Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 02 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 40457 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.112079

类风湿性关节炎患者血清脂质水平与疾病活动度的关系

赵旋1,2,刘莹爽3,郭欣欣1,2

1青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科,山东 青岛

2青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

3聊城市传染病医院消化内科,山东 聊城

收稿日期:2021年1月17日;录用日期:2021年2月2日;发布日期:2021年2月20日

摘要

目的:分析类风湿性关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis, RA)患者血清脂质水平,进一步探讨RA患者血清脂质水平与疾病活动度的关系。方法:回顾性纳入2014年6月至2019年10月于青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科住院的RA患者(RA组)及本院同期健康体检者(对照组),排除肿瘤、急慢性感染、其他自身免疫性疾病及严重肝肾功不全者,收集所有研究对象的人口学资料及临床资料,运用SPSS26.0软件进行统计分析。结果:与年龄、性别相匹配的健康人群相比,RA患者血清脂质水平(包括甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C))明显降低(P < 0.05),C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)及DAS28 (ESR)均与TC (r = −0.146, −0.164及−0.146, P < 0.05)、HDL-C (r = −0.311, −0.330及−0.309, P < 0.05)呈负相关,与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.230, 0.231及0.208, P < 0.05),DAS28 (CRP)与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.281, P < 0.001),与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.205, P = 0.001);类风湿因子(RF)与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.155, P = 0.016),与LDL-C、TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.141, P = 0.028; r = 0.207, P = 0.001),抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(ACPA)与血脂无明显相关性;RA患者合并症数量与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.198, P = 0.002),与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.208, P = 0.001)。结论:RA患者血清脂质水平异常,部分血清脂质指标变化与疾病活动度密切相关。

关键词

类风湿性关节炎,血清脂质,炎症,疾病活动度

Relationship between Serum Lipid Level and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Xuan Zhao1,2, Yingshuang Liu3, Xinxin Guo1,2

1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

3Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng Infectious Diseases Hospital, Liaocheng Shandong

Received: Jan. 17th, 2021; accepted: Feb. 2nd, 2021; published: Feb. 20th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the level of serum lipids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to further explore the relationship between serum lipids and disease activity in patients with RA. Methods: Retrospective study included RA patients (RA group) who were hospitalized in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2014 to October 2019, and healthy persons in the same period (control group). Patients with tumor, acute or chronic infection, other autoimmune diseases and liver and kidney insufficiency were excluded. The demographic and clinical data of all subjects were collected and statistically analyzed by SPSS26.0 software. Results: Serum lipid levels (including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) in patients with RA were significantly lower than those in healthy people matched with age and sex (P < 0.05). C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and DAS28 (ESR) were negatively correlated with TC (r = −0.146, −0.164 and −0.146, P < 0.05) and HDL-C (r = −0.311, −0.330 and −0.309, P < 0.05). There is a positive correlation with TC/HDL-C (r = 0.230, 0.231 and 0.208, P < 0.05), there is a negative correlation between DAS28 (CRP) and HDL-C (r = −0.281, P < 0.001), and a positive correlation between DAS28 (CRP) and TC/HDL-C (r = 0.205, P = 0.001). Rheumatoid factor (RF) was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r = −0.155, P = 0.016), positively correlated with LDL-C and TC/HDL-C (r = 0.141, P = 0.028; r = 0.207, P = 0.001), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) was not significantly correlated with blood lipids, and the number of complications in patients with RA was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r = −0.198, P = 0.002) and positively correlated with TC/HDL-C (r = 0.208, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The level of serum lipid in patients with RA is abnormal, and the changes of some serum lipid indexes are closely related to the activity of the disease.

