Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 80980 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.142442

腹腔镜胃癌根治术后吻合口漏的预防及 治疗研究进展

梁炳旭1,雷星2*

1延安大学第一临床医学院,陕西 延安

2延安大学附属医院,胃肠疝外科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2024年1月21日;录用日期:2024年2月14日;发布日期:2024年2月21日

摘要

作为腹腔镜胃癌根治术后的严重并发症之一,吻合口漏(anastomotic leakage, AL)的发生将会延长患者的住院时间,增加相关费用和死亡率,严重影响预后生活质量。尽管近年来手术器械和外科技术不断改进,吻合口漏的管治仍是困扰医师及患者的难题。因此,充分认知吻合口漏并进行必要的预防管理十分重要。

关键词

腹腔镜胃癌根治术,吻合口漏,预防,治疗

Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Cure for the Prevention and Treatment Research Progress after the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cure

Bingxu Liang1, Xing Lei2*

1The First Clinical Medical College of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

2Department of Gastrointestinal Hernia Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Jan. 21st, 2024; accepted: Feb. 14th, 2024; published: Feb. 21st, 2024

ABSTRACT

As one of the severe complications after laparoscopic gastric cancer root treatment, the occurrence of Anastomotic Leakage (AL) will extend the hospitalization time of patients, increase the relevant costs and mortality, and seriously affect the quality of the prognosis. Although surgical equipment and surgical technology have continued to improve in recent years, the governance of anastomosis is still a problem that plagues physicians and patients. Therefore, it is important to be fully aware of the leakage and the necessary prevention and management.

Keywords:Laparoscopic Gastric Cancer Root Treatment, Anastomotic Leakage, Prevention, Treatment

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 介绍

根据相关文献数据显示,2020年全球胃癌的新增病例及死亡病例分别为6.0 (第6位)、8.4 (第4位) [1] 。近年来胃癌国内发病率更是逐年递增,手术切除癌症病灶加规范的淋巴结清扫成为唯一的根治性治疗方法。随着腔镜技术在胃癌手术中的普遍化应用,其侵袭性小,利于患者恢复等优点已被多个临床研究证实 [2] [3] 。但术后吻合口漏的发生率较开放手术更高,严重影响胃癌术后患者的预后状况。因此,对吻合口漏发生的危险因素进行精准认知至关重要,本文旨在对已知影响胃癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素及部分防治策略进行综述。

2. 吻合口漏的发生与危险因素

吻合口漏的机制目前尚不明确,确定吻合口漏的可能危险因素具有重要意义,以便降低发生率。通过既往的文献研究,可将这些风险因素可分为两类,包括胃癌患者术前身体状态和外科医生技术水准。就患者状况而言,可能危险因素包括:高龄、贫血、心血管疾病、营养不良、肺功能不全、吸烟、肥胖、肿瘤的部位和分期及联合新辅助化疗等 [4] [5] [6] 。此外,糖尿病患者由于过度氧化应激产生活性氧诱导内皮细胞凋亡,严重影响血管内皮细胞的舒缩功能。因此术后感染风险增大,免疫力降低,加上微血管病变和胶原纤维聚集能力下降,可能导致组织愈合受限。另一方面,吻合口漏也与主刀医生的水平紧密相关。一项韩国报道说明,外科医生最初100例的渗漏发生率高于后来的病例,尤以微创手术更高 [7] 。此外,手术时间及术中大量出血也被认为是吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素 [8] 。

3. 吻合口漏的预防

3.1. 早期预防

吻合口漏的预防应从早期进行,术前先对胃癌患者的一般情况及营养状态进行全面充分评估。有研究报道,查尔森共病指数(Charlson comorbidity index, CCI) > 5分时,吻合口漏的发生率将显著提高 [9] 。同时在术前积极处理患者既往的基础性疾病,改善营养状况对于并发低蛋白血症或贫血的患者尤为重要,通过调整各项营养指标,待患者身体状况显著好转后再进行手术,可以有效减少术后吻合口瘘的发生 [10] 。值得一提的是,在韩国近年的一项研究中指出,在吻合口漏的发生人群中,男性超过女性约4.2%,原因可能与男性的内脏脂肪区更大有关 [11] 。

