Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 04 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 50838 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.124498

常染色体显性多囊肾病的临床表现及其诊治 进展

董辉辉1,徐璐2,李新建1*

1济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁

2济宁医学院附属医院血液净化科,山东 济宁

收稿日期:2022年3月26日;录用日期:2022年4月20日;发布日期:2022年4月27日

摘要

常染色体显性遗传多囊肾病(ADPKD)是最常见的遗传性肾病之一,是终末期肾病(ESRD)的一大病因。其发病主要是由于PKD基因突变引起的。常见临床表现为肾功异常、高血压、囊肿感染、出血、尿路感染、疼痛等。多囊肾病的临床表现不一,确诊后需要进一步筛查有无囊肿形成、体积增大引起的症状及其他系统性表现,以便更好地治疗疾病和提高生存质量。很多人认为ADPKD只是单纯地局限于肾脏表现,其实ADPKD是一种可累及泌尿、消化、神经、生殖等多个系统的系统性疾病。本文将对ADPKD的典型临床表现及其诊治做一个综述,以期能够为其早期诊断、全面治疗、减少并发症提供参考。

关键词

多囊肾,ADPKD,临床表现,诊治

Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment Progress of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Huihui Dong1, Lu Xu2, Xinjian Li1*

1Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

2Blood Purification Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

Received: Mar. 26th, 2022; accepted: Apr. 20th, 2022; published: Apr. 27th, 2022

ABSTRACT

As one of the most common hereditary nephropathies, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a major pathogeny for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ADPKD is mainly caused by polycystic kidney disease (PKD) mutation. Common clinical manifestations may include abnormal renal function, hypertension, cyst infection, hemorrhage, urinary tract infection, pain, etc. As ADPKD clinical manifestations vary greatly, it is necessary to further detect if there are symptoms caused by the formation or volume increase of cyst, or any other systematic manifestations, in order to better control the disease and improve life quality of the patient. Many people believe that ADPKD merely has renal manifestations, but it actually is a systemic disease that can impact multiple systems including urinary system, digestive system, nervous system, and reproductive system. This paper reviews the typical clinical manifestations and corresponding diagnosis/treatment of ADPKD, with the goal of providing reference for early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and complication alleviation.

Keywords:Polycystic Kidney Disease, ADPKD, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

常染色体显性遗传多囊肾病是一种系统性遗传疾病,在我国患病率约为1/400~1/1000。ADPKD由位于16号染色体上的多囊肾病1 (PKD1)和位于4号染色体上的多囊肾病2 (PKD2)基因突变引起。在临床病理特点上,ADPKD主要表现在肾脏的结构异常,患者双侧肾脏伴随疾病的发展,会出现许多大小不一的液性囊肿。随着囊肿的不断生长,肾脏结构和功能会遭到严重破坏,导致肾衰竭。约50%的ADPKD患者在60岁前后发展为终末期肾病,占全部ESRD患者的7%~10%。ADPKD是系统性疾病,累及肝脏、卵巢、胰腺、精囊、脾、胰等导致囊肿,累及血管系统形成动脉瘤,累及腹部可导致疝气,累及心脏可导致心脏瓣膜异常等。全面掌握ADPKD的临床表现可以及早干预,延缓疾病进展及减少并发症的发生,提高患者的生存质量。

2. 肾脏表现

2.1. 囊肿形成

ADPKD的主要特征是逐渐形成并增大的双侧多发肾囊肿。肾囊肿由肾单位和集合管发展而来,与囊肿壁上皮细胞增生有关。最初从肾小管发展而来的囊肿,其数量和体积随时间呈指数增长 [1]。从对ADPKD患者的研究以及实验动物模型中收集的大量证据表明,囊肿是造成肾小球滤过率下降的主要原因。这种下降的潜在过程包括大规模破坏肾小球滤过的解剖结构和尿液浓缩机制,以及皮层、延髓和乳头中相邻肾单位的囊肿压迫和阻塞 [2]。B超、CT、MRI都可显示肾囊肿的数量及位置。托伐普坦能有效抑制肾囊肿生长,延缓肾功能恶化,每年可延缓eGFR下降约1 mL/min/(1.73 m2),且治疗效果具有持续性 [3]。此外,托伐普坦还可以改善ADPKD患者疼痛、肾结石、血尿和尿路感染等症状,并有轻度降低血压的效果 [4]。目前,囊肿手术治疗主要包括腹腔镜下去顶减压术、开放手术、超声引导下穿刺术等。腹腔镜下去顶减压术具有创伤小、术中出血少、成功率高、术后恢复快等优点而被广泛接受 [5]。近年来,随着泌尿外科微创手术的不断发展,输尿管镜下内切开引流术逐渐在临床应用。

