Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 03 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 62760 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.133559

肥胖合并胃食管反流病的外科治疗研究进展

艾合麦提·喀斯木1,买买提·依斯热依力1,2,3,克力木·阿不都热依木1,2,3,4*

1新疆医科大学研究生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

3新疆维吾尔自治区胃食管反流病及减重代谢外科临床研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐

4新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院微创,疝和腹壁外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年2月15日;录用日期:2023年3月11日;发布日期:2023年3月20日

摘要

众所周知,肥胖合并代谢综合征的患者逐年增多。目前国内外最常用的减重手术方式为腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术(Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy, LSG),被广大肥胖合并代谢综合征的患者所接受。然而很多肥胖患者合并有胃食管反流病(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD)和(或)食管裂孔疝(Hiatus Hernia, HH),如对这些患者行LSG,则术后新发GERD或原有的GERD症状加重。肥胖合并GERD患者的外科治疗选择仍是诊治工作的难点。肥胖合并GERD和(或) HH不但增加手术难度,还对术者提出更高的要求。因此选择合理的术式具有重要的临床价值。本文旨在肥胖合并胃食管反流病的临床特征病理改变以及相关手术方式的选择和优缺点方面作一综述。

关键词

胃食管反流病,肥胖,减重手术,腹腔镜下胃底折叠术联合胃袖状切除术

Advances in the Surgical Treatment of Obesity Combined with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Aihemaiti Kasimu1, Maimaiti Yisireyili1,2,3, Kelimu Abudureyimu1,2,3,4*

1Graduate School of Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi Xinjiang

3Clinical Research Center of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Weight Loss and Metabolism Surgery of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi Xinjiang

4Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Feb. 15th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 11th, 2023; published: Mar. 20th, 2023

ABSTRACT

As we all know, the number of obese patients with metabolic syndrome is increasing year by year. At present, the most commonly used weight-loss surgery at home and abroad is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), which is accepted by the majority of obese patients with metabolic syndrome. However, many obese patients have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or hiatus hernia (HH). If LSG is performed on these patients, the symptoms of new GERD or original GERD will worsen. The choice of surgical treatment for obese patients with GERD is still a difficult point in diagnosis and treatment. Obesity combined with GERD and/or HH not only increases the difficulty of surgery, but also puts forward higher requirements for the operator. Therefore, it is of great clinical value to choose a reasonable operation. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features and pathological changes of obesity complicated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, as well as the selection, advantages and disadvantages of relevant surgical methods.

Keywords:Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Obisity, Bariatric Surgery, Laparoscopic Fundoplication with Sleeve Gastrectomy

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

当前,肥胖已经成为危害全球人类健康的公共卫生问题。据统计 [1],自1992年以来中国成年人中肥胖患病率从3.6%增长到2004年的7.1%,再到2018年16.4%。本次统计还预测,到了2030年我国肥胖患病率可能会达到30%。肥胖症是GERD的独立危险因素之一,50%~70%的肥胖症患者有不同程度的烧心、反酸症状 [2],而且肥胖与HH显著相关 [3]。肥胖导致HH的患病率增加,据统计 [4],肥胖症合并食管裂孔疝的患病率大约为11%~40%,研究结果显示:GERD在非肥胖者中的患病率为15%~20%,但在肥胖者中估计为50%~100%。因此,有研究指出肥胖是GERD和(或) HH的独立危险因素。

LSG是目前全世界最流行最常用的减重外科手术之一 [5]。越来越多的大型单中心回顾性研究报告 [6] LSG的安全性、中长期减重疗效的良好总体结果。虽然有研究者认为LSG可能会降低GERD,因为它会降低腹内压、胃酸产生、胃容量和胃排空的加快,进而改善反流症状 [7],但是有的研究指出 [8],LSG后GERD发生或已有的GERD症状加重的原因,例如手术后解剖抗反流机制的破坏、胃顺应性降低、胃内压力增加、局部狭窄或胃体与胃窦交界处成角、胃扭转、胃溃疡以及食管裂孔疝的存在。因此随着越来越多的LSG手术在世界范围内进行,随之而来的可能是越来越多的GERD患者。与普通人群相比,肥胖患者出现反流症状的风险增加 [9]。此外,GERD存在于寻求减重手术的绝大多数肥胖患者中 [10],用外科手术来同时解决减重和抗反流这两个问题至关重要。

GERD是LSG后最常见的术后并发症,发病率为20%~60%,若术前存在HH,术后胃食管返流的发病率则更高 [11] [12]。在患有GERD的肥胖患者中,腹腔镜Roux-en Y胃旁路术(LRYGB)被认为是减重和改善胃食管反流症状最适合的选择术式 [13]。不幸的是,即使接受LRYGB的患者也不能避免术后发生GERD的风险。LRYGB可能无法充分控制GERD症状,研究发现多达22%的患者行LRYGB后仍有GERD症状 [14],该研究中使用pH阻抗的研究表明,胃旁路术后弱酸反流和胃食管反流病–健康相关生活质量量表(Health Related Quality of Life Scale for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD-HRQOL)显著增加。值得一提的是,GERD-HRQOL评分量表继GERD-Q评分量表后又一个评价手术治疗胃食管反流病疗效而设计的,为临床疗效提供证据支持包括烧心反酸等症状在内的问卷调查,包括11个条目,总分50分,分数越高,生存质量越低,大多数患者一分钟内完成调查问卷。考虑到所有这些发现,国内外减重团队提议通过联合不同的胃底折叠术LSG术式。这些技术的目的使肥胖合并胃食管反流病和(或)食管裂孔疝的患者获得良好的减重效果的同时明显改善患者的胃食管反流症状。

