Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 06 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 67991 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1361451

HOTAIR在女性生殖系统疾病中的研究进展

柳絮1,杨三会2,刘琳琳2,刘涛2,孔潇丽1,王靖雯2*

1济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁

2济宁医学院附属医院生殖医学科,山东 济宁

收稿日期:2023年5月28日;录用日期:2023年6月23日;发布日期:2023年6月30日

摘要

长链非编码RNA (Long non-coding RNAs, LncRNAs)是一类长度大于200个核苷酸序列且不显著表达蛋白质的RNA。LncRNA种类众多,例如HOTAIR、H19、PVT1、RMRP、SNHG8、NRCP等。越来越多研究表明,LncRNA参与了多种肿瘤(乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、淋巴瘤和胶质母细胞瘤等)的调控。HOX转录物反义基因间核糖核酸(HOTAIR)是一种长约2.2 kb核苷酸调节反式基因表达的LncRNA,是研究与人类疾病相关的最广泛的LncRNA之一。大量研究发现,HOTAIR在许多疾病的发生发展等方面都起到一定的作用,尤其是在女性生殖系统疾病中的病理生理发展过程中起到了重要的作用,例如卵巢癌、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜异位症、子宫肌瘤、多囊卵巢综合征等疾病,探讨HOTAIR在疾病中的作用机制,为进一步预防和治疗女性生殖系统疾病提供了新的思路。本篇综述主要就HOTAIR在女性生殖系统疾病中的作用机制研究的最新进展进行阐述。

关键词

长非编码RNA,HOTAIR,女性生殖系统疾病,癌症

Research Progress of HOTAIR in Female Reproductive System Diseases

Xu Liu1, Sanhui Yang2, Linlin Liu2, Tao Liu2, Xiaoli Kong1, Jingwen Wang2*

1School of Clinical Medicine of Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

2Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

Received: May 28th, 2023; accepted: Jun. 23rd, 2023; published: Jun. 30th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides and no significant protein expression. There are many kinds of LncRNA, such as HOTAIR, H19, PVT1, RMRP, SNHG8, NRCP, etc. More and more studies show that LncRNA is involved in the regulation of a variety of tumors (breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, lymphoma, glioblastoma, etc.). HOX transcript antisense intergenic ribonucleic acid (HOTAIR) is an LncRNA with a length of approximately 2.2 kb that regulates the expression of trans genes. It is one of the most widely studied LncRNAs related to human diseases. A large number of studies have found that HOTAIR plays a certain role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, especially in the pathological and physiological development of female reproductive system diseases, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, and other diseases. To explore the mechanism of HOTAIR’s role in diseases, this provides new ideas for further prevention and treatment of female reproductive system diseases. This review mainly elaborates on the latest progress in the study of the mechanism of action of HOTAIR in female reproductive system diseases.

Keywords:Long Non-Coding RNA, HOTAIR, Female Reproductive System Diseases, Cancer

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. LncRNA概述

众所周知,身为遗传信息载体的RNA分为两大类,一类是编码RNA,可表达蛋白质;另一类是非编码RNA,不表达蛋白质。非编码RNA根据长度又分为长非编码RNA (Long non-coding RNA, LncRNAs),长度大于200个核苷酸序列和短非编码RNA,例如以小干扰RNA (small interference RNA, siRNA),微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA),Piwi相互作用RNA (Piwi interac-tingRNA, piRNA),长度小于200个核苷酸序列 [1] 。基因组中编码成蛋白质的部分仅占2% [2] ,虽然LncRNA不显著表达蛋白质,但LncRNA可通过转录和转录后水平调节肿瘤的发生发展及其生物功能,如肿瘤的血管生成、增殖、侵袭和转移 [3] 。近期研究表明,LncRNA不仅与肿瘤侵袭、转移、增殖等有关,还参与自身免疫系统疾病 [4] 、糖尿病 [5] 、神经退行性疾病 [6] 、心肌梗死 [7] [8] 、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病 [9] 等疾病的调节。