Keywords:Rheumatoid Arthritis, Serum Lipids, Inflammation, Disease Activity

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种全身性自身免疫性疾病,多表现为慢性侵袭性关节炎及关节外其它系统症状,例如类风湿结节、间质性肺炎等,由于炎症处于疾病(导致临床症状、关节损伤、残疾)的核心地位,因此治疗目标通常集中在积极控制炎症方面 [1]。目前,已有多种临床工具用于评估疾病活动,例如:C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、DAS28、SDAI、CDAI等,每种指标都具有一定的灵敏度与特异度,本研究旨在分析RA患者血清脂质水平及其与疾病活动性的关系,以利于临床医师定期评估RA患者疾病活动性,从而进一步指导临床治疗。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾性分析2014年6月~2019年10月于青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科住院的RA患者作为RA组,所有入组患者均符合1987年美国风湿病学会制定的RA诊断标准,同时选取同期于我院体检中心健康体检者为对照组,患有肿瘤、急慢性感染者、其他自身免疫性疾病者、严重肝肾功不全者需排除在外。

本研究经青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,所有研究参与者均提供书面知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 临床资料的采集

详细记录所有研究对象的年龄、性别,同时记录RA组患者入组时关节疼痛程度的视觉模拟评分(VAS)及合并症(包括类风湿结节、呼吸系统病变、神经系统病变、眼部病变及RA相关性血管炎)。

2.2.2. 实验室指标检测方法

采集所有研究对象的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)指标,同时采集RA患者的CRP、ESR、类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(ACPA)指标,以上所有检测均在我院临床检验中心完成,其中CRP通过速率散射比浊法测定,ESR应用魏氏法测定,RF应用速率散射免疫比浊法测定,ACPA应用酶联免疫吸附法测定,TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C均应用酶法测定。

2.2.3. 关节指数评估方法

RA患者入组时评估44个关节,包括:双侧胸锁关节、肩锁关节、肩关节、肘关节、腕关节、第1-5掌指关节、第1~5近端指间关节、膝关节、踝关节、第1~5跖趾关节,进行压痛关节计数(TJC)及肿胀关节计数(SJC)。结合ESR、CRP及VAS,计算DAS28:DAS-28 (ESR) = 0.54 * sqrt(TJC) + 0.065 * (SJC) + 0.33 * ln(ESR) + 0.0072 * VAS;DAS-28 (CRP) = 0.54 * sqrt(TJC) + 0.065 * SJC + 0.17 * ln(CRP+1) + 0.0072 * VAS [2] (注:sqrt:开平方根,ln:取自然对数)。

2.2.4. 统计学方法

人口学和临床特征的总结使用标准描述性统计,包括平均数 ± 标准差、中位数(四分位数范围)、频率或百分比。组间计量资料比较采用独立t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料比较采用c2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。使用SPSS版本26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA)进行所有统计分析。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组研究对象人口学资料比较

研究共纳入477例研究对象,其中RA组242例,对照组235例。两组研究对象年龄(53.7 ± 11.4 vs 53.2 ± 9.3, U = 26788.5, P = 0.274)、性别(男) (30.6% vs 37.9%, c2 = 2.820, P = 0.093)均无明显差异,表明两组研究对象具有可比性,详见表1

3.2. 血清脂质水平比较

RA组血清脂质水平(包括TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)均明显低于对照组(P < 0.05),见表1

Table 1. Comparison of baseline levels between two groups of subjects

表1. 两组研究对象基线水平比较

*P < 0.05。

3.3. RA组血清脂质与疾病活动度相关性分析

相关分析显示,RA组CRP、ESR、DAS28 (ESR)均与TC (r = −0.146, −0.164及−0.146, P < 0.05)、HDL-C (r = −0.311, −0.330及−0.309, P < 0.05)呈负相关,与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.230,0.231及0.208, P < 0.05),DAS28 (CRP)与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.281, P < 0.001),与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.205, P = 0.001);RF与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.155, P = 0.016),与LDL-C、TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.141, P = 0.028; r = 0.207, P = 0.001),ACPA与血脂无明显相关性;RA患者合并症数量与HDL-C呈负相关(r = −0.198, P = 0.002),与TC/HDL-C呈正相关(r = 0.208, P = 0.001)。具体结果见表2

Table 2. Analysis of the relationship between serum lipids and disease activity in patients with RA

