Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
13
No.
08
(
2023
), Article ID:
71131
,
7
pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381901
丁型肝炎流行病学特征及临床表现研究进展
唐努尔·塔拉甫,李新婷,任洁雅,龙敏聪,郑嵘炅,鲁晓擘*
新疆医科大学第一附属医院感染·肝病中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐
收稿日期:2023年7月24日;录用日期:2023年8月17日;发布日期:2023年8月24日

摘要
丁型肝炎是丁型肝炎病毒(hepatitis D virus HDV)感染引起的肝脏疾病。HDV是一种有缺陷的小RNA病毒,其复制依赖于乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus HBV)辅助,以乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)作为其外膜。HBV/HDV重叠感染可加速肝脏疾病进展,导致肝硬化、肝功能失代偿、肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma HCC)以及肝病相关死亡的风险显著增加。目前我国丁型肝炎流行病学筛查资料尚不完善,我国作为乙肝患病率较高的国家,而丁肝患病率严重被低估,本文的目的是阐述丁型肝炎流行病学现状包括起源、基因型、易感人群及临床表现,阐明丁型肝炎流行病学特点及临床症状特点,并提出未来重点关注人群及临床表现的方向。
关键词
丁型肝炎(HDV),流行病学,临床表现,肝细胞癌(HCC)

Research Progress on Epidemiological Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis D
Tangnuer·Talafu, Xinting Li, Jieya Ren, Mincong Long, Rongjiong Zheng, Xiaobo Lu*
Xinjiang Infectious Disease (Viral Hepatitis) Clinical Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang
Received: Jul. 24th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 17th, 2023; published: Aug. 24th, 2023

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis D is a liver disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection. HDV is a defective small RNA virus. Its replication depends on the assistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV), with hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as its outer membrane. HBV/HDV superinfection can accelerate the progression of liver disease, leading to a significant increase in the risk of cirrhosis, decompensation of liver function, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver disease related death. At present, the epidemiological screening data of hepatitis D in China are not perfect. As a country with a high prevalence rate of hepatitis B, the prevalence rate of hepatitis D is seriously underestimated. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current epidemiological situation of hepatitis D, including its origin, genotype, susceptible population and clinical manifestations, to clarify the epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptoms of hepatitis D, and to propose the direction of focusing on the population and clinical manifestations in the future.
Keywords:Hepatitis D (HDV), Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)是一种有缺陷的RNA病毒,其与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的合并感染可以是同时感染或者重叠感染,与其他肝炎病毒相比,HDV感染进展比严重肝病的速度更快,病情加重比例更高。在急性感染HDV后大约有50%以上患者转变为慢性 [1] ,对于慢性丁肝炎,53.8%的患者平均3.3年进一步发展为肝硬化,14%的肝硬化患者平均3.7年进展为肝细胞癌 [2] [3] 。与单纯感染HBV相比较,HDV感染患者临床症状较重,同时亦会增加病死率以及终末期肝病,据统计大约18%的乙型肝炎肝硬化和20%的乙型肝炎肝癌 [4] 的发生与合并HDV感染相关,而HBV合并HDV感染发生肝细胞癌和肝功能失代偿的风险却增加了2~9倍 [5] 。上述数据提示HBV合并HDV感染的患者更易重症化。近些年来,因全球对丁肝的重新评估,其结果改变了我们对HDV流行状况的认知。