2. GERD和(或) HH的临床特征以及病理生理改变

GERD是临床常见的上消化道疾病,是由胃十二指肠内容物反流至食管以及食管以外部位,引起的一系列临床综合征,其典型症状为烧心和反酸症状 [15]。防止反流的机制包括食管运动、食管下括约肌(Lower Esophageal Sphincter, LES)、膈食管裂孔、His角和膈食管韧带,任何这些成分的破坏都可能导致胃内容物回流和GERD。HH是指食管的移位或其它腹部脏器通过食管裂孔进入胸腔的疾病,人群中发生率为4.5%~15.0% [16],其中滑动型食管裂孔疝最常见。疝囊在受到胸膜腔内压和食管内压,致使正常抗反流屏障的消失,从而促进GERD的发生。

胃食管反流病在肥胖人群中的显著增加,致GERD成为肥胖最常见的相关合并症之一,这使得减重代谢外科医生对提高对这类疾病患者的重视和发病机制更深入的研究。肥胖合并GERD的病理生理学是多因素的,包括腹内压力增加、LES能力改变、食管运动障碍增加、食管酸清除率降低和食管裂孔疝患病率增加2型糖尿病、高脂饮食等 [17] [18] [19]。几项研究分析GERD与体质量指数(Body Mass Index, BMI)的关系 [20] :与BMI < 25者相比较,BMI > 25者出现GERD症状的校正风险比为1.76。此外,BMI指数每增加5分,DeMeester评分每增加3分,GERD症状发生率就增加3倍。有研究显示 [21],当BMI < 25时,GERD发生率为23%,25 < BMI > 30为27%,当BMI > 30时,GERD发生率可达50%,甚至更高。因此肥胖患者随着BMI的升高,GERD和或(HH)的发病率也随之升高。

3. 袖状胃切除术对肥胖合并胃食管反流病的影响

在过去10年中,LSG已成为国内外最常进行的减重手术。它在其他减肥手术中的成功可以用几个因素来解释。与LRYGB相比 [22],LSG在短期和长期治疗肥胖和相关合并症的有效性以及良好的生活质量方面提供了相似的结果。此外,与其它减重手术相比,LSG被认为技术要求较低。Elazary等 [23] 分别用不同方法对LSG后对GERD的影响进行研究,其中采用GERD-Q评分,研究结果显示LSG术后GERD症状不同程度得到改善。Pallati等 [24] 的一项随访研究中,肥胖合并GERD患者LSG后半年有41%的GERD症状缓解。另一大部分减重代谢研究者提出了相反的结论。与其余减重手术一样,LSG也不能免除长期并发症的困扰,LSG的主要长期副作用似乎是GERD。在最近的研究中 [25] [26],在LSG之后高达20%~60%的患者随访反馈出现GERD症状或术前已有的反流症状不同程度加重。KOM等 [27] 的一项随访研究报告LSG后酸暴露的增加,并认为这与手术损伤Helvetius肌领纤维导致的术后LES压力降低、His角消除和胃内压力增加有关。Sheppard [28] 等人对387名在2年时间段内接受LSG的肥胖合并GERD患者进行了回顾性研究,术前质子泵抑制剂(Proton Pump Inhibitors, PPI)的使用率在组间没有差异,但在手术后1个月(p < 0.05)和1~2年(p < 0.001)接受LSG的肥胖合并GERD患者的PPI使用剂量显着增加,在术前接受PPI治疗的LSG患者队列中,58%的患者在术后增加了剂量,42%的患者继续服用相同剂量。最近的一项系统回顾和荟萃分析报告称 [29],LSG后GERD的发生率增加了19%,新发GERD的发生率增加了23%,其中30%的患者伴有糜烂性食管炎(Erosive Esophagitis, EE),巴雷特食管(Barrett’s Esophagitis,BE)在6%。质子泵抑制剂(PPI)的使用在38%的患者中增加。其他作者指出 [30] [31],15.5%至66.7%的患者在SG后出现EE。最新的其它研究中得出 [32],LSG似乎会恶化先前存在的GERD,并增加再次GERD和巴雷特食管的风险,LSG引起食管下括约肌张力降低(可能是由于膈食管韧带离断和His角钝化),根据拉普拉斯定律,胃体积减少导致胃内压力增加,胃饥饿素分泌减少,导致胃运动障碍。在另一项研究中 [20] 分析了109名接受LSG的肥胖合并GERD患者,观察发现LSG后食管炎和HH的患病率分别显著增加(20.1% vs 33.9%;p < 0.05)和(22% vs 34.8%;p < 0.05),GERD症状也增加,25%的患者出现新发性食管炎,16%的患者出现HH,35%的患者出现症状,由此得出手术后食管炎、HH和GERD的患病率增加。

