Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 80031 , 9 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141224

富血小板血浆在肩袖撕裂修复中应用的 现状与进展

王鹏山1,孙皓然1,孙晓新2

1华北理工大学研究生院,河北 唐山

2华北理工大学附属医院骨科,河北 唐山

收稿日期:2023年12月25日;录用日期:2024年1月22日;发布日期:2024年1月29日

摘要

肩袖主要控制肩关节的活动并维持稳定性,一旦损伤难以自愈。虽然关节镜术后肩袖结构和生物力学得到了提高,但目前研究的重点已经转向通过生物制剂来提高愈合质量。富血小板血浆(Platelet-Rich Plasma, PRP)作为一种新兴潜在的生物增强剂在促进肌腱骨愈合方面获得了良好的效果,近年来在肩袖损伤领域获得了很多人的关注,尽管多项研究表明PRP注射可以很好地控制疼痛,由于其类型多样、给药方式及次数等不同,且患者肩袖撕裂的类型及大小也存在差异,因此出现了不同的临床结果。本文旨在评估PRP在治疗肩袖损伤中的疗效和用途。

关键词

富血小板血浆,肩袖损伤,关节镜

Current Status and Progress of Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Repair of Rotator Cuff Tear

Pengshan Wang1, Haoran Sun1, Xiaoxin Sun2

1Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei

2Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan Hebei

Received: Dec. 25th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 22nd, 2024; published: Jan. 29th, 2024

ABSTRACT

The rotator cuff mainly controls the movement of the shoulder joint and maintains stability, once the injury is difficult to heal itself. Although the rotator cuff structure and biomechanics have been improved after surgery, the focus of current research has shifted to improving the quality of healing through biologics. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) has gained a lot of attention in the field of rotator cuff injuries in recent years as an emerging potential bioenhancer that promotes healing of tendons and bones, although multiple studies have shown that PRP injections provide good pain control. Due to the variety of its types, dosing methods and frequency, and the type and size of rotator cuff tears in patients, different clinical results have appeared. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of PRP in the treatment of rotator cuff injuries.

Keywords:Platelet-Rich Plasma, Rotator Cuff Injury, Arthroscopy

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

随着大众生活质量的提高,全民运动的普及,各种急慢性运动损伤性疾病的发病率逐年增高,肩关节疾病中肩袖损伤则是其中之一。如果肩袖撕裂,将导致肩关节不稳定、疼痛、活动范围和功能下降。据报道,保守治疗的肩袖撕裂患者中,大约有一半以上的人经历了撕裂大小的增加,导致最终治疗无效 [1] 。因此,肩袖撕裂的患者通过手术治疗对于功能恢复更加显著,为减轻患者术后疼痛、早期恢复功能,肩袖修复的手术方式也由传统的开放式演变为关节镜下微创操作,随着手术技术及手术工具的不断改进,肩袖修复术后的疗效也得到了提高。尽管如此,再撕裂率仍然高达20%~60% [2] ,患者的年龄、吸烟、肌腱的退变、血运减少从而缺乏肌腱与骨的愈合等则是其主要原因。

近些年,促进肩袖损伤的愈合、降低再撕裂率成为了运动医学领域的研究热点。富血小板血浆(Platelet-Rich Plasma, PRP)作为一种生物增强剂在促进肌腱–骨愈合领域获得了认可,并在降低再撕裂率方面疗效显著 [3] 。但是由于PRP的形式(液体或固体凝胶)、应用的次数(单次或连续)和时机(术中或术后)等不同,导致目前文献报到中PRP联合关节镜治疗肩袖损伤的研究结果差异较大,本文以关节镜下PRP治疗肩袖损伤为主线,通过对近年来PRP治疗肩袖损伤的文献进行回顾,系统阐述不同类型PRP对多种肩袖撕裂类型患者的疗效差异,为今后关节镜下治疗肩袖损伤提供参考及理论依据。

