Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 12 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 46982 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.1112832

TEVAR术治疗慢性Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤一例报告

徐宇,谢杨梅,郭世奎*,袁士舒,孔瑞泽,李郭三,卢洪巧

昆明理工大学附属医院/云南省第一人民医院,云南 昆明

收稿日期:2021年11月2日;录用日期:2021年11月21日;发布日期:2021年12月6日

摘要

2021年6月,一例以胸痛、头晕、手臂麻木为主要临床表现的62岁男性患者经心脏彩超、CTA检查后发现Stanford B主动脉夹层,入院予以控制血压、降心率等治疗,于入院第4 d行胸主动脉腔内修复术(Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair, TEVAR),术后第二天患者胸痛、头晕等症状缓解,予以术后72 h后出院,出院5 d后患者无明显诱因出现胸背部疼痛,呈进行性加重,并出现咳嗽,饮水呛咳等症状,于术后28 d再次入院,行“胸主动脉造影术 + 胸主动脉假腔弹簧圈 + 人纤维蛋白粘合剂栓塞术”,术后予以控制血压、激素冲击治疗后胸痛症状明显缓解,声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳症状也得到较好改善。于术后10 d出院。

关键词

慢性Stanford B型主动脉夹层,胸痛,弹簧圈,人纤维蛋白粘合剂

TEVAR for Chronic Stanford Type B Aortic Dissecting Aneurysm: A Case Report

Yu Xu, Yangmei Xie, Shikui Guo*, Shishu Yuan, Ruize Kong, Guosan Li, Hongqiao Lu

The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan

Received: Nov. 2nd, 2021; accepted: Nov. 21st, 2021; published: Dec. 6th, 2021

ABSTRACT

In June 2021, a 62-year-old male patient with chest pain, dizziness and arm numbness as the main clinical manifestations was found to have Stanford B aortic dissection after cardiac color ultrasound and CTA examination. He was admitted to hospital and received treatment such as blood pressure control and heart rate reduction. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was performed on the 4th day of admission. Postoperative patients symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness ease the next day, after 72 h after hospital discharge, discharge from the 5 d after, the patient has no obvious incentives in the back of the chest pain, progression, and coughing, choking cough symptoms such as drinking water, to 28 d readmission, postoperative line “thoracic aortic angiography and thoracic aorta false lumen spring coil and fibrin glue embolization procedures”. After blood pressure control and hormone shock therapy, the symptoms of chest pain were significantly relieved, hoarseness and coughing from drinking water were also improved. The patient was discharged 10 days after surgery.

Keywords:Chronic Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection, Chest Pain, Coil, Human Fibrin Adhesive