2.2. ESRD

大多数ADPKD患者表现为进行性肾功能下降直到ESRD。ADPKD是导致ESRD的第四大病因,仅次于慢性肾炎、糖尿病肾病和高血压肾损害,约4.7%的患者需接受肾脏替代治疗。一些可以减轻囊肿生长的药物(如托伐普坦等)可减缓ESRD的进程。mTOR抑制剂可有效减缓患者肾脏体积增长,但对肾功能的保护作用却不显著 [6]。ESRD患者需接受肾脏替代治疗。肾脏替代治疗目前包括血液透析、腹膜透析和肾脏移植三种模式。在血液透析治疗中,ADPKD患者的动静脉内瘘动脉瘤扩张风险可能增加。腹膜透析可能由于肾脏和肝脏增大致腹腔体积减少,而导致透析效率降低而限制其应用。但近来腹膜透析因其方便可行及较少的心血管事件使用日趋广泛。当然,肾脏移植是ADPKD患者的最佳治疗模式,ADPKD患者的移植效果优于一般ESRD人群,这可能与ADPKD患者比一般ESRD患者有较高的血细胞比容有关 [7]。ADPKD患者肾移植后,早期天然多囊肾的平均总肾脏体积显著下降,此后则较慢 [8]。

2.3. 尿路感染

尿路感染是ADPKD的常见并发症之一,约30%~50%的ADPKD患者会罹患尿路感染。感染原因可能是尿路被肿大的囊肿或肾结石阻塞,干扰了微生物的有效清除,促进了细菌生长。肾盂肾炎患者通常会出现腰腹疼痛和发烧。尿路感染的诊断方法包括病史和体格检查,尿液分析,血液和尿液培养及药敏实验。由于ADPKD患者尿路感染致病菌多为大肠埃希菌,建议静脉注射环丙沙星或氟喹诺酮作为抗菌治疗药物。患有急性肾盂肾炎且无囊肿感染迹象的患者,总疗程不低于10~14天。囊肿感染的患者可以继续接受口服氟喹诺酮治疗4~6周。研究表明,尿量的增加可以预防尿路感染 [9],托伐普坦对ADPKD患者尿路感染的治疗有保护作用 [10]。此外,研究表明α-intercalated细胞(α-ICs)通过分泌H+和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)保护尿路免受细菌侵扰 [11]。α-ICs对肾脏酸碱调节至关重要,它表达V-ATPase和其他特异性转运蛋白,主动将H+分泌到尿道中,使尿液的pH值保持在4.5~6.3,有效抑制细菌的生长。NGAL与革兰氏阴性细菌合成的铁载体结合,促进Fe3+的降解,抑制细菌的生长 [12]。

2.4. 疼痛

据统计,至少60%的ADPKD患者会经历急性或慢性的疼痛,急性疼痛是由于囊肿出血、破裂、感染和尿路结石引起,慢性疼痛通常由囊肿生长或邻近组织受压引起的 [13]。慢性疼痛是ADPKD的一个突出特征。肾囊肿引起的疼痛通常位于腹部,从持续的不适直到钝痛或严重的刺痛。慢性疼痛是生理和心理失调的综合症状,因此在诊治过程中应兼顾这两个方面。非药物疗法包括物理干预(按摩、热敷等)和心理干预(对患者进行教育、认知行为治疗等)。托伐普坦、奥曲肽和兰瑞肽能够降低囊肿的生长速度,对减缓ADPKD患者的疼痛有益 [14]。世卫组织推荐的三阶梯止痛法,已被广泛用于各种类型疼痛的治疗,也可用于ADPKD患者 [15]。首先可以使用对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛),如效果不好,可以使用非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)或轻度阿片类药物(如曲马多)。由于NSAID的肾脏血液动力学作用和肾毒性,不建议在肾功能受损的ADPKD患者中使用。对乙酰氨基酚与NSAID的联合疗法可以有效降低疼痛和减少阿片类药物的使用。当联合疗法无法奏效时,可以使用强阿片类药物(如吗啡) [16]。因为止痛药在血液中达到稳定的药物浓度时最有效,止痛药应按固定的剂量使用。如果药物治疗效果欠佳,可手术治疗,如腹腔镜囊肿的去顶术、去肾神经支配术、囊肿脱壳术等。当以上方式均失败时,可对难治性疼痛和肾功能衰竭患者行保留肾切除术、腹腔神经阻滞术 [17]。近年来,一些研究人员在小规模试验中尝试了其他的止痛方法,如肾感觉神经消融术、经皮神经电刺激(TENS)、脊髓刺激等,这些是很有前景的治疗方法 [18]。