2. 肩袖愈合的生物学机制及影响因素

肩袖由四块肌肉的肌腱组成,包括冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌和肩胛下肌,它们包绕并附着在肱骨头上。肩袖出现撕裂后,可以通过保守或手术的方式进行治疗,无论采取何种治疗方式,肌腱愈合都会发生三个阶段:炎症、增殖和重塑。炎症期持续约48小时,由红细胞、白细胞、内皮细胞和血小板浸润组成。此时的巨噬细胞的作用是清除坏死组织。增殖阶段的特征是巨噬细胞和腱细胞定向合成新的、不持久的III型胶原蛋白,此阶段的细胞主要在上皮内增殖,增殖期为7至21天。重塑阶段在初始损伤后数月开始,可持续超过12个月,涉及细胞外基质排列和合成I型胶原蛋白取代III型胶原蛋白 [4] 。肩袖撕裂主要发生在肌腱和骨的交界区。肌腱–骨交界处分为肌腱、未矿化纤维软骨、矿化纤维软骨和骨四个区域 [5] 。与之相比,由于撕裂肩袖的血运欠佳、肌腱的回缩及肌肉的脂肪浸润等因素,修复后的肩袖形成的瘢痕组织对该区域的生物力学特性产生了不利影响,肩袖的再撕裂无法完全避免 [2] 。因此,目前临床医生将目光转向通过分子疗法的作用,以生物增强的形式,来提高修复后的肩袖组织的血运,减少肩袖肌肉的脂肪浸润,从而来降低再撕裂率。

3. 富血小板血浆

3.1. PRP概述

PRP作为一种潜在的生物增强剂来促进肌腱–骨愈合在临床上收到了良好的疗效,它是从自体全血中离心而来的血小板浓缩物,其血小板浓度为自体全血中基线水平的数倍且包含多种生长因子等血液成分。PRP含有多种生长因子和细胞因子,一旦被激活,可以释放促进损伤组织再生的生长因子。PRP及其生长因子和纤维蛋白基质具有增强损伤生物环境愈合的潜力 [6] 。以下常见的生长因子,已被研究并证明在肌腱和韧带愈合中是重要的:转化生长因子β (transforming growth factor β, TGF-β),胰岛素样生长因子1 (insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1),血小板衍生生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF),血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF),和几种生长/分化因子 [7] [8] ,它们储存在α颗粒中,可在需要愈合的地方抵消降解酶。

3.2. PRP的制备与分类

PRP制备过程通常不超过30分钟并可在手术室进行,且在不同的制备方案中有很大的差异,PRP制备技术也尚未形成统一共识。目前生产PRP的方法有两种:一种是手工方法,不过此方法耗时较长;另一种是通过离心设备,常规分为两步,第1次离心将血液分成血清、白细胞、血小板的上中下3层,第2次离心分离获得所需的血小板血浆。由于制备装置及制备方法的不同,所获得PRP中所含成分的浓度也有差异。

有学者根据PRP中白细胞的计数、纤维蛋白存在与否以及所使用的分离聚合方法,将其大致分为4类:贫白细胞富血小板血浆(Leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma, LP-PRP),富白细胞富血小板血浆(Leukocyte-rich platelet rich plasma, LR-PRP),贫白细胞富血小板纤维蛋白(Leukocyte-poor platelet-rich fibrin, LP-PRF),富白细胞富血小板纤维蛋白(Leukocyte-rich platelet-rich fibrin, LR-PRF) [9] 。

3.3. PRP的生物学机制

TGF-β是伤口愈合不可或缺的一种生长因子,在肌腱愈合的几乎所有阶段都有 [10] 。在一些动物模型中,这一关键细胞因子已被报道可以改善愈合过程,因为研究表明TGF-β与兔内侧副韧带模型中瘢痕硬度的增加有关,与大鼠跟腱模型中愈合肌腱失效和硬度的增加有关 [11] 。IGF-1在腱细胞迁移和损伤后肌腱修复中起关键作用。研究表明,在人肌腱组织中,IGF-1治疗后,肌腱胶原蛋白的合成都有所增加 [12] 。VEGF在肌腱愈合中促进血管生成,通过改善血液供应来调节愈合和组织再生,并在炎症期后大量产生。在犬模型中局部给PDGF已显示通过增加胶原合成、细胞增殖和基质重塑来增加犬屈肌腱的愈合 [13] 。这些分子通过促进有丝分裂和血管生成来改善愈合环境 [14] 。国内的两位肩袖损伤患者行关节镜下肩袖修补术并在术中及术后于肩袖缝合部位注射了自体PRP,并接受了术后行组织活检,发现新生的组织学外观与原始的相似,有明显的潮汐线,而且在肌腱活检中还发现排列的胶原纤维,并且沿着腱骨交界纵行轴向显示大量纺锤状细胞 [15] 。此外,体外表明,和动物研究在含有PRP生长因子的培养基中,退化性撕裂的人肩袖肌腱中,肌腱细胞增殖和基因表达增强 [16] 。