2. HDV的发现
1977年,Rizzetto等人发现了丁型肝炎病毒(HDV),在分析慢性感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和更严重肝损伤的患者的肝活检时 [6] 。使用免疫荧光技术对肝细胞的进行了分析,显示这些患者存在特定抗原,将该抗原以希腊字母δ命名,随后更名为Delta抗原。同时,还在这些患者的血清中发现了针对Delta抗原(抗HDAg)的特异性抗体 [7] 。最初,他们认为这是一种新的HBV血清学标志物。此后在对黑猩猩进行的研究时 [8] ,HBV和HDAg之间的关联更加清晰,实验证明与HDAg (HBV/HDV)相关的HBV感染在黑猩猩中没有发生,这些黑猩猩以前表现出针对HBsAg (抗-HBs)的抗体滴度。然而,在慢性感染HBV的黑猩猩中观察到HDAg的快速上升和持续存在 [8] ,HBV和HDAg之间的关联更加清晰,实验证明与HDAg (HBV/HDV)相关的HBV [8] ,直到1986年HDV被描述为第一个鉴定为环状RNA基因组的动物病毒核苷酸的相似性;当时,环状RNA仅在植物病毒中发现。于1989年发现RNA HDV的另一个独特特征是由于其RNA的基因组和反基因组序列中存在核酶而具有自我切割的能力,直到1993年,Taylor和Fu才发表了一项重要研究 [9] ,以了解HBV和肝细胞在HDV复制中的作用,观察到基因组转录成反基因组病毒RNA以及这一过程是由宿主细胞的RNA聚合酶II进行的。此后,HDV被国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)认定为来自脊椎动物的新病毒种,是Deltaviridae家族Deltavirus属的唯一代表 [10] 。
3. HDV的分子结构及基因分型
HDV是一种单链环状嗜肝核糖核酸(RNA)病毒,具有1.7 kb基因组7,直径为35~37 mm [11] ,由乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)包膜和HDV核心衣壳组成,核心衣壳包含了1672~1697个碱基的环状RNA基因组,每个RNA分子上有70~200个拷贝数的HDV抗原基因 [12] ,HDV主要通过HBsAg包膜感染肝细胞,通过滚动环状机制在肝细胞的细胞核内借助RNA聚合静转录复制,在细胞质内组装成HDV农壳并被HBsAg包膜包表后从细胞中释放出来因此HDV的分泌和感染皆需要乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)提供HBsAg [13] 。
截至目前,HDV可以分为8个基因型(HDV1型-HDV8型) [14] ,同一基因型的差异小于20% [15] ,不同基因型的差异可高达35% [15] 。HDV 1型呈全球流行,占90%左右 [15] 。根据系统进化分析,HDV1型有4个亚型,其HDV 1a型主要分布于非洲,HDV 1b型主要分布于非洲、南美洲和亚洲西部。HDV 2型主要分布在亚洲,其中HDV 2a型分布于亚洲东部和南部,如中国和日本。HDV 3型与其他基因型差异较大,仅分布在南美洲亚马逊区域。HDV 4型常见于亚洲东部,如中国台湾和日本。其他基因型主要集中于非洲中部和北部 [16] ,我国HDV的基因型以HDV 1型、HDV 2型和HDV 4型为主,其中HDV 1a型以河南株和台湾株为代表,HDV 1b型以四川株和广西株为代表 [17] 。
据目前研究表明HDV的基因型可能与肝脏疾病存在某种关联。中国台湾的一项研究显示 [18] ,与HDV 1型相比,HDV 2型感染对病人肝脏疾病造成的影响较轻。而俄罗斯雅库特行政区的一项研究显示,HDV 1型和HDV 2型在感染的严重程度上无显著差异 [19] 。我国目前尚缺乏大规模HDV分子流行病学数据,通过对HDV基因组序列进行测定,探索我国HDV主要的基因型及其与疾病进展的关系,可以为HDV流行的预防和控制提供依据。
4. HDV的感染方式及高危人群
在患者中,HBV和HDV都只是肝脏中肝细胞的感染.正如目前所知,这两种病毒都使用HBV包膜蛋白附着于相同的肝细胞受体,即牛磺胆酸钠协同转运多肽(sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide NTCP) [20] ,故这两种病毒都在肝细胞中复制,新的传染性颗粒被释放到血液中,所有HDV感染都始于受污染的血液或血液制品。目前感染分为两种:“共感染”和“重复感染” [21] 。重复感染是指在慢性HBV感染的基础上合并有HDV感染,这种方式会使大部分患者(80%)发展为慢性HDV感染 [22] 。共感染是指HBV和HDV同时感染。共同感染与其他感染方式相比更严重,多表现为急性HDV感染。据统计估计,全球有超过2.4亿人受到慢性HBV感染 [23] 。然而共感染和重复感染的各种结果可能重叠,但它们是感染方式仍有不同之处 [24] 。两者都可能导致急性感染(少于6个月) [25] ,从而导致暴发性肝炎;然而,这种结果对于重复感染更为常见。
与HBV相似,HDV主要通过破损的皮肤(主要包括注射、纹身等)或通过接触受感染的血液或血液制品传播,但与HBV传播不同的是,HDV母婴传播的发生率较为少见 [26] ,但所有的慢性HBV感染者都有感染HDV的风险。卫生条件较差的地区、静脉注射药物的人群、以及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者或人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者 [27] ,有较大可能同时感染HBV和HDV,血液透析人群、男男性行为者和性工作者的合并感染风险可能更高 [28] 。HDV仅仅发生于HBV感染人群,HDV需要HBV感染的存在才能复制。那些不具备HBV免疫力(无论是自然清除还是乙肝疫苗接种后免疫)的人群都有感染HBV的风险,从而都有感染HDV的风险。