3.2. 术中谨慎

谨小慎微的态度是提高手术成功率的关键。传统的腹腔镜胃癌根治术主要分为远端胃切除术、近端胃切除术及全胃切除术,常用消化道重建方式包括:Billroth I式吻合、Billroth II式吻合、Billroth II式 + Braun吻合、食管胃吻合、食管空肠吻合、Roux-en-Y吻合等 [12] 。其中,腹腔镜全胃切除后食管空肠吻合口漏发生率最高 [13] ,这一点当引起术者的高度重视。此外,相较于体外吻合,体内吻合在技术上更具难度,吻合口漏的发生率也更高。强化食管有助于降低EJAL的发生率,Haverkamp L等人报道了使用含有人纤维蛋白原和凝血酶的Tacho Sil纤维蛋白贴片追加封闭吻合口,可以提高机械强度,并有可能防止吻合口漏。将贴片折叠成口琴形状,包裹在食管空肠吻合术中,用于全胃切除术 [14] 。

随着器械吻合技术的广泛应用,大大减轻了术者负担,提升了手术标准化水平,并降低了手工吻合的误差,尤其适用于手工吻合困难的部位。在胃癌术中行消化道重建时,使用器械吻合,有助于减少术后吻合口漏的发生。在Oh SJ,Hong JJ等人的研究中,采用吻合器对远端胃癌的术中断端进行Billroth II式吻合,术后均未发生吻合口漏 [15] 。然而,在操作过程中还需谨慎细致,如若吻合器口径选择不佳、术中操作手法不当,都可能损伤吻合口周围组织或吻合不充分,从而直接影响吻合口漏的发生率。因此,术者应根据手术要求及术中实际情况选择合适的机械吻合器类型和型号。

除去对吻合方式及器械的慎重选择外,在吻合过程中还应严格注意,吻合口处的血供及张力情况 [16] 。若术中游离范围过大,难免损伤吻合部位组织及血管,影响术后吻合口的血供,进而导致术后吻合口漏的发生。术中组织游离不够充分或吻合口扭转,亦可造成吻合口组织供血障碍,导致吻合口漏 [17] 。此外,Klevebro等认为在手术过程中尽量维持血流动力学稳定,有助于降低吻合口漏的发生 [18] 。可能原因是机体交感–肾上腺髓质系统因低血压激活,使得全身血液重新分配,从而加重胃肠道缺血。

对于不确切的缝合,术中漏检也可作为预防吻合口瘘的一种方法。Park JH等人对全胃切除术的患者使用术中内镜检查(PAIOE)处理后,吻合口漏的发生率较对照组下降了3.1% [19] ,证明在根治性胃切除术中使用PAIOE有助于确认吻合口的稳定性。Ishikawa Y等的研究证明,吲哚青绿荧光血管造影可作为定量评估胃管灌注作为食管切除术后颈性食管胃吻合口瘘的预测指标 [20] 。除此之外,常用的检测方法还有美蓝检测及空气测试,可通过以上方法,对吻合口的薄弱处进行加强缝合。

3.3. 术后早期诊断

吻合口漏通常发生在术后第5~8天,早期发现及治疗可以明显改善患者的预后。Schietroma M等人的研究证明 [21] ,全身炎症反应指数(SIRI)可作为食管空肠漏(EJAL)预后的独立危险因素,SIRI ≥ 0.82的患者与EJL显著相关。而在的研究中,C反应蛋白(CRP)及C反应蛋白–淋巴细胞的比值(CLR)在术后第二天对吻合口漏的阴性预测值分别为97%和98%,证明了其预测的可行性。综上所述,术后应持续测量生命体征,定期进行血常规及生化检查,以便在AL发生时尽早发现渗漏。