2. HOTAIR概述与功能机制

HOX反义基因间RNA (HOTAIR)作为最早被报道的调节反式基因表LncRNA,是一种具有2.2 kb个核苷酸的剪接和多腺苷酸化哺乳动物转录物,影响哺乳动物胚胎发育 [10] 。已知人类HOX基因有39个,HOX簇(A, B, C, D)分别位于7p15、17p21、12q13和2q31染色体 [11] 。已经被证实HOTAIR从某些部位确定成纤维细胞的染色质状态,在肿瘤细胞中,HOTAIR可以重新改变染色质状态,通过改变基因的表达促进细胞的运动性和基质的侵袭性 [12] 。HOTAIR可通过TGF-β1/Smad通路促进子宫内膜纤维化,又可介导组蛋白和DNA甲基化 [13] 、调节MMP-2/MMP-9和CHEK1 [14] 等的表达,对肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和耐药性等多方面进行调控。

3. HOTAIR与卵巢癌

卵巢癌(ovarian carcinoma, OC)是全球第七大常见恶性肿瘤,是导致女性死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,并且发病年龄越来越趋于年轻化 [15] 。

Dong LJ等 [16] 发现PI3KR3在卵巢癌患者的样本中高度表达,而在正常卵巢的样本中表达并不显著。经过检测HOTAIR和PIK3R3在SKOV3、OVCAR3和A2780细胞中的表达水平发现,卵巢癌SKOV3和OVCAR3细胞中的HOTAIR和PIK3R3的基因表达水平高于在A2780细胞中的表达水平。进一步研究发现,沉默HOTAIR或PIK3R3可降低SKOV3细胞的增殖、转移和侵袭能力,并且HOTAIR和PIK3R3的相互作用是通过miR-214和miR-217调节卵巢癌细胞的生物学行为,因而认为HOTAIR其可作为卵巢癌的一种新的治疗靶点。Yang C等人 [17] 发现HOTAIR不仅参与卵巢癌细胞的增殖、转移和侵袭,还参与卵巢癌细胞的上皮–间质转化(EMT)。通过体内实验研究发现,将miR-200c过表达的慢病毒载体转入卵巢癌SKOV3细胞系中,miR-200c的过表达降低了卵巢癌细胞的侵袭性、致瘤能力,延长了裸鼠的生存期。其可能的作用机制是:上调的miR-200c引起HOTAIR的下调,进一步导致E-钙黏蛋白的表达升高,而转录因子snail的表达下降。近几年研究表明 [18] [19] ,转录因子snail的表达可通过抑制E-钙黏蛋白和其他上皮因子的转录而引起EMT。上调的miR-200c和下调的HOTAIR可间接降低卵巢癌细胞EMT的进展,从而敲除HOTAIR有利于改善卵巢癌患者的预后。Wang J等人 [20] 同样也发现HOTAIR的下调可通过抑制EMT从而降低卵巢癌细胞的增殖、转移。在体内实验中,qRT-PCR分析说明在卵巢癌患者肿瘤切片中HOTAIR的表达水平高于实验中裸鼠SKOV3细胞,并观察到E-钙黏蛋白表达明显增加,而波形蛋白的表达减少。体外实验进一步证实,沉默HOTAIR抑制了卵巢癌细胞的增殖和转移。因此,HOTAIR的研究为今后卵巢癌的诊断、治疗和预后提供了新的靶点。

4. HOTAIR与宫颈癌

宫颈癌(uterine cervix carcinoma)是全球女性癌症死亡第四大主要原因,2020年新病例数达到604,127人,新死亡人数为341,831人 [21] 。宫颈癌的发生主要是人乳头瘤病毒16型和18型的感染。近期,对于宫颈癌的早期筛查,Forslund O等人提出人乳头瘤病毒-mRNA可作为30岁以上女性宫颈癌初级筛查手段 [22] 。同样,在我国由于年轻女性病毒感染时间短,可能会自发清除,还需进一步评估人乳头瘤病毒-mRNA对年轻女性宫颈癌筛查的特异性和敏感性 [23] 。

最近研究发现HOTAIR具有多态性,能够改变染色质的状态引起不同癌症的发生 [23] 。Zhou Y等人 [24] 就HOTAIR对人乳头瘤病毒16型阳性的宫颈癌细胞影响展开了研究,证实HOTAIR与人乳头瘤病毒16的表达在宫颈上皮细胞保持一致,敲除人乳头瘤病毒16型E7发现HOTAIR在End1/E6E7和SiHa细胞中的表达明显降低。starbase v2.0数据库发现miR-214-3p 5’端的7bp序列(CAGCAGG)与HOTAIR上的1806~1813序列完全互补,进行双荧光素酶分析得出HOTAIR和miR-214-3p mim-ics报告质粒共转染后,荧光素酶的活性下降了约20%,证实HOTAIR可将这个位点作为micro-RNA反应元件起到抗miR-214-3p的作用,促进宫颈癌细胞的增殖同时抑制宫颈癌细胞的凋亡。并且还证实了Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路中的β-连环蛋白能够促进宫颈癌细胞的增殖与转移。