5. HDV的临床特征及实验室检查特征
与其他肝炎相比HDV患者的病情进展更快,临床症状根据患者感染的自然史有关,进展为重症病人的机率较高,且近些年,在大多数研究中,HBV/HDV合并感染已被确定为HCC发展的主要因素,与单一HBV感染相比,HBV/HDV感染者获得HCC风险增加了3倍 [29] [30] [31] ,然而在一些研究中,HDV似乎并未显着增加发生HCC的风险 [32] ,临床表现也各有不同。
5.1. 患者症状
HDV患者的症状主要与感染方式有关,当HBV和HDV共感染时可导致轻度至重度的急性肝炎,一般在3~7周的潜伏期后,会出现发热、乏力、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、深色尿、白陶土样大便和黄疸等症状,少部分患者会发生暴发性肝炎。这些临床表现并不是丁型肝炎的特征临床表现 [33] ,与急性病毒性肝炎难以区分。共感染常常可以完全恢复,不到5%的共感染在急性肝炎后慢性化转变为慢性丁型肝炎。但与共感染显著不同的是重叠感染,它发生于已经有慢性HBV感染的人群。HDV重叠HBV感染可以发生在所有的年龄段,70%~90%的重叠感染者加速了疾病的发展,只有不到30%的重叠感染者可自发清除病毒 [34] 。不论是共感染还是重叠感染,超过6个月的HDV感染为慢性丁型肝炎。患者可能无症状或有乏力、不适和厌食等非特异性症状,若这些患者未得到治疗,进一步有可能发展至肝硬化,乃至失代偿期肝硬化而出现腹水、肝性脑病、脾大等并发症 [35] 。
5.2. 实验室检查特点
实验室肝功能反映肝组织病变程度,慢性肝炎随着炎症活动,在血清学上也会有变化,如患者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanineamio transferase ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase AST)、血清总胆红素(totalbilirubin TB)、血清直接胆红素(directbilirubin DBIL)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time PT)、球蛋白(globulin GLB)升高,白蛋白(albumin ALB)水平减低,这些指标是反映肝损害程度的较可靠指标。根据统计资料显示:HDV(+)慢性肝炎重度和重型肝炎的TB、DB、PT、球蛋白升高和白蛋白下降均较慢性乙型肝炎重度和重型乙型肝炎明显,且可发现ALT和AST水平显著升高 [36] ,尽管ALT反映肝损害极为敏感,但增高的程度与肝组织损害的严重程度并不一致,在临床上可见病情严重的重型患者呈酶胆分离现象,ALT水平就不一定很高,而有的急性肝炎ALT反可很高 [37] ,故不能完全以ALT升高的幅度来判断病情的严重性 [38] ,但ALT的反复波动多是反映肝细胞反复破坏、病情波动和病情严重的指标。故再次证明丁肝患者病情比较其他肝炎患者更为严重。
6. HDV与HCC的联系
据现有研究表明,与单一HBV感染相比,HBV/HDV重叠感染与肝硬化、肝细胞癌HCC风险明显增加,肝移植、肝功能失代偿以及死亡风险均增加2倍有关 [39] 。但目前比较遗憾的是,HDV感染快速进展为肝细胞癌的机制到目前还不清楚 [40] 。最初认为HDV感染患者发生肝细胞癌很罕见,但Tappem等人研究 [41] 发现HDV感染患者肝脏有c-myc表达,其表达与HDAg表达密切相关,与HBV感染无关,因而认为持续感染HDV的患者肝细胞癌的危险性高,HDV具有促致癌作用 [42] 。也有研究表明在HIV感染者中,HBV/HDV合并感染的慢性化率增加6倍 [43] 。从而提示对于那些长期HDAg阳性的HDV慢性感染者 [44] [45] [46] ,提早警惕肝细胞癌的发生,做到早点进行检测。
7. 结论
目前临床上我们往往在管理HBV感染者时,通常会忽略对患者进行HDV的筛查,而作为HBV的“小跟班”,HDV需要依靠HBV来组装和传播,HBV病毒载量对HDV病毒载量和结局一般没有影响,但往往会抑制HBV的复制。由于两种病毒的复制周期不同,核苷(酸)类似物(NAs)对HDV复制周期没有影响,故重叠感染将引起对肝脏的双重损害,进一步加重患者的临床表现,多形成慢性肝炎重度、重型肝炎或肝硬化,并发症增多,预后极差,而无论是否进行乙肝抗病毒治疗,都需要进行抗HDV治疗,持续抑制HDV复制是HDV治疗的主要目标,因为它与肝功的正常化和患者的临床表现具有密切的关系 [47] [48] [49] 。HDV复制的抑制以及乙型肝炎表面抗原的清除,将是丁型肝炎治愈的最佳体现。但目前所要面对的问题仍有很多,所以针对HDV常规筛查缺乏,基因型的分类仍有进一步探索的空间,尤其是高危人群重点HDV认知不足,同时针对急性肝炎患者、在常规治疗下肝功提示ALT和天冬氨酸转氨酶AST显著提高的,加强筛查与临床表现的诊断,以识别出更多HDV感染者,使其及时获得管理和治疗,同时提示对于长期HDAg阳性的HDV慢性感染者,应警惕肝细胞癌的发生。
文章引用
唐努尔·塔拉甫,李新婷,任洁雅,龙敏聪,郑嵘炅,鲁晓擘. 丁型肝炎流行病学特征及临床表现研究进展
Research Progress on Epidemiological Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis D[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 13603-13609. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381901
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NOTES
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