Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 08 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 70265 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381729

A型肉毒毒素注射联合康复综合护理治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的随机对照研究

姚懿真,李娜

天津市儿童医院康复科,天津

收稿日期:2023年7月8日;录用日期:2023年8月2日;发布日期:2023年8月9日

摘要

目的:本研究旨在探讨A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum toxin A, BTX-A)注射配合康复护理对痉挛型脑瘫患儿粗大运动及痉挛改善的影响。方法:选取天津市儿童医院康复科2020年1月~2021年6月期间住院的痉挛型脑瘫患儿44例,根据排除标准,最终有40名患儿入组,随后采用抽签法将40例患儿随机分为单独注射A型肉毒毒素20例和注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)结合康复护理组20例,均完成2周后随访。对照组予以BTX-A注射,观察组在对照组基础上予注射前、中、后综合护理,予家长及患儿宣教在药效持续期间内,强化学习正确的运动模式,充分发挥患儿及家长的主观能动性。两周后,对比两组患儿粗大运动功能量表(Gross Motor Function Measure, GMFM-88),改良Tardieu量表(Modified Tardieu Scale, MTS)评分。结果:两组治疗后痉挛的比较:两组大腿内收肌、屈膝肌、踝跖屈肌肌肉痉挛程度较治疗前均有所改善(p < 0.05),但两组对比,内收肌、双侧屈膝肌、右足踝跖屈肌肌肉(腓肠肌、比目鱼肌)及左足跖屈肌(比目鱼肌)均未见统计学意义(p > 0.05);治疗后,BTX-A + 康复护理组左足跖屈肌(腓肠肌)痉挛的改善大于单独注BTX-A组(p < 0.05)。两组治疗后粗大运动功能的比较:两组GMFM评分均高于治疗前,且有统计学意义(p < 0.05),两组比较5个能区,均未见明显差异(p > 0.05)。结论:BTX-A结合康复综合护理,可提高痉挛型脑瘫患儿的运动能力,改善下肢痉挛。

关键词

康复综合护理,A型肉毒毒素,Tardieu量表

A Randomized Controlled Study of Botulinum Toxin Type A Combined with Comprehensive Rehabilitation Nursing in the Treatment of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Yizhen Yao, Na Li

Rehabilitation Department of Tianjin Children’s Hospital, Tianjin

Received: Jul. 8th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 2nd, 2023; published: Aug. 9th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Background: The aim of this study is to explore the effect of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection combined with rehabilitation nursing on the improvement of gross motor and spasticity in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 44 children with spastic cerebral palsy hospitalized in the Rehabilitation Department of Tianjin Children’s Hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 were selected. According to the exclusion criteria, 40 children were finally included in the group. Subsequently, 40 children were randomly divided into two groups by lot: 20 cases were injected with botulinum toxin A alone and 20 cases were injected with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) combined with rehabilitation nursing group. All of them were followed up after 2 weeks. The control group was given BTX-A injection, and the observation group was given comprehensive care before, during and after injection on the basis of the control group. During the duration of the drug effect, parents and children were taught to strengthen learning the correct exercise mode and give full play to the subjective initiative of children and parents. Two weeks later, Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) and Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) scores were compared between the two groups. Results: Comparison of spasticity between the two groups after treatment: The spasticity degree of thigh adductor, knee flexor and ankle plantar flexor in the two groups was improved compared with that before treatment (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in adductor, bilateral knee flexor, right ankle plantar flexor (gastrocnemius and soleus) and left plantar flexor (soleus) between the two groups (p > 0.05); after treatment, the improvement of left plantar flexor (gastrocnemius) spasm in BTX-A + rehabilitation nursing group was greater than that in BTX-A alone group (p < 0.05). Comparison of gross motor function between the two groups after treatment: The GMFM scores of the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in five energy areas (p > 0.05). Conclusion: BTX-A combined with comprehensive rehabilitation nursing can improve the motor ability and lower limb spasm of children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Keywords:Rehabilitation,Comprehensive Nursing, Botulinum Toxin A, Tardieu Scale

