Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 03 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 49215 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.123239

影响肝细胞癌切除术后复发和预后因素的研究进展

刘南秋,龚建平

重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆

收稿日期:2022年2月6日;录用日期:2022年2月28日;发布日期:2022年3月9日

摘要

肝细胞癌是全球癌症死亡率第三的癌症。肝切除术是治疗肝细胞癌的主要治疗方式,但术后的高复发率严重影响了患者预后。肝细胞癌肝切除术后的复发和预后受多种因素影响,如何评估和预测成为了研究热点。近年来,人们发现术前肝功能、乙肝病毒感染、肿瘤大小、术后干预治疗等措施都可能对术后复发和预后有着影响。本文将对影响肝细胞癌切除术后复发和预后的因素进行综述。

关键词

肝细胞癌,切除,复发,预后

Progress on Factors Affecting the Recurrence and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection

Nanqiu Liu, Jianping Gong

Department of Hepatobiliary, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 6th, 2022; accepted: Feb. 28th, 2022; published: Mar. 9th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Hepatectomy is the main treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma, but the high recurrence rate seriously affects the prognosis of patients. The recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy are affected by many factors. How to evaluate and predict it has become a notable subject. In recent years, it has been found that preoperative liver function, infection of hepatitis B virus, tumor size, postoperative intervention therapy and other factors may have an effect on the recurrence and prognosis of patients with HCC. This article will review the studies reporting the factors which affect the recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection.

Keywords:Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Resection, Recurrence, Prognosis

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)近年来的发病率及死亡率呈逐渐升高的趋势,成为全球癌症死亡率第三的癌症,仅次于肺癌和结直肠癌 [1]。肝切除术是肝细胞癌治疗的主要方式之一,尽管近几年逐渐兴起的分子靶向、免疫治疗成为临床和科研的关注热点,但肝切除术仍在肝细胞癌的治疗中占据不可或缺的地位。由于肝细胞癌较高的恶性程度,研究发现HCC患者在经历肝癌根治术后5年复发率达70%,5年存活率50% [2],严重影响患者预后。针对可能影响HCC患者肝癌术后复发和预后的因素,研究人员进行了许多探究,但尚未有统一明确的结论。本文将就影响肝细胞癌患者肝切除术后复发和预后因素的研究现状作一综述。

2. 影响HCC患者术后复发和预后的因素

影响HCC患者术后复发和预后的因素主要包括患者因素、手术因素和术后因素三个方面。患者因素主要包括了患者性别年龄、肝功能情况、术前血清学检测指标;手术因素包括围手术期输血、手术方式。术后因素包括肿瘤情况、微血管侵犯、术后治疗干预等

2.1. 患者因素

2.1.1. 性别和年龄

在全球肝细胞癌患者中,男女比例为1.5:1至4:1 [1]。研究 [3] 通过对单中心的1796名HCC患者回顾性分析,利用倾向性匹配减少干扰后发现在<50岁患者中,女性的无复发生存率(recurrence-free survival, RFS)和总体生存率(overall survival, OS)均显著高于男性组(P < 0.05),而在>50岁患者组中未见性别带来的差异。这种性别差异可能是由于肝脏在不同性别中表达的雌雄激素受体差异导致的,但需要进一步的研究证。在对巨大HCC患者肝切除术后复发和预后进行分析时,人们发现<55岁患者的2年RFS更高(P = 0.021) [4]。但Shingo Shimada等人 [5] 通过对比高龄(>80岁)和非高龄组HCC并行肝切除术的患者,发现两者在复发和预后方面并无显著性差异,提示年龄对术后的预后情况无明显影响,并以此提出即使患者高龄,只要符合手术指征,也建议行肝切除治疗。

2.1.2. 肝脏评估

肝切除术前常规需对肝脏进行评估,包括有无基础肝病,肝功能情况等,而这些评估指标也会影响术后复发和预后。在肝细胞癌术后患者中,乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性患者的表现出了更差的RFS和OS [6]。Li Zhou [7] 等人通过对乙肝肝硬化相关HCC患者术后的生存资料分析,发现谷丙转氨酶(Alanine Aminotransferase, ALT)对术后早期复发和复发后生存有一定意义,而谷草转氨酶(Aspartate Aminotransferase, AST)与复发和预后无显著关系。此外在常规肝功能评估中,即使部分病人肝功能正常,也可能伴有严重的肝纤维化,为探究肝纤维化对术后复发的影响,Suk-Won Suh等人 [8] 选取Child-Pugh A级,肿瘤直径 < 5 cm的患者,依据肝纤维化程度分组,发现严重肝纤维化影响了肝癌术后的复发(hazard ratio, HR 1.849; 95% confidence interval CI 1.191~2.869; P = 0.006),这提示临床应该注重肝纤维化患者术后的治疗和管理,以避免不良预后。有学者通过术前瞬时弹性成像测定HCC患者的肝硬度值和脾硬度值,并纳入共175名患者进行前瞻性分析得到,脾硬度值与肝细胞癌晚期复发(术后2年)相关 [9],并考虑这种相关性可能与门静脉高压相关。

