Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 10 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 56631 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12101295

肺动脉肉瘤复发再次手术切除1例并文献复习

刘光辉,张驰,张言芝,张真真,王佳祥,冯德广*

郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州

收稿日期:2022年9月15日;录用日期:2022年10月2日;发布日期:2022年10月11日

摘要

目的:提高对原发性肺动脉肉瘤的认识,为其诊治提供参考。方法:对郑州大学第一附属医院心血管外科收治的1名肺动脉肉瘤术后肿瘤局部复发的患者进行病例分析并复习相关文献。结果:再次开胸行肺动脉肿瘤切除伴肺血管壁重建术,术后规律放化疗,6个月随访期间症状较前明显缓解,复查暂无迹象表明疾病进展。结论:对于肺动脉肉瘤复发患者且放化疗无效的患者,再次手术切除早期仍可取得良好的临床效果,可延长患者生存期并改善其生活质量。

关键词

肺动脉肉瘤,肿瘤复发,二次手术

One Case of Reoperation for Recurrent Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Guanghui Liu, Chi Zhang, Yanzhi Zhang, Zhenzhen Zhang, Jiaxiang Wang, Deguang Feng*

The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan

Received: Sep. 15th, 2022; accepted: Oct. 2nd, 2022; published: Oct. 11th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To improve the understanding of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma and provide reference for its diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A case of 1 patient with local recurrence of tumor after postoperative pulmonary artery sarcoma admitted to the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University was analyzed and relevant literatures were reviewed. Results: Re-thoracotomy was performed with pulmonary artery tumor resection with Pulmonary artery wall reconstruction, followed by regular radiotherapy and chemotherapy. During the 6-month follow-up period, the symptoms were significantly relieved, and there was no sign of disease progression in the re-examination. Conclusion: For patients with recurrent pulmonary artery sarcoma and ineffective radiotherapy and chemotherapy, reoperation can still achieve good clinical results in the early stage, prolong the survival time of patients and improve their quality of life.

Keywords:Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma, Tumor Recurrence, Reoperation

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

原发性肺动脉肉瘤起源于具有多向分化能力的多潜能间充质细胞,是一种预后较差的罕见恶性肿瘤 [1]。其发病率约为0.001%~0.003%,截至2021年文献报道约400余例肺动脉肉瘤病例 [2],年龄多集中于40~60岁之间,男女发病比例为1:1.3。由于临床表现与影像学检查缺乏特异性,再加上发病率低,常被误诊为肺血栓栓塞症。手术切除虽是原发性肺动脉肉瘤患者的首选治疗方法,但术后仍有可能出现肿瘤局部复发情况。PAS复发相关的治疗,国内外报道极少,缺乏有效的治疗方案,现将郑大一附院收治的1例再次手术成功切除的肺动脉肉瘤复发患者进行报道,并结合文献进行分析,旨在提高对此疾病的诊治水平。