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

本例病例能较好的反应近年来较为热点的慢性Stanford B型主动脉的治疗,能为临床医生提供较为创新的二次手术方案,提高患者的预后及其预后质量。

2. 基本资料

患者,男性,55岁,因“CT检查发现Stanford B型主动脉夹层1天余”于2021年6月3日至云南省第一人民医院就诊。患者无明显诱因于入院5 d前出现头昏、手臂麻木不适,伴偶发心悸,无头痛、胸闷、呼吸困难等不适。既往高血压病史,血压最高180/170 mmHg,口服苯磺酸氨氯地平降压,血压控制不稳定。否认糖尿病、心脏病史、肝炎病史,既往有糜烂性慢性胃炎、面瘫病史,否认突发胸背部撕裂样疼痛病史。入院查体:T:36.6℃ P:85次/分 R:19次/分 BP:124/90 mmHg,神清,对答切题,心肺查体无特殊,神经系统查体(−)。ECG诊断:窦性心律、一度房室传导阻滞,入院心脏彩超示:左室舒张末期内径(LVD):4.45,左室收缩末期内径(LVS):2.69,升主动脉增宽,主动脉弓降部明显增宽,瘤样扩张,紧邻左锁骨下动脉开口处可见内膜撕裂征象,M型二尖瓣双峰,前后叶逆向,E-E间距相等,EF:0.70,E/A = 0.67。心脏彩超诊断:1) 主动脉夹层(Stanford B型);2) 主动脉瓣钙化并轻度反流;3)室间隔基底段局限性增厚,于2021年6月3日在云南省第一人民医院行CTA检查结果示:Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(见图1)。入院实验室检查:AST:14 U/L (正常值:5~40 U/L),ALT:11 U/L (正常值:0~55 U/L),Cr:88 μmol/L (正常值:59~114 μmol/L),BUN:6.2 mmol/L (正常值:2.9~7.9 mmol/L),proBNP:36 pg/ml (正常值:0~300 pg/ml),APTT:39.9秒(正常值28.0~43.5秒),PT:12.6秒(正常值11.0~15.0秒),D二聚体:1.41 μg/ml (正常值:0~1 μg/ml)。入院诊断:1) Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤,2) 高血压3级。入院后立即给予降血压、控制心率等对症治疗。入院后完善相关术前检查,明确无手术禁忌症后,行TEVAR手术,术后72 h后出院。出院5 d后患者无明显诱因出现胸背部疼痛,为持续性疼痛,伴有咳嗽、饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑。无胸闷、胸部压迫感、呼吸困难、晕厥等。于2021年7月7日再次返院就诊,急诊行胸腹主动脉CTA检查示:主动脉弓及胸降主动脉见支架置入,主动脉弓至腹主动脉平肾动脉开口可见双腔消失,假腔内血栓填充,降主动脉中、下段层面支架周围见少许造影剂外漏(见图2)。入院实验室检查:肝肾功能未见明显异常,凝血功能检查提示纤维蛋白原:8.84 g/L (2~4 g/L),纤维蛋白原降解产物:10.4 μg/ml (正常值:0~5 μg/ml),D二聚体:5.27 μg/ml (正常值:0~1 μg/ml),WBC:14.52 × 109/L (正常值:3.5 × 109/L~9.5 × 109/L),中性粒细胞绝对值:12.21 × 109/L (正常值:1.8 × 109/L~6.3 × 109/L),中性粒细胞百分比:84.0% (40%~75%),hsCRP:>200 mg/L (正常值:0~10 mg/L)。于入院后再次行“胸主动脉造影术 + 胸主动脉假腔弹簧圈 + 人纤维蛋白粘合剂栓塞术”。术中见支架近端未见内漏形成,远端左肾动脉上方破口返血至假腔,支架近端假腔内大量血栓形成术中经破口超选择进入假腔,在支架远端假腔丢入弹簧圈两枚,在弹簧圈上方注入人纤维蛋白粘合剂术后造影提示假腔无血液反流术后一周再次复查CTA提示:胸主动脉支架外侧假腔内血栓填充,其内局部见多个结节致密影(见图3)。术后胸痛症状明显缓解,饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑等症状好转。

Figure 1. CTA of the patient on admission: it can be seen that there is a significant tear of the descending aorta to form a dissection; Sandwich break indicated by arrow

图1. 患者入院CTA:可见明显降主动脉破口撕裂形成夹层;箭头所指夹层破口

Figure 2. The patient was readmitted to the emergency CTA: the false cavity at the distal end of the stent indicated by the arrow showed obvious extravasation of contrast medium