2.1.3. 血清学指标测定

甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)是筛查肝细胞癌的常用肿瘤标志物,一项纳入61项研究的荟萃分析发现 [10],高AFP水平组(AFP > 200 ng/ml)的RFS (HR 1.501 95% CI 1.355~1.662; P < 0.00001)和OS (HR 1.563 95% CI 1.381~1.768; P < 0.00001)均高于低水平AFP组,提示预后不佳。术前血小板减少也被考虑是影响术后肿瘤早期复发的因素之一;有研究者通过测定HCC患者术前的血小板活化标记物(PAC-1),对纳入患者前瞻性研究发现,在接受肝切除术组的患者中,PAC-1阳性率越高,患者预后越差(HR 6.166; 95% CI 2.961~12.841; P = 0.000) [11]。有人认为炎症因子和非特异性免疫也参与了HCC术后复发的过程;通过对比术前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)发现,高水平NLR组的早期复发率高于低水平组,术前高水平NLR是影响术后生存率的一个不利的独立预后因素 [12];而术前高水平的细胞因子白介素-26 (IL-26)水平也显示出了相对于低水平IL-26组更佳的RFS (HR 1.667; 95% CI 1.076~2.582; P = 0.022)和OS (HR 1.643; 95% CI 1.021~2.644; P = 0.041);IL-26作为机体的潜在防御者,同时可能是一些慢性疾病的炎症因素,其与肝细胞癌术后复发和预后的潜在联系机制尚未明确 [13]。

2.2. 手术因素

2.2.1. 输血及输血量

针对围手术期输血是否影响肝细胞癌患者术后复发及生存情况,研究尚未有统一结论。威超英 [14] 等人通过对单一中心的1051名HCC患者根治性切除术后的回顾性研究,根据术中输血量的不同分组,发现无输血组的RFS及OS均优于输血组(P < 0.05),Cox多因素回归分析提示术中输血是肝细胞癌术后早期复发的危险因素,但输血量对术后复发并无明显影响。Hiroshi Wada [15] 等人回顾性分析多中心的642名经历肝切除术的HCC患者发现,围手术期输血组的总生存率低于未输血组(HR 1.521, P = 0.011),考虑围手术期输血是HCC患者术后预后不良的一个因素。而另一个研究 [16] 发现术中输血的RFS显著低于未输血组,但两组的OS并无显著差异。同样有人对输血组和未输血组患者进行倾向性匹配后发现,两组的RFS和OS并无差异,认为围手术期输血不影响HCC患者术后复发和生存 [17]。

2.2.2. 手术方式

Fengxiang Shi [18] 等人针对手术方式的不同,对HCC患者术后预后分析发现,解剖性肝切除的RFS (HR 0.631; 95% CI 0.424~0.938)和OS (HR 0.547; 95% CI 0.328~0.913)优于非解剖性肝切除;同时切缘宽度 > 1 cm组的RFS (HR 0.540; 95% CI 0.382~0.763)和OS (HR 0.557; 95% CI 0.364~0.852)也优于切缘宽度 < 1 cm组,且差异具有统计学意义。然而在另一项研究中发现 [19],在直径 < 2 cm的159名早期HCC患者中,解剖性肝切除和非解剖性肝切除的RFS和OS (P = 0.236和P = 0.363)未见显著性差异,这可能与肿瘤本身较小有关;亚组分析发现在解剖性肝切除中切缘宽度对RFS无明显影响,在非解剖性肝切除中切缘宽度 > 1 cm组的RFS明显高于切缘宽度 < 1 cm组(P = 0.038),从而强调在非解剖性肝切除中切缘宽度的重要性。另外有研究 [20] 发现术中间歇性Pringle阻断肝门的1年OS和RFS优于非间歇性Pringle阻断组,且差异具有统计学意义,但对比两组的总体OS和RFS未见明显差异。

