![]() Asian Case Reports in Pediatrics 亚洲儿科病例研究, 2013, 1, 37-40 http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acrp.2013.13009 Published Online August 2013 (http://www.hanspub.org/journal/acrp.html) Diagnosis of Abernethy Malformation in 2 Cases Feng Pan1, Dongfeng Zhou2, Sandya Adevi2, Huimin Liang1, Xiangquan Kong1 1Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Wuhan 2Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Wuhan Email: feng_windlover@163.com Received: Mar. 19th, 2013 revised: Mar. 21st, 2013; accepted: Apr. 9th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Feng Pan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract: Objective: To explore methods for diagnosis of Abernethy malformation. Methods: 2 cases of Abernethy malformation were collected from 2005 to 2012 and analyzed. Results: Symptoms and signs in patients of Abernethy malformation were lack of specificity. Ultra-sound examination could be used to detect the atresia of portal vein. CTA, MRA and DSA could be accu rately used to diagno se and classify Abernethy malfo rmation, which cou ld also be used to estimate the whole malformation of abdominal arteries and veins. Conclusion: Abdominal ultra-sound examination could be a very good screening method for Abernethy malformation’s diagnosis; CTA, MRA and DSA could be used to accurately diagnosis and classify Abernethy malformation. Keywords: Portal Vein; Congenital Abnormalities 2例Abernethy 畸形的诊断分析 潘 峰1,周东风 2,Sandya Adevi2,梁惠民1,孔祥泉 1 1协和医院放射科,武汉 2协和医院儿科,武汉 Email: feng_windlover@163.com 收稿日期:2013 年3月19 日;修回日期:2013 年3月21 日;录用日期:2013 年4月9日 摘 要:目的:探讨 Abernethy 畸形的诊断方法。方法:回顾 2005 年至 2012 年共计 2例Abernethy 畸形患者的 诊治情况,并对其进行分析。结果:Abernethy 畸形临床表现及体征缺乏特异性,超声检查可以有效的发现门静 脉闭锁的情况;CTA、MRA 及DSA 造影可以对 Abernethy 畸形进行准确诊断及分型,并可全面评估患者腹腔静 脉血管畸形情况。结论:腹部超声检查有助于 Abernethy综合征的早期筛查;CTA、MRA 及DSA 造影均可以作 为Abernethy 畸形的最佳确诊及分型方法。 关键词:门静脉;先天发育异常 1. 引言 Abernethy 畸形是一种十分罕见的先天性门静脉 闭锁伴肝外门体静脉分流畸形[1],目前国内外文献报 道的仅 30 例左右。现对武汉市协和医院 2005 年至 2012 年间诊治的 2例Abernethy 畸形患者进行报道分 析。 2. 临床资料 2.1. 一般资料 患者 1,女,19 岁。因右侧季肋部疼痛 2年余, 于2005 年11 月23 日入院就诊。患者既往患者偶有 全身浮肿症状,无肝炎及其他特殊病史。发育良好, 查体未见明显异常体征。血常规检查正常;肝肾功能 Copyright © 2013 Hanspub 37 ![]() 2例Abernethy 畸形的诊断分析 检查示:TB 36.6 umol/L,ALT 49 U/L,AST 91 U/L, γ-GGT 81 U/L,白蛋白 30 g/L,余无异常;AFP正常。 既往已报道[2]。 患者 2,男,9岁。间断鲜血便 1年余,肉眼血 尿1月余,于 2012 年7月14 日入院。