尽管LSG已成为对病态肥胖患者一种合适的治疗方法,但它与新发GERD的发展或原有GERD的恶化有关。随着长期数据的积累,减重代谢外科界对与LSG相关的GERD问题的认识不断提高。几项研究报告了GERD的惊人数字 [33],如反映在相对较高的GERD症状发生率、EE和BE发生率。据报道 [34],除了可能影响生活质量外,GERD还与体重减轻不佳有关。综合上述,尽管如此,考虑到有关GERD、BE定义的研究异质性、客观研究的使用以及缺乏高水平证据,围绕这一重要问题仍存在一些争议,有必要继续进一步深入研究。

4. 肥胖合并胃食管反流病的手术方式及优缺点

对于肥胖伴GERD的病人的治疗,仅通过改变饮食习惯、运动等往往得不到改善,反而可能加重反流症状,甚至出现短期减重后的复胖。药物治疗也同样得不到减重和抗反流的效果。因肥胖引起的并发症和诸多问题都无法解决,手术治疗成为较好的选择。合并GERD的肥胖已经是临床常见病。肥胖经多重机制诱发GERD,另外多数减重手术破坏胃食管结合部的抗反流屏障,因此如何对合并肥胖的GERD患者手术方案需要我们思索。以下就对肥胖合并GERD患者外科手术方式及优缺点进行阐述。

4.1. LRYGB

RYGB是21世纪应用最多的减重手术之一,据报道RYGB后反流症状缓解率约为70%~90% [35]。RYGB缓解GERD的机制是通过构建Roux-en-Y吻合以及小胃囊,胃囊仅剩30~50 mL容量,致使胃食管压力降低,减少胃酸分泌的同时加速胃排空,实现胰液和胆汁的分流,减少酸反流。此外,构建的小胃囊对His角及贲门周围纤维肌肉组织等支撑结构影响小,故RYGB被推荐为GERD合并肥胖的最佳选择 [36]。但与LSG相比较,RYGB技术难度高,学习曲线较长,并发症多,尤其是吻合口漏,维生素和微量元素终身缺乏以及腹泻等 [37]。残留胃囊增加早期胃癌的发现难度,所以近几年在临床应用逐渐减低。

4.2. LAGB

腹腔镜可调节胃束带术(Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding, LAGB)被广泛接受的年代,曾以手术简单,减重效果好,并发症发生率较少而风行一时。但术后随访发现 [38] 远期减重疗效并不理想,并且报告有不少胃绑带松弛、滑脱移位、侵蚀胃食管等并发症,当术后胃绑带松弛或侵蚀导致狭窄时,会使GERD症状加重或新发,所以随着术后并发症的逐年增加,临床应用也随之减少。也有学者尝试LAGB同期行食管裂孔疝修补术来达到抗反流和减重的双重目的,但以上LAGB术后并发症的不断增加,使得LAGB目前已基本不为临床所应用。

4.3. 胃底折叠联合袖状胃切除术

国内外学者探讨了加强抗反流联合胃袖状切除术的新型抗反流手术。我国克力木教授 [39] 最早设计了包括Nissen、Dor、Toupet在内的不同胃底折叠联合胃袖状切除术的多种手术方式,即腹腔镜下胃底折叠术联合袖状胃切除术(Laparoscopic Fundoplication with Sleeve Gastrectomy, LFDSG),先通过动物实验验证其可行性及安全性,再后来在临床应用上取得成功,并获得较好的减重和抗反流效果。国外有报道 [40] Nissen联合SG的N-sleeve抗反流手术在术后GERD症状缓解率达76%,而Rossetti胃底折叠联合SG的R-sleeve手术在术后一年的随访中反流症状缓解率则达95% [41],无论N-sleeve还是R-sleeve手术均同时收到了同样的减重效果。而Lee等 [42] 则在Nissen胃底折叠的基础上加做胃大弯折叠术治疗肥胖合并GERD,结果术后EE的发生率由术前的80%降到了17%,且具有同样的良好减重效果。对于合并肥胖的GERD患者而言,目前多种胃底折叠联合SG手术均收到较好的抗反流及减重效果,但由于现有研究样本量较小,暂乏随机对照研究,需多中心大样本量的研究进一步验证。

5. 总结与展望

综上所述,对于肥胖合并GERD患者而言,特别是肥胖诱发GERD的发生,而减重手术抗反流效果欠佳,当前全球最流行的LSG甚至可以增加GERD的发生率,单纯的抗反流手术对减重没有缓解作用。如何加强抗反流效果的同时达到满意的减重疗效,合理选择减重术式是有待考量的问题。近年来新型抗反流减重手术不断兴起和普及,有望成为新的有效替代治疗方案。

基金项目

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2021D01C148)。

文章引用

艾合麦提·喀斯木,买买提·依斯热依力,克力木·阿不都热依木. 肥胖合并胃食管反流病的外科治疗研究进展
Advances in the Surgical Treatment of Obesity Combined with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(03): 3900-3906. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133559

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  43. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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