Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 01 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 60937 , 4 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.131155

脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例

王涵慷1,孟凡光2,李桂杰2*

1山东第一医科大学,山东 济南

2山东第一医科大学第一附属医院,山东,济南

收稿日期:2022年12月28日;录用日期:2023年1月21日;发布日期:2023年1月31日

摘要

目的:探讨脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘(spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, SDAVF)的临床和影像学特点,提高对该病的诊断能力。方法:报道1例经磁共振和血管造影的SDAVF病例,并复习相关文献。结果:SDAVF表现为不同程度的脊髓损害症状,临床缺乏鲜明的特点,易误诊,磁共振平扫及增强检查通常可以发现长节段脊髓病变及脊髓表面迂曲的扩张静脉,数字减影血管成像(DSA)是确诊的金标准,并可以发现瘘口位置;早期治疗能够改善预后。结论:提高对SDAVF的警惕性,认识该病临床表现的复杂多变,提高该病的影像学识别能力是正确诊断的关键。

关键词

脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘,脊髓血管造影,脊髓MRI

A Case Report of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Hankang Wang1, Fanguang Meng2, Guijie Li2*

1Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

2The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

Received: Dec. 28th, 2022; accepted: Jan. 21st, 2023; published: Jan. 31st, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the clinical and imaging features of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) and improve the diagnostic ability of SDAVF. Methods: A case of SDAVF by MRI and angiography was reported, and the related literature was reviewed. Results: SDAVF showed different degrees of spinal cord injury symptoms, lacking distinct clinical features and easy to be misdiagnosed. Plain and enhanced MRI can usually find long segment spinal cord lesions and tortuous dilated veins on the surface of the spinal cord. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for diagnosis, and can find the location of fistula; early treatment can improve the prognosis. Conclusion: The key to correct diagnosis of SDAVF is to enhance the vigilance of SDAVF, recognize the complexity and variability of its clinical manifestations, and improve its imaging recognition ability.

Keywords:Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula, Spinal Angiography, Spinal MRI

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

脊柱的血管病变很少见,分为动静脉瘘和动静脉畸形。脊髓硬膜内动静脉瘘(spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, SDAVF)是最常见的,占确诊病变的80%。SDAVF往往位于下胸腰部,80%发生在T6至L2之间 [1] [2]。髓静脉动脉化导致脊髓冠状静脉丛的静脉充血。随着静脉压的升高,组织灌注量减少,同时伴有血管盗取、缺血,在某些情况下还会出血,如静脉回流障碍,引起脊髓充血、毛细血管血流淤滞,早期可导致脊髓小动脉缺血、间质水肿,晚期导致缺血性坏死,引起脊髓功能的改变 [3] [4]。SDAVF在临床上少见,没有明显的临床表现,易误诊、漏诊。本文报道一例SDAVF的病例,结合磁共振与血管造影,复习相关文献结合分析。

2. 临床资料

患者,女,59岁,因“左膝疼痛10年,右膝疼痛7年。”门诊以“双膝骨关节炎”收入院。既往“高血压”,否认糖尿病、冠心病病史。否认有肝炎、结核等慢性传染病病史及密切接触史。于2021年在腰硬联合麻醉下行左膝人工全膝关节置换术 + 右膝关节镜清理术,手术顺利,术后给予抗生素预防感染、消炎镇痛药物对症治疗,术后查体示:双上肢肌力5级,双下肢肌力1~2级,屈髋及屈膝动作无法完成,踝背伸肌力1~2级,踝跖屈肌力1~2级,双下肢感觉减退伴麻木,大便未解,小便无法自控,目前患者已完善颅脑、颈椎、胸腰椎MRI检查(见图1),请我科阅片示:扫描所见胸6~10水平椎管内见多发条状短T2信号,胸9~12脊髓内见条片状长T2信号,脊髓内动静脉瘘可能性较大,建议转入神经外科行进一步诊断及治疗。目前情况:双上肢肌力5级,双下肢肌力1~2级,屈髋及屈膝动作无法完成,踝背伸肌力1~2级,踝跖屈肌力1~2级,双下肢感觉减退伴麻木,大便未解,小便无法自控,病情危重,患者肌肉力量进行性加重,脊髓神经损伤,脊髓伴有水肿,严重时脊髓损伤范围向上发展蔓延,严重时可危及呼吸中枢,甚至危及生命,病情危重。转科后患者行脊髓血管造影术(见图2)。