4. 治疗

对于术后出现吻合口漏的病人,早期诊断与全面治疗是康复的核心 [22] 。从吻合口瘘出现到接受治疗的时间差是预后好坏的关键因素,及早干预往往意味着更好的预后 [23] 。计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描或内窥镜检查是目前诊断AL的首选方法,其效果优于造影剂吞咽试验。治疗措施分为保守治疗、内镜治疗、手术治疗,根据患者的临床情况、吻合口水平、瘘口大小进行选择 [22] 。

4.1. 保守治疗

早期发生AL的患者,若漏口较小,引流通畅,且无全身感染症状,可以采取保守治疗 [12] 。治疗措施包括:输注广谱抗生素,给予充足的营养治疗以维持液体平衡,纠正酸碱失衡和离子紊乱。早期营养支持以肠外营养为主,病情稳定后尽早实施肠内营养,以维护肠黏膜屏障和肠道菌群平衡。在肠内营养中添加谷氨酰胺有助于增强免疫功能和抑制感染 [24] 。同时,通过应用质子泵抑制剂减少胃液分泌,从而维持机体水电解质平衡,保护各项器官功能 [25] 。根据患者情况适当加用生长抑素以抑制消化液分泌和酶活性,进而促进漏口愈合 [26] 。

充分引流也是治疗吻合口漏风险的关键。通过术中放置的引流管,能够有效清除漏口周围的脓液,减少其对周围组织的损伤,降低毒素吸收对机体的损害,从而促进漏口愈合。出现引流不畅的情况时,可采取介入穿刺的方式处理腹腔脓肿。若患者在保守治疗过程中出现全身感染加重或腹膜炎体征,应立即停止保守治疗,选择内镜下治疗或外科手术治疗。

4.2. 内镜治疗

近年来,内镜技术在外科手术中的发展及应用与日俱增。文献报道:内镜下治疗吻合口漏的标准为小于2 cm和小于70%的周长 [27] 。常用的方法包括:自扩张金属支架,金属夹夹闭以及纤维蛋白胶注射填充等。在Berlth F,Bludau M等人的研究中,通过对111例患者分别进行SEMS (self-expanding metal stent)或EVT (endoscopic vacuum therapy)治疗,最终治疗分析出,EVT的总闭合率为85.7%,SEMS的总闭合率为72.4% (p = 0.152),故而证明EVT更适用于广泛的周向泄漏 [28] 。需要注意的是鳞状细胞组织、新辅助化疗和食道肿瘤位置是胃食管切除术后吻合口瘘EVT治疗失败的预测因素 [29] 。在治疗过程中,因严格按照临床情况选择适用的方法。

4.3. 手术治疗

若患者在接受上述治疗后症状未改善,或出现严重并发症如弥漫性腹膜炎、全身炎性反应综合征、休克等时,应考虑手术治疗。然而,手术治疗的死亡率总是高于保守治疗和内窥镜治疗 [30] 。手术应尽可能控制损伤,减少二次伤害,以疗效为主要目的。若术中见漏口较小,组织水肿不严重,腹腔感染较轻,可酌情考虑一期缝合 [31] 。反之,应以彻底清除感染病灶,实现充分引流为主,待漏口情况好转后再择期进行修补。

5. 结论

综上所述,AL目前仍是腹腔镜胃癌根治术后的严重并发症。预防吻合口瘘需要临床医师提高重视,特别是对AL的早期发现至关重要。通过术前纠正营养状况、术中精细操作和术后严密监测等方式,有助于降低其发生率。随着外科医疗技术的发展,手术器械的创新以及检测方法的进步,将会极大程度降低甚至消除吻合口漏的发生率,进而提高患者的生存质量。

文章引用

梁炳旭,雷 星. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术后吻合口漏的预防及治疗研究进展
Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Cure for the Prevention and Treatment Research Progress after the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cure[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(02): 3122-3127. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142442

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  32. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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