表2. RA患者血清脂质与疾病活动度相关性分析

*P < 0.05。

4. 讨论

RA是一种机制不明的自身免疫介导的慢性炎症性疾病,可累及全身多个系统,主要表现为关节受累,发病率约为(0.5~1.0)%,女性患病率约是男性的3倍,且随着年龄增加而增加,65岁以上的女性患病率最高 [3]。澳大利亚一项研究表明,RA患者平均寿命损失为6~7年,死亡的主要原因是心血管疾病(CVD) [4]。血脂异常在RA患者中普遍存在,且在RA患者出现临床症状前10年就可以检测出血脂异常 [5],但是,RA患者的脂质谱与普通人群脂质谱有所不同,目前关于RA患者血清脂质紊乱的研究结果尚未达成一致,但已有研究报道活动期RA患者常常伴有低水平的TC、LDL-C、HDL-C [6],尽管RA患者具有较低的血清脂质水平,但他们仍具有较高的CVD风险 [7],这就是“脂质悖论”。TC/HDL-C是衡量冠心病发生风险的一个良好指标 [8],且冠状动脉病变的严重程度随着TC/HDL-C的升高而升高 [9]。本研究结果与既往文献相符。

RA为慢性炎症性疾病,炎症为RA发生发展的核心,RA患者的脂质分布和CVD风险之间的矛盾关系可能是由炎症作用介导的,即慢性炎症过程引起的脂质变化 [10]。研究表明,活动期RA患者脂质分解代谢速率高于一般人群,DMARDs或者生物制剂治疗后可以降低脂质高分解代谢速率,从而导致血清脂质水平增加 [11],有研究报道RA患者经过DMARDs治疗后,LDL-C升高大于30% [12]。因此,我们可以理解为脂质变化的主要驱动力是炎症。CRP、ESR、DAS28评分是反应炎症及疾病活动度的常用指标,本研究相关性分析显示,RA患者CRP、ESR、DAS28 (ESR)均与TC、HDL-C呈负相关,与TC/HDL-C呈正相关,DAS28 (CRP)亦与HDL-C呈负相关,与TC/HDL-C呈正相关,但DAS28 (CRP)与TC相关性不显著(r = −0.117, P = 0.069),不排除与样本量少有关,提示RA疾病活动度与血清脂质水平具有一定程度相关性。已有研究发现炎症因子的上调与TC、HDL-C降低有关联 [5],本研究与之一致。RF作为CVD的危险因素(HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0, 2.5),一定程度上与疾病活动度相关 [7],本研究亦发现RF与HDL-C呈负相关,与LDL-C、TC/HDL-C呈正相关,同样表明疾病活动度与脂质谱有一定相关性。ACPA是RA的经典代表性自身抗体,一旦出现后很难转阴,ACPA比RF具有更好的诊断特性 [13],但ACPA更偏向于导致疾病发生的免疫性指标,而非组织炎症相关指标,我们的研究也表明,ACPA与血脂并无明显相关性。RA为全身多系统疾病,除了侵犯关节外,还可以累及全身多个系统,受累系统越多,疾病严重程度也越重,本研究发现RA患者合并症数量与HDL-C呈负相关,与TC/HDL-C呈正相关,进一步表明血脂水平与疾病活动度具有一定关系。

RA炎症、脂质与CVD之间的关系比较复杂,RA患者CVD的主要决定因素是炎症标志物的升高 [6]。虽然用于治疗RA的许多药物可以改变脂质谱,但这些变化影响很小,严格的炎症控制可以有效降低CVD风险及相关不良结果 [14]。

本研究存在一定的局限性,首先,该研究为横断面研究,样本量有限,仍需进行大规模前瞻性研究进一步证实,其次,血脂易受多种因素影响,例如饮食、工作等,需进一步严格控制该指标,以准确反映结果。

总之,我们的研究表明RA患者血清脂质水平与疾病活动度有密切的关系,因此,判断及控制RA患者疾病活动性的同时需结合患者血清脂质谱,以便做出合理判断,正确指导临床。

文章引用

赵 旋,刘莹爽,郭欣欣. 类风湿性关节炎患者血清脂质水平与疾病活动度的关系
Relationship between Serum Lipid Level and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(02): 547-552. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.112079

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