通过狭窄血管,需要抗凝和/或抗聚集治疗以避免急性血栓形成)对临床医师技术要求较高 [42] 。

4. 讨论

POPF发生的危险因素主要与疾病(肿瘤类型、胰腺质地、主胰管管直径小)、患者(年龄较大、男性、肥胖、营养不良)、手术技术(胰腺吻合类型、引流、失血量)、围手术期处理有关。对于那些被认为有高危胰漏风险的患者,应该采取积极的预防性的治疗方法。使用客观的临床和生物学标准,通过影像学检查,检测腹腔内引流物判断POPF,通过微创引流和早期抗生素治疗将改善POPF的结果。虽然胰漏的治疗经验由来已久,但外科医师仍在继续投入大量精力来改善围手术期对这一并发症的治疗。由于目前的POPF发病率仍徘徊在15%左右,该领域未来还需要更好的诊断方法、精准的预测模型、随机临床试验、多机构调查和多学科合作来预防和处理POPF。

文章引用

雷民淦,季学闻. 胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏管理研究进展
Research Progress in the Management of Pancreatic Leakage after Pancreaticoduodenectomy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 16084-16090. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102247

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  43. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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