4. PRP在肩袖撕裂修复中的临床疗效及其影响因素

4.1. 不同类型PRP修复肩袖撕裂的临床疗效

4.1.1. 液体PRP

有研究提出,与LR-PRP相比,LP-PRP具有更强的合成代谢作用 [17] 。Randelli发现使用LP-PRP后患者肩关节恢复更好,疼痛减轻明显,并且在外旋外展时有更强的力量 [18] 。Cavendish [19] 等人发现在肩袖修复中的应用LP-PRP可降低再撕裂率,同样有研究报道PRP可致修复后的肩袖肌肉脂肪浸润减少和较低的再撕裂率 [20] [21] 。Wang [22] 等的meta分析指出LP-PRP可以降低术后再撕裂率,同时改善临床结果。而Adrian [23] 等人发现LP-PRP并没有提高修复后的再撕裂率。然而许多研究者持相反的意见。Wang [24] 等发现添加LP-PRP并不能改善早期功能、ROM/力量或疼痛评分 [25] 。在中期(36~51个月),他们发现结果中只有一个参数(外展强度)是有意义的,而在肌腱质量或基于MRI的撕裂率方面也并没有发现差异,所以他们的研究不支持使用LP-PRP来达到更坚固的肌腱修复。D’Ambrosi R在短时间的随访中发现LR-PRP可以减轻接受关节镜修复全层冈上肌撕裂患者的疼痛,同时也可以更快恢复活动,并改善肩关节功能 [26] 。Schneider [27] 等发现,与LR-PRP相比,LP-PRP促进了肌腱中胶原基质的合成,减少了与基质降解和炎症相关的细胞因子。上述研究表明,LP-PRP比LR-PRP更有利于愈合,LP-PRP显示出更低的再撕裂率。Luciano A [28] 发现肩峰下注射LR-PRP可显著减轻难治性肩袖肌腱病患者的疼痛,并改善功能。后他又对接受肩峰下注射LR-PRP的难治性肩袖肌腱病和部分肩袖撕裂的患者进行了随访评估,结果与之前类似 [29] 。由此可见,与部分肩袖撕裂患者相比,LR-PRP对难治性肩袖肌腱病患者的症状和功能结果的改善更明显。

4.1.2. 固体PRP

Dukan等人对69名初次接受关节镜下冈上肌修补术的患者进行了评估,并将其分为PRF组(32例)及对照组(37例),PRF组于手术结束后将自体PRF凝胶缝合于已修复肌腱处,并于术前及术后均评估两组患者的肩关节功能,在2年后对患者进行MRI评估,他们发现PRF组显示出了更好的临床和放射学结果,且在3个月时效果最为显著 [30] 。Jo对42名肩袖全层撕裂患者行关节镜手术,其中19名患者接受使用PRF,并对所有患者进行了至少16个月的随访评估,结果显示出试验组在临床或解剖学上并没有显示出更好地结果 [31] 。他认为之前的研究可能不足以检测结构完整性方面的临床重要差异,遂再次进行研究,不同的是此次对PRP组患者在撕裂端和大结节之间涂抹3块PRP凝胶,结果显示除整体功能外,其他主观临床结果差异无统计学意义,对比之前的研究,虽然研究对象不同但结果却是大致相似的 [32] 。Zumstein等评估了双排修复下应用PRF的疗效,术后12个月的MRI结果显示,两组差异并无统计学意义,可能是由于PRF 中白细胞浓度过高所致 [33] 。