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

脑性瘫痪(CP)是由先天性发育缺陷或获得性非进行性脑损伤 [1] 导致的一种以慢性、非进行性运动功能障碍或姿势障碍为特征的疾病 [2] 。据报道,CP目前在残疾原因中排名第五,给家庭和个人造成了严重的经济损失 [2] 。其中痉挛性脑性瘫痪,约占CP的60%~70%,以肌张力增高、膝腱反射亢进、踝关节阵挛及病理征为特征 [3] ,适当的临床治疗可使痉挛性脑性瘫痪患儿的功能和生活质量得到明显改善 [4] 。虽然目前已有许多研究评估了A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum toxin A, BTX-A)单次注射治疗痉挛性脑性瘫痪患儿的疗效,为其对于减少痉挛和改善运动能力提供了支持性证据 [5] [6] 。且BTX-A肌肉注射前、后的康复综合护理也是治疗痉挛型脑瘫的新型辅助治疗措施 [7] 。但目前没有研究证实BTX-A注射联合康复护理对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的影响。因此,本研究旨在探讨BTX-A注射联合康复护理对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿粗大运动及痉挛改善的影响。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取天津市儿童医院康复科 2020年1月~2021年6月期间住院的痉挛型脑瘫患儿44例,纳入标准:① 符合《2015年的中国脑性瘫痪康复指南:第一部分》 [8] 中痉挛型脑瘫的诊断标准;② 生命体征稳定,粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS I~II级);③ 患儿家属对本研究知情同意。排除标准:① 其他类型脑瘫;② 对BTX-A药物过敏;③ 合并癫痫、急性传染病等;④ 严重凝血功能障碍;⑤ 拒绝随访。根据排除标准,最终有40名患儿入组,随后采用抽签法将40例患儿随机分为单独注射A型肉毒毒素20例和注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)联合康复护理组20例,均完成2周后随访。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准。

2.2. 方法

对照组予以BTX-A注射,具体如下:采用0.9%氯化钠溶液将BTX-A稀释到10 U/ml,现配现用,以反向牵拉指压法暴露肌群,选出最突出和坚硬的腹肌位置后,在超声引导下行肌内注射,根据痉挛肌群痉挛程度、体积、形态决定注射剂量,单次最大注射量不超过8 U/kg,注射后24 h内禁止揉捏、热敷注射部位。观察组在对照组基础上予注射前心理护理(对患儿家属进行健康宣教,使患儿家属更全面的了解该疾病,从而为患儿家属树立治疗信心,安抚情绪),评估患儿注射部位的皮肤及全身营养状况,使患儿或家属有足够的心理准备,积极配合治疗;注射中多数患儿会产生反抗及恐惧心理,积极进行心理疏导,协助注射者以最快的速度顺利完成注射;注射后在肌痉挛缓解的有效期内,教育患儿及家属配合康复治疗师开展个性化的综合康复治疗,如牵伸、功能性运动训练等,给予家长及患儿宣教在药效持续期间内,强化学习正确的运动模式,充分发挥患儿及家长的主观能动性。两周后,分别对两组患儿进行功能评估。

2.3. 观察指标

2.3.1. 痉挛的评定

治疗前后采用改良Tardieu量表(Modified Tardieu Scale, MTS)评估下肢内收肌、屈膝肌、踝跖屈肌肌肉痉挛程度,MTS已被证明是一种有效的痉挛测量方法 [9] ,具体测量方法:MTS是在关节活动范围内进行被动关节活动,使用两个速度V1 (最慢速度)与V3 (最快速度)进行测量。屈膝肌的起始体位要求屈髋屈膝90˚,而踝跖屈肌群的起始位置分别为屈髋屈膝90˚ (比目鱼肌)与伸髋伸膝180˚ (腓肠肌)。测评时首先用最慢速度(V1)活动肢体至最大关节活动范围,记录角度R2;接着用最快速度(V3)尽可能快地活动肢体至出现“卡住点”,记录角度R1,角度差(R2 − R1)的大小区分痉挛与挛缩,差异小时,提示肢体存在挛缩成份,当差异较大,提示肌肉以痉挛为主 [10] 。

2.3.2. 粗大运动功能评定

治疗前后采用采用粗大运动功能测试量表-88 (Gross Motor Function Measure, GMFM-88)对患儿的粗大运动功能进行评估,其在脑瘫运动评估中信度和效度均已经得到验证 [11] 。该量表包含卧位和翻身(51分)、坐位(60分)、爬与跪(42分)、站立位(39分)、行走和跑跳(72分) 5个能区,共88项,分数越高表示粗大运动功能越好。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0进行统计学分析,为比较基线时治疗组和对照组的特征,连续变量采用方差分析,以均数 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± SD )表示,分类数据采用x2检验,以%表示,p < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究人群基线特征

两组人群的基线人口统计学(年龄、性别、体重、身高)和临床特征(GMFCS分级、伴有癫痫、听力障碍)无明显差异(p > 0.05),下肢内收肌、屈膝肌,踝跖屈肌肌肉痉挛程度以及粗大运动功能评定均未见统计学差异(p > 0.05) (表1)。

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of children with spastic cerebral pals according to BTX-A alone and BTX-A + rehabilitation nursing