5. HOTAIR与子宫内膜癌

子宫内膜癌(endometial carcinoma)或低级别的子宫内膜样癌(low-grade endometrioid caicinoma, LGEC)以高雌激素血症为特征,与子宫内膜增生、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)表达增加有关。子宫乳头状浆液性癌(uterine papillary serous carcinoma, UPSC)、透明细胞癌(clear cell carcinoma, CC)和高级别子宫内膜样癌(high-grade endometrial carcinoma, HGEC)在组织学上被认为是高危子宫内膜癌的主要类型 [25] 。

HOTAIR是HOXC基因的产物,是一种肿瘤标志物,在不同种类肿瘤的转移和侵袭发挥着重要作用。Zhang XH等人 [26] 采用qRT-PCR技术检测分析了58例子宫内膜癌组织和22例正常子宫内膜癌组织中HOTAIR的表达水平,发现子宫内膜癌患者组织中的HOTAIR表达水平明显高于正常的组织。流式细胞术分析显示,在子宫内膜癌细胞系(HEC-1A和Ishikawa细胞系)中敲除HOTAIR,将细胞周期停留在G1期;HOTAIR的过表达,促进细胞从G1期向S期进展。裸鼠实验进一步证实了HOTAIR抑制了PTEN的表达,并通过激活PI3K/Akt通路来促进肿瘤细胞的增殖,抑制凋亡。大量研究结果表明HOTAIR可通过调节基质金属蛋白酶等相关蛋白的表达来促进多种肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移。Li H等人 [27] 也有同样的阐述,蛋白印迹分析表明,在转染HOTAIR的两种人胚胎干细胞系(HEC-6和ME-180)中MMP-2和MMP-9的表达明显增高,HOTAIR可抑制miR-152-3p,从而激活肿瘤启动子LIN28B并促进LIN28B表达,增强肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移。Chi S等人 [28] 观察到在Ishikawa、HEC1A、HEC1B和AN3CA细胞中HOTAIR和PRB的表达为负相关,并经过体内实验证实了HOTAIR的下调增强了子宫内膜癌对孕酮的敏感性。这为今后敲除HOTAIR作为靶向治疗子宫内膜癌提供了理论依据。

6. HOTAIR与子宫肌瘤

子宫肌瘤(uterine leiomyoma, UL)起源于子宫平滑肌细胞,是最常见的子宫良性肿瘤。HOTAIR是HOXC基因的产物,HOX基因可影响子宫肌层和平滑肌瘤的生长和分化 [29] 。但HOTAIR对子宫肌瘤的作用知之甚少,Farzaneh F等人 [30] 选择152名患有子宫肌瘤的女性和182名与之年龄匹配的健康女性进行病例对照研究,研究发现显性遗传中子宫肌瘤与HOTAIR rs12826786多态性相关,而与HOTAIR rs4759314和 rs1899663多态性无关,但具体作用机制还不清楚,需要进一步研究证实。

7. HOTAIR与子宫内膜异位症

子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis)是有活力的子宫内膜组织种植在子宫腔以外的器官 [31] ,其发病机制尚不明确。子宫腔以外的病灶常见于腹腔、卵巢、子宫骶骨韧带、输卵管和膀胱等。除此之外,最近的临床研究发现,异位的内膜组织还可出现在胸腔,引起多房性气胸(女性月经期出现) [32] ;出现在胰腺,引起胰腺囊肿 [33] ,子宫内膜异位症常以慢性盆腔痛、月经期疼痛并进行性加剧为主要临床表现,严重者还会引发不孕,是目前育龄期女性常见不孕原因之一。