固体形式的PRF在镜下直视可被缝合固定在肩袖损伤部位,并可缓慢持续释放生长因子长达7天 [34] 。液体形式的PRP可在直视或超声引导下被注射到损伤部位,但是由于其液体的流动性,可能在12小时内即可从修复处流失。虽然PRF的持续时间较长,但是由于PRF中的大量纤维蛋白的成分,导致腱骨愈合过程中形成更多的瘢痕组织,进而影响肌腱的质量,遂目前大部分学者更多的采用液体形式PRP。

4.2. PRP修复不同肩袖撕裂大小的临床疗效

4.2.1. 小中型肩袖撕裂

当PRP应用于中小型肩袖撕裂的患者时,有降低再撕裂率的趋势 [35] 。Li Ming [36] 等人的一项研究发现,在接受关节镜单排修复中小型肩袖撕裂的患者中,术中注射PRP并没有加快愈合速度,而是提高了愈合质量。张军等 [37] 发现应用PRP后,虽然术后再撕裂率并无明显差异,但在短期内可明显减轻术后疼痛,加快肩关节功能的恢复,因此他推荐PRP联合关节镜治疗肩袖损伤。Hurley等 [38] 发现在肩袖修复中使用PRP可改善愈合率、疼痛水平和功能预后。其他一些临床研究也同样显示中小型肩袖撕裂患者使用PRP比不使用PRP表现出更好的结果 [39] [40] [41] 。然而,研究也报道了肩袖修复的负面影响。Malavolta等人 [42] 发表了一项前瞻性随机研究,对54例接受关节镜单排修复小至中型冈上肌撕裂的患者进行了60个月的随访,他发现PRP并没有促进更好的临床或结构结果。Wang等 [25] 研究了肩袖修复后PRP注射的效果,同样发现它并没有改善腱–骨愈合或功能恢复。Moraes等人 [43] 发现关节镜下注射PRP不影响撕裂率,也不影响功能结局,这与以上学者所得出的结论是大致一致的。还有荟萃分析同样得出,在关节镜下进行肩袖修复时,PRP的使用并不能普遍提高再撕裂率或影响临床结果评分 [44] [45] 。因此,有必要进一步增加随访探究PRP的疗效及其对术后疼痛、功能结局和肩袖修复结构完整性的影响。

4.2.2. 中大型肩袖撕裂

在中到大型肩袖撕裂患者的研究中,Jo的一项随机对照试验旨在评估PRP增强对接受关节镜修复中至大型肩袖撕裂患者愈合速度和质量的疗效,他发现与未添加PRP的修复相比,PRP制备并应用于损伤部位显著提高了修复质量 [46] 。Pandey等人探究关节镜下单排修复中至大型肩袖撕裂后应用PPR能否改善腱骨愈合的能力,他们发现PRP在早期阶段增强修复部位周围的血管分布,而且PRP组的撕裂率明显低于对照组 [47] 。LIU等人的研究结果显示PRP能降低肩袖撕裂 ≥ 2 cm患者的再撕裂率,提示PRP对于中大型肩袖撕裂的患者可能有一定的作用 [48] 。为了确定贫白细胞富血小板血浆能否降低退行性中至大型肩袖撕裂患者的再撕裂率、减少脂肪浸润和改善功能结果,Zhang等人进行了随机对照试验,结果显示与对照组相比,研究组并没有促进更好的临床结果,但对降低关节镜下肩袖修复术后患者的再撕裂率和提高Goutallier分级具有积极作用,并且还可以提供大量的临床资料达到手术治疗的最小临床重要差异 [15] 。