患儿既往有臀 部、盆腔弥漫分布海绵状血管瘤病史,范围大。发育 良好,查体示左侧臀部、会阴部及外生殖器局部可见 较广泛突出于皮面不规则包块影,质软,无压痛,皮 肤颜色正常,余查体未见明显异常。血常规检查示: HGB 87 g/L;肝肾功能正常;AFP 正常。 2.2. 辅诊资料 2名患者超声检查均提示肝内glisson 鞘增厚,门 静脉主干及分支未见;肝内均发现占位性病灶。患者 1,CT 平扫示肝右叶前下段一直径约 5 cm类圆形稍 低密度影,中心呈星芒状低密度区,增强扫描示病灶 呈周边向中心强化趋势;MRI 检查同样发现肝右叶前 下段一直径近 5 cm 大小团状异常信号影;CTA 检查 及CE-MRA (contrast enhanced MRA)检查均示肠系膜 上静脉近端纤细,与脾静脉汇合成细窄的门静脉,门 静脉较早分为左右两支,且分支纤细、稀少,可见脾 静脉–左肾静脉分流形成;肠系膜下静脉呈异常瘤样 扩张、扭曲,并汇入左肾静脉下方下腔静脉[2](图1)。 肝占位组织活检示为局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia, FNH)。 患者 2,MRI 平扫 + 增强提示双侧臀部、骶部、 会阴部、盆腔内脏器及其周围组织广泛分布异常信号 影,T1WI 呈高、低混杂信号,T2WI呈高信号,以左 侧臀部为主,呈匍匐性生长,边界不清,考虑海绵状 血管瘤(图1);扫描所及肝脏、脾脏可见多个异常结节 影,肝内及肝门区未见门静脉主干及分支(图2)。 CE-MRA 检查见腹腔、盆腔内可见一迂曲的巨大血管 影,未见正常门静脉显影,考虑门静脉闭锁,伴肠系 膜下静脉与下腔静脉门腔分流形成(图2);患儿三支肝 静脉通畅。DSA 摄影示腹腔干及肠系膜上动脉分别发 出一根肝右动脉,且动脉明显增粗;门静脉主干及分 支未显影,可见脾静脉与肠系膜上、下静脉汇合至异 常增粗扭曲的分流静脉,后者逆流汇合至下腔静脉; 肠系膜下动脉造影示降结肠、乙状结肠及直肠区域广 泛血管畸形(图3)。 Figure 1. In case 1(left), CE-MRA demonstrated that splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein were converged to slender portal vein, and portal vein is divided into 2 branches with rare and slender intrahepatic vessels. The abnormal carices were imported into gastric coronary vein and left renal vein from the splenic vein. Inferior mesenteric vein was abnormally dilatated and twisted, and then flowed into the left renal vein and inferior vena cava. In case 2(right), MRI scan demonstrated diffused patchy abnormal signals in the subcutaneously gluteal tissue, sacrococcygeal tissue and the perineum with left superiority, which were with nodular, cord shape or cystic forms and creeping growth. The lesion was with obscure boundary and mixed signal in T1WI and high signal in T2WI 图1. 患者1(左图) CE-MRA检查示纤细的脾静脉与肠系膜上静脉 汇合成纤细的门静脉,门静脉较早分为左右 2支,且肝内分支纤细 而稀少,脾静脉汇合前发出异常引流血管与汇入胃冠状静脉及左肾 静脉,肠系膜下静脉呈异常瘤样扩张、扭曲,并最终汇入左肾静脉 下方下腔静脉。患者 2(右图) MRI骨盆平扫示臀部皮下、骶尾部及 会阴部见弥漫分布大片状异常信号灶,呈条状、结节状及囊状多形 态表现并呈匍匐性生长,边界不清,信号混杂,T1WI 呈高、低混 杂信号,T2WI 呈高信号,病变以左臀部为明显 Figure 2. CE-MRI scan demonstrated atresia of portal vein trunk and intrahepatic branches with normal hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. Multiple nodules were found in liver and spleen by enhanced CT scan, which were moderate enhanced. Volume ren- dering with vascular reconstruction demonstrated a dilated and tortuous malformated vein linking the dilated left internal iliac vein, dilated splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein, and a ab- normal vein beside the ascending colon. No normal portal vein was demonstrated and inferior vena cava was irregularly partial aneu- rismal dilated 图2. CE-MRI扫描可见肝内门静脉主干及分支均完全闭锁,肝静 脉及下腔静脉肝段均发育良好;肝、脾可见多发结节影,增强扫描 肝结节影呈中度强化改变;血管重建见腹腔–盆腔内一迂曲的巨大 血管影,其下端与迂曲增粗的左侧髂内静脉相连,上端与增粗的脾 静脉、肠系膜上静脉相连,升结肠旁见一增粗的血管影与上述巨大 畸形血管相连,未见正常门静脉显影;下腔静脉局部呈不规则瘤样 扩张 Copyright © 2013 Hanspub 38 ![]() 2例Abernethy 畸形的诊断分析 Figure 3. The inferior mesenteric artery DSA angiography showed the right shift with sigmoid colon, and cord stain in descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum and thick draining vein were emerged in substance phase. Splenic artery DSA angiography showed atresia of portal vein trunk and branche. Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein were converged to abnormal dilated mal- formated vein, which flowed into the left iliac vein, passing the inferior vena cava to right atrium 图3. 肠系膜下动脉 DSA造影可见,乙状结肠向右方移位,实质期 降结肠、乙状结肠及直肠可见不规则条索状染色,可见较粗大回流 静脉早显;脾动脉 DSA造影示门静脉主干及分支未显影;脾静脉、 肠系膜上静脉汇合至异常增粗畸形静脉,最终汇入左侧髂静脉,通 过下腔静脉回流至右心房 2.3. 诊断分型 Abernethy畸形临床上分为 I型和 II型两种[1]。I 型:肝脏完全无门静脉血灌注,例如门静脉缺失,胃 肠静脉血完全向腔静脉分流;II型:门静脉血部分向 肝脏灌注。I型又分 Ia 和Ib 亚型,Ia 型:肠系膜上静 脉与脾静脉无汇合;Ib 型:肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉汇 合。 3. 结果 患者 1,CTA 及MRA 检查提示门静脉主干及分 支纤细,合并脾静脉–左肾静脉分流及肠系膜下静脉 –下腔静脉两种门体分流情况,故诊断 Abernethy 畸 形II 型;患者2,MRA 及DSA 检查示门静脉完全闭 锁,且肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉汇合,存在肠系膜下静 脉–左髂内静脉门体分流方式,故诊断 Abernethy 畸 形Ib 型。 4. 讨论 Abernethy 畸形是一种罕见的先天门静脉闭锁畸 形伴肝外门体分流情况[1],由 Abernethy 于1793 年首 次报道,1997 年由 Edward 对该畸形命名为 Abernethy 畸形。病因学上考虑与由卵黄静脉系统发育异常相 关,肠周卵黄静脉丛有选择性的退化和保留发生异常 时,可能会导致门静脉的先天性缺如。 Abernethy 畸形临床表现不典型,文献报道的临 床症状包括下消化道出血、腹壁静脉曲张等[3,4]。其 可 能并发有全身多发血管畸形、胆道闭锁及心脏缺陷等 情况[5,6]。2例患者起病均十分隐匿,尤其是患者2, 因臀部血管瘤于本院复查 MRI 时意外发现该畸形情 况,结合患者DSA 造影表现,考虑长期慢性血便及 血尿症状与会阴部及结直肠血管畸形导致的出血可 能性较大,之前已有文献报告类似症状[4]。因门静脉 闭锁畸形情况存在,故 Abernethy 患者多会出现慢性 肝功能受损情况,患者 1实验室检查即提示肝功能慢 性受损改变;而患者 2肝功能正常的原因可能与其肝 动脉代偿较好有关。因该病病例报告较为少见,尚缺 少预后相关的信息,已经发现的严重并发症包括肺动 脉高压、肝脏恶性肿瘤、肝肺综合征和肝性脑病[7-9]。 2例患者影像学检查均发现肝占位性病变,其中患者 1已行肝占位活检,提示 FN H,但仍不除外将来发生 肝恶性肿瘤可能。针对 Abernethy 畸形的治疗,目前 尚无定论,肝移植可能是目前已知的根治Abernethy 畸形的最有效方法[7]。 因Abernethy 畸形临床表现及并发症的非典型 性,影像学检查是最重要的诊断方法。其主要影像学 表现为:门静脉主干及肝内门静脉闭锁,伴脾静脉、 肠系膜上静脉及肠系膜下静脉以各种形式与肾静脉、 髂静脉或下腔静脉形成的异常分流道,部分患者可能 存在肝外残存门静脉端瘤样改变[10,11]。超声检查可以 作为一种有效的诊断方法。