2.5. 囊肿出血

囊肿出血是ADPKD常见临床表现之一。囊肿上皮细胞产生血管内皮生长因子会促进血管生成并导致囊肿内出血,囊肿与集合系统交通后会出现肉眼血尿,发生率约为40%,是影响预后的重要因素。所有疑似囊肿出血的患者均要进行腹部CT检查。囊肿出血以保守治疗为主,需要休息和补液,避免使用容易造成出血的药物如华法林、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷等。对于严重的囊肿出血患者,需要暂停RAAS抑制剂,预防急性肾损伤。当保守治疗失败时,可以考虑使用抗纤溶剂氨甲环酸 [19]。对于难治性囊肿出血的病人,可以进行经导管动脉栓塞术(肾动脉栓塞术)或肾脏切除术 [20]。

2.6. 肾结石症

肾结石在ADPKD患者中的发生率为8%~36%,结石会引起阻塞并加剧尿路感染。肾结石形成的原因是多方面的,可能是由于囊肿生长继发的结构异常(导致尿淤滞)引起的,也可能是由于伴随的代谢紊乱(尿液pH值低、柠檬酸浓度低、氨排泄减少)引起的。这些结石的主要成分是尿酸盐和草酸盐。超声及CT是最常用的诊断方法,双能CT扫描可以区分两种结石类型 [21]。无症状患者可以保守治疗,包括增加液体摄入量、口服碱化治疗和定期随访。DJ支架或者经皮肾造口术可以紧急缓解梗阻。肾功能正常的患者可以行体外冲击波碎石术和输尿管软镜治疗 [22]。结石的最大直径超过15 mm时可以行经皮肾镜取石术 [23]。

2.7. 囊肿感染

囊肿感染是ADPKD的常见并发症之一,也是加重肾损害的一个重要因素。ADPKD囊肿感染的临床表现与上尿路感染类似,表现为腰痛伴高热,甚至感染性休克。超声、CT、MRI和18F-PET/CT可作为囊肿感染的检查手段 [24],ADPKD引流囊液的细菌学检查可确诊肾囊肿感染。ADPKD肾囊肿感染的一线治疗由抗菌药物组成,失败率较高。因ADPKD患者容易并发肾功能衰竭,所以选择抗菌药物时须考虑肾功能,还需考虑抗菌药物对囊壁的穿透力。水溶性抗菌药物对感染性囊肿的渗透作用弱,治疗效果欠佳;而脂溶性抗菌药物(如氟喹诺酮类)具有良好的囊壁穿透力,但致病微生物通常对这些药物产生耐药性。对于严重的囊肿感染,应优先使用氟喹诺酮类药物;对于轻度的囊肿感染,应避免使用氟喹诺酮类作为一线抗生素,以防止滥用 [25]。囊肿引流目前存在争议,一般而言,当采取了适当的抗菌治疗后一至二周仍持续发烧 [26],或囊肿直径超过5 cm时 [27],建议行囊肿引流术。对难治性囊肿感染无法行囊肿引流术时可行肾切除术。