2. 临床资料

患者,男,55岁,因“胸闷气喘伴咳嗽、咳痰1月”于2020-2-10入院。患者1月前无明显诱因出现胸闷气喘,活动后加重,休息后可缓解,伴咳嗽,咳痰,呈阵发刺激性咳嗽,白色粘痰偶有带血丝,体格检查未见明显异常。D-二聚体0.98 mg/L,C反应蛋白(CRP) 42 mg/L,肿瘤相关标志物及下肢多普勒超声检查阴性。CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)显示主肺动脉和右肺动脉及其分支充盈不良,临床疑诊为肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)。立即予以肝素抗凝,效果差。因胸闷气喘症状反复发作,行“肺动脉取栓及内膜剥脱术”,术后病理回示肺动脉内膜肉瘤,瘤细胞呈多行性未分化肉瘤形态,局部坏死。免疫组化AE1/AE3(部分+),SMA(部分+),MDM(少数弱+),Ki67(约40%+),CD31(−),CD34(−),ERG(−),CD56(+)。术后给予多柔比星脂质体注射液60 mg联合氨磷汀0.8 g化疗,口服安罗替尼10 mg靶向治疗,期间病情稳定控制,无明显症状。2021-11-16 CTPA示肺动脉主干分叉处及左右肺动脉干充盈缺损影,部分右下叶肺动脉未见。结合肿瘤异常糖链蛋白升高至239.686 um2,肿瘤相关标记物CA125升高至75.90 U/mL,考虑复发。给予帕博利珠单抗200 mg联合白蛋白紫杉醇200 mg,并右肺动脉125-I粒子植入,进行放化疗。2022-1-26病情反复,轻度活动出现胸闷、气喘、乏力、纳差,纽约心功能分级(NYHA)为III级,鼻导管吸氧3 L/min条件下血气分析PH为7.32,PaO2为68.20 mmHg,PaCO2为44.60 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa),N端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP) 3224.86 pg/Ml (参考范围0~198 pg/mL)。超声心动图(UCG)示右心增大,三尖瓣中等量反流,右肺动脉可见低回声附壁,范围约43 mm × 19 mm,重度肺动脉高压87 mmHg。PET-CT示右肺动脉壁结节状代谢活跃灶(SUVmax约7.6),右肺动脉主干内血栓形成(图1)。2022-2-17再次开胸行肺动脉占位切除伴血管壁重建术。术中使用股动静脉及上腔静脉插管建立体外循环,顺行灌注停搏液,使心脏停跳,横断升主动脉,显露肺动脉主干及左右肺动脉,并沿右侧肺动脉长轴切开,内部可见黄白色、质地韧有弹性的肿瘤组织贴附肺动脉内壁(图2),将肉眼可见肿瘤组织及受侵肺动脉一并切除并用牛心包补片重建血管。术中体外循环及主动脉阻断时间分别为306分钟及100分钟。切除标本含及复发肿瘤,受侵犯的肺动脉及继发血栓。组织病理回示圆/梭形细胞肉瘤伴坏死,考虑肺动脉内膜肉瘤伴平滑肌肉瘤分化,免疫组化AE1/AE3(点状+),EMA(−),CD34(−),ERG(−),CD31(−),F8(+/−),S-100(−),NF(−),SMA(+),Desmin(+),SOX-10(−),CD68(+),Caldesmon(−),HMB45(−),Melan-A(−),P53(100%+),CD117(−),DOG-1(−),SYN(−),CD56(+),Ki-67(40%+),术后分别采用达卡巴嗪、卡铂方案和依托铂苷、异环磷酰、美司钠方案化疗。术后随访至6个月期间,未发胸闷症状,活动耐力明显增加,NYHA I级,肺动脉压下降至35 mmHg,NT-proBNP降至817.00 pg/ml,CTPA示主肺动脉及左右肺动脉干未见明显阻塞,栓子较前减少(图3),暂无迹象表明疾病进展。

Figure 1. Preoperative re-examination image of CTPA and PET-CT in patients with pulmonary artery sarcoma. (A) and (B) show local recurrence of the tumor, occluding the right pulmonary artery. (C) and (D) show an increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the right pulmonary artery (SUVmax 7.6 g/ml) (January 26, 2022)

图1. 肺动脉肉瘤患者术前CTPA和PET-CT复查影像。(A)、(B)显示肿瘤局部复发,阻塞于右肺动脉干。(C)、(D)显示右肺动脉的18FDG-PET摄取量增加(SUVmax 7.6 g/ml) (2022年1月26日)

Figure 2. (A) Transecting the aorta to expose the right pulmonary artery; (B) Incising along the long axis of the right pulmonary artery to expose its invaded inner wall (February 17, 2022)

图2. (A) 横切主动脉暴露右肺动脉;(B)沿右肺动脉长轴切开暴露其受侵内壁(2022年2月17号)

Figure 3. (A) and (B) Postoperative gross and histopathology specimen, including pulmonary artery wall, recurrent tumor, and secondary thrombus. (C) and (D) Postoperative re-examination image of CTPA in patients with pulmonary artery sarcoma (August 30, 2022)