3. 讨论

硬脊膜动静脉瘘是脊柱最常见的血管分流。SDAVF主要发生在男性(80%),通常累及胸腰椎,由于脊髓静脉充血,通常会导致进行性脊髓病变 [5] [6]。人们普遍认为,SDAVF由位于脊神经根袖硬脑膜上的神经根膜动脉供血,并流入神经根髓静脉 [6]。炎性反应、外伤或引流静脉血栓形成等原因位于神经根袖套或附近的硬脊膜内动静脉间潜在通道被迫开放而形SDAVF,并通过根髓静脉引流至髓周静脉系统,与正常脊髓静脉合并形成逆流 [7]。压力较高的动脉经瘘口流入根髓静脉,并引流入脊髓冠状静脉丛,而脊髓静脉引流只通过少量根髓静脉流入硬膜外静脉丛,且脊髓静脉系统无静脉瓣,引起脊髓静脉淤血、静脉高压,髓内静脉压可达平均动脉压74%,导致脊髓组织灌注减少、水肿、缺氧和血脊髓屏障破坏 [8]。SDAVF好发于中老年男性,临床表现主要为慢性进展性脊髓病继发的神经功能缺陷,包括步态障碍、下肢无力、感觉障碍、括约肌功能障碍等,以下肢无力和感觉障碍为首发症状患者超过70%,其次为括约肌障碍,临床上常遇主诉单侧下肢进行性乏力发展到双下肢,有脚踩棉花异常感觉;上肢不常受累,当上肢受累时提示病变可能在颈部,神经根痛和腰痛也可见 [9]。

Figure 1. Thoracolumbar MRI examination

图1. 胸腰椎MRI检查

Figure 2. Spinal angiography examination

图2. 脊髓血管造影检查

MR是诊断SDAVF的首选检查,在MRI上,SDAVF的特征是脊髓和脊髓圆锥内T2信号增加,这可能与静脉高压和由此引起的脊髓肿胀有关。这也可能与注射造影剂后增强有关,反映了血液/脊髓屏障的破坏 [10]。MRI表现可模拟各种其他病因,包括炎性或感染性脊髓炎和椎管狭窄引起的脊髓水肿。脊髓内T2高信号的位置不一定能确定SDAVF的位置,因为圆锥经常因正位而受累。在SDAVF的情况下,在T2加权图像上,SDAVF的蛛网膜下腔内经常可以看到流动的空洞,代表扩大和动脉化的髓周静脉通道 [11]。这些突出的蛛网膜下腔静脉结构通常广泛存在于纵向,因此也不能确定SDAVF和动脉供血的位置 [12]。所以我们结合了DSA血管造影,来诊断SDAVF。

本例患者为老年女性,以双下肢无力为首发症状,逐渐进展的脊髓功能障碍,保守治疗效果不佳,该患者为长节段脊髓病变,胸腰椎MR增强提示:胸椎脊髓异常信号。患者诊断为脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘,转神经外科进一步手术治疗。SDAVF为非自限性疾病,一旦患病,症状将进行性加重,最后导致神经系统不可逆损害,早期诊断和治疗是其预后的关键,故一经确诊应尽早进行手术治疗。临床医师应加强对该病的认识,了解其发病机制及临床特点,掌握其影响特征,在中老年患者出现下肢感觉、运动异常,大小便障碍等脊髓受压的表现时,应考虑此病的可能,及时治疗 [13]。

文章引用

王涵慷,孟凡光,李桂杰. 脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例
A Case Report of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(01): 1124-1127. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131155

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  14. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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