3. 肾脏外表现

3.1. 肝囊肿

多囊肝(PLD)是ADPKD的最常见肾外表现,女性更为常见 [28]。肝囊肿是肝并发症的主要表现,偶尔有先天性肝纤维化和胆道节段性扩张等少见表现。并发多囊肝患者常无明显症状,但有些患者会有与进行性肝肿大相关的慢性表现。多囊肝的症状与囊肿的数量及有无囊肿出血、破裂或感染有关 [29]。ADPKD患者出现右侧腹部疼痛,伴随发热症状,在排除右肾感染之后,可考虑为肝囊肿感染。致病微生物可通过血液培养或囊肿的穿刺物培养确定。囊肿感染应使用已证实可在囊肿中渗透的药物如环丙沙星,以及可能集中在胆汁中的头孢曲松。如果抗生素治疗失败,应考虑经皮引流或肝切除术 [30]。巨大的多囊肝可引起腹部胀感,间歇性或持续性的疼痛。机械压迫使邻近器官移位,并导致饱胀感、呼吸困难、腹疝、子宫脱垂等。经皮穿刺抽吸术与使用酒精或米诺环素的硬化疗法相结合,能最大程度地减少囊肿复发。治疗数量有限(少于5个)的大囊肿,应考虑采用硬化疗法。囊肿壁的切除或开窗术一直是有症状多囊肝的标准治疗方法 [31]。当有症状的患者只有很少的浅表大囊肿(后部位置除外,尺寸 > 5 cm),应行开窗手术。部分肝切除术比单纯开窗术能更好地治疗多发小囊肿引起的多囊肝,但肝切除术的风险更高,因为囊肿会影响肝脏的解剖结构。肝移植是根除大面积多囊肝的有效方法,但它很少用于多囊肝的治疗,因为患者通常无明显肝功能受损。生长抑素类似物(如奥曲肽和兰瑞肽)可以减少肝囊肿的体积 [32]。

3.2. 心血管系统病变

高血压是ADPKD的常见早期表现。早期有效的血压控制对减缓ADPKD的发展、降低死亡率有重要的意义。ADPKD患者高血压的发生比一般人群更早,且男性比女性更为常见和严重 [33]。动态血压监测是诊断和随访高血压的最佳方法 [34]。高血压的发生与RAAS激活有关,肾实质的变形会导致肾小管功能障碍和肾血管缺血 [35],并导致RAAS激活。此外,肾内缺血、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素升高、胰岛素抵抗是导致ADPKD高血压发展的其他因素 [36]。应该控制ADPKD患者的血压低于130/80 mmHg。在患者的饮食和生活方式上,应避免摄入咖啡因,戒烟和保持足够的液体摄入。其次使用药物控制高血压,建议使用ACEI或ARB等RAAS抑制剂 [37]。有研究表明钙离子阻断剂对囊肿的形成有潜在作用,可使用β受体阻断剂作为第二种药物 [38]。利尿剂与RAAS抑制剂联合使用,可有效降低ADPKD患者的血压,所以利尿剂可作为ADPKD高血压的二线或三线药物 [39]。此外,ADPKD可伴有其他心血管异常,如左室肥厚、瓣膜异常、舒张早期功能障碍、颈动脉内膜壁增厚和冠脉流速储备受损。因此,必须对ADPKD患者进行系统的心血管风险评估。

3.3. 颅内动脉瘤

ADPKD患者发生颅内动脉瘤的危险性是普通人群的5倍左右 [40],流行病学调查约为8%。颅内动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下腔出血的危险性较正常人群明显升高,死亡率高达30%。在所有ADPKD的死因中,动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下腔出血占到4%~7% [41]。因此,ADPKD患者需筛查颅内动脉瘤。颅内动脉瘤破裂率为1.3%~2.3%/年,且危险性和动脉瘤的大小相关。DSA、CTA及MRA是有效的筛查和随访方法 [42]。ADPKD患者颅内动脉瘤破裂的高发年龄为35岁~45岁,较普通人群提前约10年 [43]。对于确诊颅内动脉瘤的ADPKD患者,需动态观察,对于破裂风险较大的患者,应根据患者肾功能的损害程度,积极进行DSA以及颅内动脉瘤栓塞术,在介入治疗时需考虑造影剂对肾脏的影响。无法进行介入治疗时可考虑开颅夹闭。

3.4. 其他

另有研究表明,男性患者还可伴发精囊囊肿、附睾囊肿、死精子症、无精子症及少弱精子症,女性患者可伴发多囊卵巢等 [44]。

4. 结语

本文对ADPKD的典型症状,包括肾脏及肾脏外表现及其诊治进展进行了综述。近年来,随着对多囊肾病的持续研究,ADPKD患者更多的临床症状被发现,医学人员对它的认识也更加深入,这将有利于ADPKD的治疗及预后研究。希望ADPKD终将成为一种可以防治的疾病。

基金项目

济宁市医药卫生科技项目(济科字[2011]57号)。

文章引用

董辉辉,徐 璐,李新建. 常染色体显性多囊肾病的临床表现及其诊治进展
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment Progress of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(04): 3440-3447. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.124498

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  45. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: lixinjian8018@163.com

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