表1. 单独注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)及注射A型肉毒毒素结合康复护理(BTX-A + 康复护理)的双下肢痉挛型脑瘫患儿基线特征

注释:aGMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System);bR1是快速拉伸后的角度、R2是缓慢伸展后的被动运动范围;cGMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure)。

3.2. 两组患儿治疗后观察指标的比较

两组治疗后痉挛的比较:两组大腿内收肌、屈膝肌、踝跖屈肌肌肉痉挛程度较治疗前均有所改善(p < 0.05,表格未显示),但两组对比,内收肌、双侧屈膝肌、右足踝跖屈肌肌肉(腓肠肌、比目鱼肌)及左足跖屈肌(比目鱼肌)均未见统计学意义(p > 0.05);治疗后,BTX-A + 康复护理组左足跖屈肌(腓肠肌)痉挛的改善大于单独注BTX-A组(p < 0.05)。两组治疗后粗大运动功能的比较:两组GMFM评分均高于治疗前,且有统计学意义(p < 0.05,表格未显示),两组比较5个能区,均未见明显差异(p > 0.05) (表2)。

Table 2. Comparison of outcome indicators in children with spastic cerebral palsy treated with BTX-A alone and BTX-A + rehabilitation nursing after 2-week follow-up

表2. 单独注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)及注射A型肉毒毒素结合康复护理(BTX-A + 康复护理)的双下肢痉挛型脑瘫患儿在第2周随访后所有结局指标的比较

注释:bR1是快速拉伸后的角度、R2是缓慢伸展后的被动运动范围;cGMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure)。

4. 讨论

CP最常见的运动功能障碍是痉挛 [2] 。在痉挛性脑性瘫痪中,由于原始反射残存和异常的神经肌肉控制及激活模式导致的所支配的肌肉张力增高、姿势控制障碍,进而导致运动障碍和姿势异常 [3] 。目前对于痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿,缓解肌肉痉挛和提高运动功能是主要治疗目标。手术、神经阻滞及物理疗法均是痉挛型脑性瘫痪治疗的方法。而手术一般针对于病情严重的患儿,下肢如接受多次手术,恢复术前力量和功能需要更长时间 [12] 。因此,在脑性瘫痪患儿的临床治疗中以神经阻滞、康复综合治疗与护理为首选。

BTX-A可结合周围胆碱能神经元受体,使毒素渗入至突触,同时还可阻断突触前膜和乙酰胆碱小泡融合,产生化学性失神经支配,阻断神经冲动传递从而抑制肌肉收缩痉挛 [13] 。研究证明,BTX-A具有降低肌张力、纠正异常姿势等作用,治疗痉挛型脑瘫的效果确切,安全性高 [14] 。康复综合护理在脑性瘫痪患儿的康复治疗中已成为一种辅助疗法。护士应在注射前向患儿或家属讲述注射原理及注射中、注射后可能出现的问题,使患儿和家属有足够的心理准备,做好必要的签字。了解患儿生命体征,皮肤情况,详细询问药物过敏史,注射前备好肾上腺素等急救药品,做好抢救准备。注射时因疼痛,多数患儿会产生反抗及恐惧心理,做好注射时患儿的心理护理,观察患儿的面色、呼吸、心率等情况。注射后护士应密切观察患儿注射部位有无红肿、渗血、有无酸胀、疼痛等情况。注射后24小时,向家属讲述应在BTX-A药效维持时间内(大约半年),通过运动疗法等综合康复治疗,抑制异常的姿势及运动模式,提高患儿运动功能。多项研究证明在BTX-A治疗中,综合康复护理措施可提高其疗效 [7] [15] 。本研究对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿采用BTX-A注射联合康复综合护理治疗,观察其疗效。结果显示,BTX-A + 康复综合护理组左足跖屈肌(腓肠肌)痉挛的改善大于单独注BTX-A组,这表明BTX-A + 康复综合护理较单独BTX-A更能有效地改善患儿痉挛;而两组治疗后粗大运动功能及其他肌肉的痉挛改善,差异未见统计学意义,原因可能是本研究样本量偏小,随访时间短。

5. 结论

综合康复护理贯穿治疗整个过程,涉及患者、陪护及医护人员,能够使得患者感受到护理人员为患者真心实意、全心全意的服务态度,因此提高了患者的依从性和遵医行为。且BTX-A联合康复综合护理,可提高痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的运动能力,改善下肢痉挛。

文章引用

姚懿真,李 娜. A型肉毒毒素注射联合康复综合护理治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的随机对照研究
A Randomized Controlled Study of Botulinum Toxin Type A Combined with Comprehensive Rehabilitation Nursing in the Treatment of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 12332-12338. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381729

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