Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 09 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 72584 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1392051

外阴部位乳头状汗腺瘤1例并文献复习

刘书杰1,刘印美2,张海燕2*

1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)研究生部,山东 济南

2临沂市人民医院妇科,山东 临沂

收稿日期:2023年8月14日;录用日期:2023年9月8日;发布日期:2023年9月18日

摘要

乳头状汗腺瘤是一种罕见的肛门生殖器乳腺样腺体起源的良性肿瘤,现有报道多发于女性外阴肛门生殖器区域,少数见于男性或躯体其他部位,更罕见者有恶性转化趋势。该肿瘤临床症状无特异性,诊断及鉴别困难,极易误诊为其他常见疾病,目前仅依靠术后病理确诊。本文报告1例48岁女性,因外阴肿物逐渐增大就诊于我院,术前诊断为脂肪瘤,术后病理结果示:乳头状汗腺瘤。现对相关文献进行复习,总结该病的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法,为临床上对外阴及肛周部位的乳头状汗腺瘤的诊治提供经验。

关键词

乳头状汗腺瘤,外阴,病例报告

Vulvar Hidradenoma Papilliferum: A Case Report and Literature Review

Shujie Liu1, Yinmei Liu2, Haiyan Zhang2*

1Graduate Faculty, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan Shandong

2Department of Gynecology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi Shandong

Received: Aug. 14th, 2023; accepted: Sep. 8th, 2023; published: Sep. 18th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Hidradenoma papilliferum (HP) is a rare benign tumor originating from anogenital mammary glands. According to existing reports, it mostly occurs in the anogenital area of the female vulva, and rarely occurs in males or other parts of the body. Even rarer cases have malignant transformation. The clinical symptoms of this tumor are non-specific, and it is difficult to diagnose and differentiate. It is easy to be misdiagnosed as other common diseases. At present, only postoperative pathological diagnosis is used. This paper reports a case of a 48-year-old woman who came to our hospital because of the gradual enlargement of vulvar tumor. The preoperative diagnosis was lipoma, and the postoperative pathological results showed HP. This paper reviews the previous related literature, summarizes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment methods of the disease, in order to provide experience for clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of HP in the vulva and perianal area.

Keywords:Hidradenoma Papilliferum, Vulva, Case Reports

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

乳头状汗腺瘤(Hidradenoma Papilliferum, HP)是好发于外阴、肛门等部位的一种罕见的良性肿瘤。最常见于女性,外阴发病率约为肛周四倍,外耳、眼部及腹部也有少量个案报道,但这些部位以男性为主 [1] [2] 。肿瘤生长缓慢,大部分患者无明显不适,少部分可出现瘤体破溃、出血及疼痛等症状。其发病机制尚不清楚,由于肿瘤无特异性表现,易和其他疾病混淆,确切诊断常依靠术后病理。本文报道1例患者初诊以外阴脂肪瘤收入院,术后病理诊断外阴乳头状汗腺瘤,现就其临床资料及相关文献进行总结和复习,以提高临床对该病的认识。

2. 病历资料

患者:女,48岁。因“右侧外阴肿物1年,增大2个月”入院。患者于2022年1月发现右侧大阴唇后缘肿物,约“绿豆”大小,无明显疼痛、瘙痒、破溃及出血等不适,未予重视,未行诊治。近2个月自觉肿物逐渐增大,仍无红肿、疼痛、瘙痒,无皮肤破溃。10天前于当地医院就诊行超声检查提示:外阴肿物低回声结节,建议手术治疗,为求治疗来我院,门诊以“外阴肿物”收入院。既往史:既往体健。手术史:2009年行剖宫产手术。家族史:父母体健,否认家族中类似疾病史。体格检查:下腹部见一长约10 cm陈旧性瘢痕,余未见明显异常。妇科检查:外阴发育正常,右侧大阴唇下缘见一约2 cm × 1.5 cm包块,质硬,无压痛,活动度可,阴道通畅,宫颈柱状上皮外移,宫体不规则增大,约孕2个月大小,活动度可,双侧附件区未触及明显异常。

入院后完善相关检查,细胞DNA定量检测和HPV检测均未见异常;血尿常规、凝血功能、术前感染标志物、肝肾功及双下肢血管超声、双肺CT等均未见明显异常,糖类抗原125 53.640 ↑ u/ml;复查我院妇科超声示:子宫前壁探及大小约50 mm × 49 mm × 50 mm低回声团块,边界欠清,回声不均,宫腔内膜局部受压后移,厚约3 mm,均质,双附件未见异常。外阴部左侧下缘探及大小约13 mm × 9 mm × 13 mm低回声结节,边界清,回声欠均,未见明显血流信号。

完善术前检查后,排除手术禁忌于2023年2月行外阴肿物切除并送病理,术后病理提示:(外阴带皮组织)外阴乳头状汗腺瘤,瘤细胞呈乳头状、腺样排列(见图1)。术后7天于门诊拆除缝线,1个月后门诊复查患者恢复好,外阴手术部位无不适。

Figure 1. Pathological images of HE 10 × 4 (a) and HE 10 × 10 (b)

图1. 病理图像HE 10 × 4 (a)和HE 10 × 10 (b)