2例患者超声检查均提示 门静脉主干及分支闭锁情况。但是,超声检查难以全 面了解全腹部血管畸形情况,尤其是腹腔静脉分流情 况。CTA、MRA 及DSA 检查均可以清晰全面地显示 腹部门静脉系统情况,尤其是腹腔静脉门体分流情 况,从而可以预测患者门脉高压性消化道出血可能性 及指导相关手术治疗方案。2例患者均存在多种门体 分流形式,包括脾静脉–左肾静脉分流、肠系膜下静 脉–下腔静脉分流、肠系膜下静脉–左侧髂总静脉分 流三种分流形式,且分流量均较大,故临床上尚未出 现因门静脉系统高压引起的消化道大出血情况。总 之,超声检查作为一种价格相对低廉的检查,可以作 为Abernethy 综合征的一种早期筛查方法,其提示问 题后,进一步的 CTA、MRA或DSA 检查均可以作为 Copyright © 2013 Hanspub 39 ![]() 2例Abernethy 畸形的诊断分析 Copyright © 2013 Hanspub 40 其确诊检查方法。 参考文献 (References) [1] E. R. Howard, M. Davenport. Congenital extrahepatic porto- caval shunts—The Abernethy malformation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 1997, 32(3): 494-497. [2] 黄劲柏, 徐海波, 孔祥泉等. Abernethy畸形一例[J]. 中华放 射学杂志, 2006, 40(10): 1112-1113. [3] 王小川, 王蕾, 贾苍松. Abernethy畸形 1例[J]. 中华妇幼临床 医学杂志(电子版), 2011, 2: 168-169. [4] 李震, 汪忠镐, 赵克等. Abernethy畸形致下消化道出血的诊 治[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 1: 83-84. [5] C. Ratnasamy, A. Kurbegov, S. Swaminathan. Cardiac anoma- lies in the setting of the Abernethy malformation of the portal vein. Cardiology in the Young, 2007, 17(2): 212-214. [6] A. Singhal, A. Srivastava, N. Goyal, et al. Successful living donor liver transplant in a child with Abernethy malformation with biliary atresia, ventricular septal defect and intrapulmonary shunting. Pediatric Transplantation, 2009, 13(8): 1041-1047. [7] K. Ringe, E. Schirg, M. Melter, et al. Congenital absence of the portal vein (CAPV). Two cases of Abernethy malformation type 1 and review of the literature. Radiologe, 2008, 48(5): 493-502. [8] M. J. Osorio, A. Bonow, G. J. Bond, et al. Abernethy malforma- tion complicated by hepatopulmonary syndrome and a liver mass successfully treated by liver transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 2011, 15(7): E149-E151. [9] T. Hori, Y. Yonekawa, S. Okamoto, et al. Pediatric orthotopic living-donor liver transplantation cures pulmonary hypertension caused by Abernethy malformation type Ib. Pediatric Transplan- tation, 2011, 15(3): e47-e52. [10] A. Kumar, J. Kumar, R. Aggarwal, et al. Abernethy malforma- tion with portal vein aneurysm. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 2008, 14(3): 143-146. [11] S. H. Chandrashekhara, A. S. Bhalla, A. K. Gupta, et al. Aber- nethy malformation with portal vein aneurysm in a child. Jour- nal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 2011, 16(1): 21-23. |