子宫内膜异位症患者中HOX基因(A, B, C, D)四个簇中多个基因表达异常 [34] ,为进一步研究,Chang CY等人 [35] 利用等位基因和基因型分布说明,在HOTAIR rs1838160或rs17720428位点有遗传变异的人患有子宫内膜异位症的风险概率更高,此外,rs1838169的C-G改变很有可能是决定子宫内膜易感性的潜在遗传标记(p = 0.0174,OR = 1.685295%,置信区间:1.1924~2.3816),差异具有统计学意义。rs1838169和rs17720428之间的遗传替换会引起HOTAIR结构的热稳定性的变化,进一步证实了HOTAIR的癌症相关功能/致病单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与子宫内膜异位症的发生具有相关性。同时,微阵列数据分析表明侵袭性子宫内膜异位症患者表达出更高的HOTAIR水平(p = 0.0009);且HOTAIR可上调或下调HOXD10和HOXA5这两个靶点使病变扩散或转移到其他的组织器官,发挥其生物学功能。因此敲除HOTAIR可用于治疗子宫内膜异位症并且可抑制病变向其他组织器官侵犯。

8. HOTAIR与多囊卵巢综合征

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)是育龄期女性以雄激素过多和排卵障碍为特征最常见的生殖内分泌疾病,月经失调、多毛、痤疮、肥胖和不孕为主要的临床表现,目前病因还不明确,大多研究认为受遗传因素、胰岛素抵抗、饮食和生活方式等影响。PCOS还会引起糖尿病,血脂异常,腹部肥胖代谢综合征和心血管疾病等,严重危及女性身体健康 [36] 。

Jiang B等人 [37] 使用RT-qPCR检测患有PCOS大鼠HOTAIR的表达水平异常,PCOS组的HOTAIR表达水平高于正常对照组的表达水平,进行血清检测发现,PCOS组的雌激素(E)、雄激素(T)和黄体生成素(LH)水平升高,而卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平下降,说明HOTAIR水平的升高会引起机体内分泌的紊乱,颗粒细胞的凋亡和卵巢功能的损伤。为此进一步研究证实了HOTAIR是通过与miR-130a竞争性结合进而增加了IGF1 (胰岛素样生长因子1)的表达加重了内分泌的紊乱,抑制颗粒细胞的增殖,最终导致卵巢呈多囊样的改变。

9. HOTAIR与卵巢早衰

卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure, POF)是指女性40岁以前出现闭经、性腺功能亢进和雌激素水平降低,是早发性卵巢功能不全(primary ovarian insufficiency, POI)的终末阶段 [38] 。HOTAIR的多态性参与了POI的发生 [39] ,促进颗粒细胞的凋亡,引起卵巢功能的损伤 [37] 。

Zhao W等人 [40] HOTAIR通过激活Notch信号通路,抑制卵巢细胞的凋亡,并且证实了卵巢组织和血清样本中HOTAIR水平都可作为预测卵巢早衰的指标。生长激素又可以通过Notch信号通路抑制闭锁卵泡的产生、促进卵母细胞的成熟、升高雌激素水平 [41] 。颗粒细胞(ovarian granulosa cell, OGC)障碍直接影响卵巢的功能,有研究证实环磷酰胺能够抑制颗粒细胞(OGC)的增殖,促进POF的发生。

10. 小结

综上所述,近几年,对于HOTAIR的研究已经取得了很大进展,探讨了HOTAIR通过调节多种信号分子来调节肿瘤的增殖、转移、侵袭等机制的研究,更深层次说明了HOTAIR通过参与EMT促进肿瘤增殖、转移。值得注意的是,SNPs也可进一步促进癌症的进展。除此之外,HOTAIR还可引起女性机体内分泌的紊乱、抑制闭锁卵泡的形成和颗粒细胞的增殖进而导致女性不孕的发生,但是目前的研究还很少,有待进一步证实。总之,积极开展有关HOTAIR的研究,有望减少女性生殖系统多种疾病的发生发展,从而提高女性的生存质量。

基金项目

济宁医学院教师扶持基金(JYFC2018FKJ104);贺林院士新医学临床转化工作站科研基金(JYHL2018FMS03);济宁市重点研发计划项目(2022YXNS043)。

文章引用

柳 絮,杨三会,刘琳琳,刘 涛,孔潇丽,王靖雯. HOTAIR在女性生殖系统疾病中的研究进展
Research Progress of HOTAIR in Female Reproductive System Diseases[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(06): 10362-10368. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361451

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  42. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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