外阴乳头状汗腺瘤瘤细胞呈乳头状、腺样排列,肿瘤由大小不一的腺泡、腺管和乳头状排列的细胞组成,腺体排列紊乱,腺上皮排列规整。(a):HE染色10 × 4放大倍数;(b):HE染色10 × 10放大倍数。

3. 讨论

3.1. 临床特征

乳头状汗腺瘤被认为是起源于肛门生殖器乳腺样腺体(Anogenital Mammary-Like Glands, AMLGs)的良性肿瘤,发病罕见,病因尚不明确,一些研究认为PIK3CA/AKT1通路的突变与其最为密切,在Keisuke和Pfarr等的研究中其突变率分别为43%、67%,且PIK3CA突变率高于AKT1 [3] [4] 。该病主要见于成年女性的外阴及肛周皮肤,也可见于耳朵、眼部、胸部、腹部等生殖器以外部位,但在一项小样本的分析中认为生殖器外部位的HP好发于男性,且主要集中在头颈部 [5] [6] [7] [8] 。

HP生长缓慢,通常无明显不适症状,治疗以手术完全切除最为简单有效,术后无需其他辅助治疗。但由于疾病的罕见性,对其初诊极易误诊为其他具有相同症状的疾病 [9] 。在一项对外阴部位病变的回顾分析中,Baker等发现乳头状汗腺瘤占外阴部位良性肿瘤的60%,但考虑到外阴良性病变整体的低发病率,HP仍非常罕见,而在外阴区域以唇间沟最多见,约占该部位的59.6%,其次为大阴唇内侧(25%)、会阴(5.8%)、阴蒂(3.8%)及大阴唇外侧(1.9%),本例患者即位于大阴唇内侧偏下方。病理学上表现为乳头状和腺体样结构,部分患者肿瘤肉眼观可为单个蓝色或红色孤立性结节,可有囊性、实性,少数患者可有破溃、疼痛和性生活不适症状 [6] [10] [11] ,本例患者皮肤完好,外表为半球形凸起,术中切面灰白,质韧。

3.2. 发病因素

有研究认为性生活是该病的危险因素,因为HP的患者主要处于性生活活跃的年龄段,然而Saliha报道了1例23岁处女患者的病例,否认了这种观点 [9] 。HPV阳性在患者中也是较为常见的表现,现已报道的有16、31、33、53、56型,但没有研究证明HPV对HP的致病效果 [12] ,我们报道的本例患者HPV阴性,也表明二者没有必要的关联性,这与Anastasia等研究一致。既往研究认为雌激素受体在90%的患者中广泛表达,孕激素次之,这也解释了为什么该病好发于女性,然而有研究在一名怀孕的女性中发现了不一样的情况,孕早期肿物出现时约1.5 cm,因怀孕未行处理,孕期内逐渐增大,产后短期内迅速增长至约10 cm,该患者雌孕激素受体均未表达,分析认为可能与肿瘤细胞对催乳素敏感,认为催乳素或可有促进肿瘤细胞生长和扩大的作用 [12] [13] ,不过现有的研究无法对此进行验证。大部分HP患者与本例相似,为非孕期女性,且瘤体较小,均无法证明催乳素对肿瘤生长的促进作用。

3.3. 诊断和治疗

HP无特异性临床表现,因此术前诊断十分困难,对其确诊主要依靠术后病理,需与脂肪瘤、皮脂腺囊肿、乳头状瘤、巴氏腺囊肿和乳头状囊腺瘤等常见的疾病鉴别,生长在肛门周围时还应与痔、肛周脓肿及肛周疣等鉴别 [9] ,比如实质性的易误诊为外阴癌,破溃性易误诊为肉瘤、乳头状腺癌;囊肿性易误诊为皮脂腺囊肿。在症状相同且无法排除HP的情况下,应当考虑将HP纳入术前诊断及与患者沟通的范围。对其治疗目前也仅推荐手术切除,临床随访发现对瘤体的完全切除可以治愈HP,无需额外的辅助治疗,而对于复发的患者则认为与肿瘤未完全切除有极大的关系,因此切除瘤体时应注意残留。AMLGs类似于乳腺腺体,与乳腺相似的恶变有可能发生,然而HP的恶变极为罕见,虽已有向汗腺癌及导管原位癌和外阴腺鳞癌、肛周乳头状瘤恶性转化的报道 [14] - [19] ,对现有研究的分析后我们发现癌变时HP往往会出现症状,如皮肤破溃、瘙痒、出血、周围淋巴结肿大等,破溃后可有溢液、疼痛、发热、臭味等症状,并且已有1例患者因发生HP恶化为外阴腺鳞癌后死亡的报道 [20] ,所以一旦肿瘤部位由无症状在短期内出现了明显的症状后,应当考虑恶变的可能,及时给予干预和治疗,避免进一步发展。

综上所述,对于术前外阴或肛门部位无法明确诊断的肿物,应当考虑HP的可能,并通过手术完全切除肿物,避免复发,通过病理检查明确疾病性质,避免经验性治疗对HP等罕见肿瘤的误诊、漏诊。

文章引用

刘书杰,刘印美,张海燕. 外阴部位乳头状汗腺瘤1例并文献复习
Vulvar Hidradenoma Papilliferum: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(09): 14673-14677. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1392051

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  21. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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