图3. (A)、(B) 术后大体标本和组织病理学标本,包括肺动脉壁、复发性肿瘤和继发性血栓。(C)、(D) 肺动脉肉瘤患者术后CTPA复查影像(2022年8月30号)

3. 讨论

1923年Mandelstamm首次在尸检中发现并报告的肺动脉肉瘤,可发生在主肺动脉或左右肺动脉干,向远端肺动脉生长 [3]。其起病隐匿,症状与肺动脉高压及右心功能不全相关,最常表现为呼吸困难,胸部或背部疼痛,咳嗽,咯血,体重减轻或晕厥,查体可有发绀,颈静脉怒张,三尖瓣听诊区收缩期杂音,肝脏肿大或杵状指 [4] [5] [6]。PAS的临床表现和影像学无明显特异性,加上发病率低,诊断难度很大。其鉴别诊断主要是PTE。CTPA可见病灶部位肺动脉壁缺蚀样改变,三维成像可直观了解肺动脉狭窄程度。超声心动图可以检测肺动脉高压,直接显示肿瘤特征,如肿瘤内含血流信号,边界不规则、回声不均匀、肿瘤包膜情况等。PET-CT可根据SUV值鉴别PAS与PTE,PAS的平均SUV值为7.63 ± 2.21,血栓的SUV值为2.31 ± 0.41 [7]。实验室检查D-二聚体和C反应蛋白升高,可考虑继发血栓或炎症形成。肺动脉肉瘤的最终诊断仍依赖于组织病理学检查,免疫组化肿瘤细胞SMA,Vimentin和Desmin多呈阳性 [8]。根据细胞的来源,可分为内膜肉瘤和管壁肉瘤,前者居多 [9]。肺动脉肉瘤的预后与其病理类型有一定的关系,据报道肺动脉肉瘤的亚型有未分化肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、梭状细胞肉瘤、恶性纤维组织肉瘤、纤维组织肉瘤,其中横纹肌肉瘤预后最差,平滑肌肉瘤预后最好。相关文献报道,未经治疗的患者平均生存时间为1.5个月,肿瘤进行性生长,癌栓叠加血栓,肺动脉阻塞加重,最终死于心力衰竭 [10]。外科手术切除是治疗肺动脉肉瘤的基本方法,并且是唯一显示可以增加患者生存率的方法 [11]。因PAS罕见有突破动脉壁生长,只能使动脉膨胀,故外科彻底切除是关键 [12]。手术方案包括肺动脉内膜剥脱术、肿瘤及肺动脉切除并血管重建、肺叶切除及单侧肺切除术,其中以肺动脉内膜剥脱术最佳,能清处病变的同时最大程度保存肺的完整性及肺组织功能。但患者仍有可能会出现肿瘤复发,远处转移 [13]。Mussot等报道的31例肺动脉肉瘤治疗结果,是至今最大一组单中心病例报道,其外科手术后复发比例为74.1% [14],我国宋武等报道的17例外科治疗肺动脉肉瘤中复发比例也高达80.0% [15]。有相关研究认为放化疗辅助性放化疗可以提高存活率 [16]。对于肺动脉肉瘤复发患者,出现严重肺动脉梗阻症状时,放化疗作用却十分有限,再次开胸行肿瘤切除伴肺动脉血管壁重建术仍可取得良好的早期临床效果,延长患者生存期并改善生活质量。虽然二次手术粘连较重,风险较高,但在体外循环下再次手术仍然是安全可靠的,有限的报道均表明外科手术治疗对于此类患者来说不失为一种有价值的治疗策略 [11] [13] [17]。

综上所述,对于肺动脉肉瘤,早期要避免误诊,组织病理学检查可明确诊断,外科手术治疗是首选,彻底切除是关键,若手术后再次复发,可考虑再次手术切除,并辅以放化疗,延缓疾病进展。

文章引用

刘光辉,张 驰,张言芝,张真真,王佳祥,冯德广. 肺动脉肉瘤复发再次手术切除1例并文献复习
One Case of Reoperation for Recurrent Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(10): 8957-8962. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101295

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