4.3. PRP的注射时机与次数对其疗效的影响

PRP注射的时机和次数同样可能影响肩袖修复的效果。白等 [9] 的研究发现关节镜术后立即PRP无法改善肩袖撕裂患者术后肩关节功能、活动度、疼痛和再撕裂率,因此他不推荐关节镜下肩袖修补术联合PRP治疗肩袖损伤,但也需要更多研究来求证此结论。Wang等 [25] 进行的一项随机对照试验,将60例已行关节镜下冈上肌双排缝合术的患者随机分组后,对半数患者在术后第7天和第14天于患处注射2次PRP,他也同样认为关节镜术后注射PRP治疗并不能促进早期腱骨愈合或功能恢复。有报道称,生长因子和I型、III型胶原蛋白的表达在第7天升高,在第14天降低 [49] ,因此作者认为可以继续扩大样本量,并在术后第7、14天乃至更多次继续重复注射PRP,或许更利于肌腱愈合。

5. PRP的优势与不足

PRP是从全血中提取分离出来的血小板浓缩物,因此具有更高的血小板聚集度,由血小板释放的生长因子可促进细胞增殖、组织再生,还可以促进胶原蛋白生成,有助于肌腱愈合过程中的组织重塑 [6] [7] [8] 。同时,PRP取自患者自体血液、安全性好,且制备过程较其他生物制品相对容易。但是PRP在临床应用中仍存在诸多问题:(1) 一些自身情况较差的患者、贫血等原因。(2) 取自体静脉血制备PRP时,分离提取后所得量较少。(3) 目前尚无制备PRP的统一方法、标准以及最佳浓度。(4)制备PRP所用装置价格较贵,且不在医保范围内。(5) 术后肩关节僵硬疼痛、皮疹发痒及感染等并发症 [31] [50] 。

6. PRP与其他生物制剂的疗效比较

6.1. 类固醇激素

Kwong等人 [51] 进行的一项双盲随机对照试验纳入了99例患者并随访至术后1年,他们发现与肩关节内注射皮质类固醇注射剂相比,注射PRP在改善疼痛和肩关节功能方面更具优势。Shams等人 [17] 将PRP与皮质类固醇激素在治疗症状明显的肩袖损伤患者进行了对比,他们发现与皮质类固醇注射相比,尽管在6个月后未发现具有统计学意义的更好结果,但是PRP注射早期能够显示出更好的结果。Tanpowpong等也得出了类似的结论 [52] 。因此,肩关节RPP注射可被认为是皮质类固醇注射的良好替代方案,特别是对于有皮质类固醇给药禁忌的患者。PRP和皮质类固醇注射在治疗投掷运动员部分损伤的肩袖方面的证据仍在发展中,这也是一个持续争论的主题 [53] 。

6.2. 透明质酸钠

透明质酸钠(SH)存在于软结缔组织和滑液的细胞外基质中,在组织中发挥着各种生理作用 [54] 。研究表明,肩袖损伤患者经SH治疗后疼痛明显减轻,活动范围和日常生活活动得到改善 [55] 。Liu [56] 的一项荟萃分析也得出了相似的结果。CAI等人评估SH、PRP及SH和PRP联合使用治疗中小型肩袖撕裂发现PRP组和SH + PRP组治疗后Constant评分和ASES评分显着升高,SH组次之。MRI结果显示,PRP组和SH + PRP组的撕裂尺寸均显着减小,尤其是SH + PRP组。由此得出结论,单独注射PRP虽然比SH获得的效果是更出色,但是SH联合PRP则更能产生更优的效果 [57] 。

7. 总结与展望

目前的研究表明,PRP联合关节镜是治疗肩袖损伤的一种有效方法 [21] 。PRP可以促进软组织愈合和修复,有助于提高肩关节的功能恢复和术后的愈合率。同时,关节镜手术可以减少创伤,缩短恢复期。学者们对于PRP应用于肩袖修复术后的疗效并没有达成一致的观点,虽然现有的研究结果相互矛盾,但并不能否认PRP所带来的益处,仍需要更高质量的研究,以确认PRP在治疗肩袖损伤方面的功效。总体而言,PRP可改善肩袖损伤患者术后疗效,希望随着对PRP的理解不断深入,为PRP成为治疗肩袖损伤的宝贵工具提供更坚实的依据。

文章引用

王鹏山,孙皓然,孙晓新. 富血小板血浆在肩袖撕裂修复中应用的现状与进展
Current Status and Progress of Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Repair of Rotator Cuff Tear[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 1552-1560. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141224

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