图2. 患者再次入院急诊CTA:箭头所指支架远端假腔明显造影剂外渗

Figure 3. After coil embolization

图3. 弹簧圈栓塞术后

3. 讨论

主动脉夹层是指由于各种因素导致血管内膜撕裂形成破口,新的管腔(假腔)出现,血液在夹层膜和外膜层之间流动,外膜薄,极易出现夹层破裂,导致死亡。发病14 d内为急性期,发病14 d至2个月内为亚急性期,发病2个月以上为慢性期 [1]。最常见于65~75岁人群,其平均发病率为2~15/10万,男女比2~3:1,年龄、高血压、血脂异常和结缔组织遗传性疾病是此病最明确的致病因素 [2]。几乎所有的急性主动脉夹层,均合并胸痛病史,但也有极少数病例,在病程中没有明确的胸痛病史,有研究表明在Stanford B型主动脉夹层发病患者中,无痛性B型主动脉夹层发病率为3.7% [3],该病例就是少见的没有胸痛病史的病例,在检查时偶然发现。目前,针对慢性Stanford B型主动脉夹层治疗,血管腔内治疗仍然是首选方案,特别是针对夹层动脉瘤直径较大,难以控制的高血压,以及夹层破裂风险高的患者,择期行血管腔内治疗能有效预防夹层破裂。TEVAR是当前针对慢性Stanford B型夹层首选手术方案,但TEVAR以封闭近端裂口并使血流重新进入真腔的概念并没有令人满意的结果,由于内膜的可塑性低,部分病例会存在持续逆行假腔灌注,我们首次支架植入术后就是存在这种情况,因此,在二次手术中,我们选择了弹簧圈结合纤维蛋白胶栓塞假腔,阻断血液返流至假腔。同时,考虑患者多发破口,一期全腔内修复截瘫风险较高,我们在二次手术时,并未使用支架修复。Kölbel T [4] 等人认为仅仅覆盖近端破口,结果不令人满意,三分之一的患者出现进一步假腔生长,死亡率为36%,同时,一篇meta分析研究了12,789例患者认为,相比了开放手术,TEVAR术后有较高的截瘫发生率 [5]。近年来,针对假腔的处理技术不断更新,有学者认为,在TEVAR的基础上,假腔内弹簧圈处理可有效加速假腔的血栓化,有助于降低TEVAR术后患者再干预率。Quentin Pellenc,MD [6] 等人研究了27位慢性主动脉夹层患者假腔栓塞促进中期随访结果,手术100%成功,中期随访结果显示夹层动脉瘤明显缩小,可见,弹簧栓塞术能明显降低TEVAR术后在干预率,且能有效促进主动脉的重塑,但目前研究此类病例的研究较少,仍需要更长时间的随访来评估此术式的远期效果。国外有学者认为TEVAR手术仅覆盖近端撕裂的破口已被证明是不够的,尤其是在下胸主动脉的动脉瘤变性患者中,可以采用腹腔动脉近端的TAVAR术,辅以弹簧圈、栓塞、胶塞或“糖果塞”和“灯笼裤”等辅助手段封闭动脉瘤,防止动脉瘤逆行流动,降低动脉瘤内压力。Arkadiusz Kazimierczak,MD,PhD [7] 等人应用了20例患者有夹层动脉瘤变性的cTBAD患者采用Petticoat策略 [8] (在胸主动脉内植入支架,在腹主动脉和肾下主动脉内植入额外的远端裸支架,在髂总动脉内植入平行支架),手术成功率100%,术后一年回访,所有患者具有良好的主动脉重塑率,并且假腔血栓完全形成,并且随访中,所有患者均无截瘫与内脏动脉闭塞。

总之,TEVAR仍是治疗cTBAD首选、有效且安全的方案,但cTBAD与急性Stanford B型夹层(aTBAD)不同,cTBAD由于病程的延长,其血流动力学更加复杂,患者病程越长,可能引起多发破口,为腔内手术处理破口增加不少的难度,TEVAR手术后的重塑效果与远期疗效存在一定的局限性。但对于远端可以处理的破口,可在一期手术时尽可能多的覆盖。对于远端、复杂的破口,可以选择弹簧圈、人纤维蛋白胶等生物制剂进行修复,同时,针对不同的患者,应采取更加合理的个体化方案,减少术后并发症以及二次在干预率,提高患者的术后生活质量。

伦理

该份病例所有数据的收集均获得患者本人及其家属的知情同意!

文章引用

徐 宇,谢杨梅,郭世奎,袁士舒,孔瑞泽,李郭三,卢洪巧. TEVAR术治疗慢性Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤一例报告
TEVAR for Chronic Stanford Type B Aortic Dissecting Aneurysm: A Case Report[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(12): 5620-5624. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1112832

参考文献

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  9. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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