2.3. 术后情况

2.3.1. 肿瘤情况

一项纳入26项回顾性分析的荟萃研究提示,在无肝硬化的HCC患者中,多发肿瘤(HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.25~2.11)、肿瘤体积(HR 2.66, 95% CI 1.69~3.63)、非R0切除(HR 3.52, 95% CI 1.63~5.42)和淋巴管侵犯(HR 4.85, 95% CI 2.67~7.02)为影响患者肝切除术后预后的主要因素 [21]。不同于原发性HCC,术后复发的HCC患者特点是肿瘤数量多,复发次数多;同时复发时间也影响了HCC患者术后的预后情况,研究 [22] 发现早期复发(<术后1年)患者的总体生存情况较晚期复发(>术后1年)更差,这可能与肿瘤生物学差异有关,且早期复发也可能是早期肝内转移的结果。在孤立性HCC患者中肿瘤大小与术后2年复发率有关 [23],肿瘤直径 > 5 cm伴AFP ≥ 20 ng/ml患者死亡率是肿瘤直径 < 5 cm患者的4.5倍 [24];肿瘤直径大于10 cm被考虑是肝外复发的危险因素之一 [25]。在对HCC术后生存超10年的患者回顾性分析中发现 [26],孤立性肿瘤、小肿瘤是术后长期生存的重要因素。TNM临床分期已经被广泛应用于临床评估肿瘤患者预后情况,越来越多研究将TNM分期与其他临床指标相结合,应更好地评估HCC患者术后的预后情况。单中心的回顾性分析 [27] 提示在HCC术后复发患者中,再次的肝切除术仍具有良好的疗效,AFP > 20 ng/ml和TNM分期是复发患者术后再次复发的危险因素,TNM分期对复发患者再次手术的预后同样具有预测作用。

2.3.2. 微血管侵犯(Microvascular Invasion, MVI)

多个研究发现微血管侵犯是HCC患者术后复发的危险因素。根据微血管侵犯分级证实,高风险的MVI2级患者在术后早期复发率明显高于低风险患者(MV0/MV1),可以此作为术后治疗的依据之一 [28]。多中心研究发现在孤立性肝细胞癌根治术后的患者中,MVI阳性和切缘 > 1 cm的OS (HR 2.96, 95% CI 2.11~4.1)和RFS (HR 3.15, 95% CI, 2.09~4.67)均明显降低 [29]。但由于目前MVI基本只能通过外科手术后的病理证实,目前尚未有明确的无创检测MVI的方法,这限制了MVI的临床应用。有学者利用CT的轴向成像发现,MVI特有的成像特点包括静脉期肿瘤动脉的持续强化,肿瘤周边无明显衰减边缘等特点,其检测MVI的敏感性和特异性分别为76%和94% [30]。

2.3.3. 术后治疗

术后的再干预措施影响了HCC患者术后复发和预后。Michinori Matsumoto [31] 等人针对HCC患者术后肝内复发患者再次行肝切除、局部消融和经动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)三种治疗方式的对比发现,在没有微血管侵犯的情况下,肝内肝癌的再切除治疗在总生存率上优于局部消融和TACE。对于术后发现MVI的患者,术后辅助性TACE对比单纯性肝切除术而言能降低术后复发率,具有更好的预后 [32];术后两次或一次辅助TACE治疗后的3年RFS明显高于单纯肝切除术组(P = 0.024) [33]。对比HCC术后复发患者采取单纯姑息性治疗或使用索拉菲尼,再次手术或采用TACE的患者OS明显升高(OS 12个月VS 2个月,P < 0.001) [34]。

3. 预测术后复发和预后指标

3.1. Child-Pugh分级、终末期肝病模型(Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, MELD)

Child-Pugh分级常用于肝病患者的肝功能分级,人们后来也开始将其应用于肝癌患者术后的预测和评估,Feng Huang [35] 等人通过改良Child-Pugh分级对204名HCC行肝切除术后患者的生存评估并获得了较好的远期预后预测准确性。但由于大部分进行肝切除术患者为Child-Pugh A级,故Child-Pugh分级在预测相同肝功能级别的HCC患者预后的能力有限。此外,由于Child-Pugh分级中的腹水和肝性脑病两个指标易受评估者主观因素影响,故其预测能力有待进一步探究。MELD常用于终末期肝病短期、中期死亡率预测;Heng-Yuan Hsu等人 [36] 则利用MELD对1935名行肝切除的HCC患者进行早期复发和早期死亡率的预测,发现在早期死亡率具有较好的预测,但在早期复发率上未见显著差异。

3.2. 胆红素–白蛋白分级(Albumin-Bilirubin Grade, ALBI)

ALBI最早于2015年由日本学者首次提出 [37],并依据公式计算出分值并划分等级,以此评估肝细胞癌患者的肝功能等级。随时对ALBI分级的研究增多,越来越多研究发现ALBI对HCC患者切除术后的预后具有预测作用。通过对乙肝相关HCC根治性切除术后患者的随访,Binquan Wu等人 [38] 发现ALBI是独立的生存预测因素,且将其与肿瘤大小联合预测术后复发和生存情况时,联合预测效能(C-指数评分= 0.754, 95% CI 0.675~0.849)与BCLC分期相当。将术前ALBI联合纤维化-4指数(fibrosis-4 index, FIB-4)应用于544名HCC患者的生存情况预测,发现ALBI-FIB-4评分为1、2和3时其5年RFS分别为55.0%,44.2%和35.3% (P = 0.004),5年OS分别为72.9%,66.4%和54.8% (P = 0.011) [39]。此外,研究开始利用术后ALBI分级来预测术后预后情况。Chun-Yu Lin等人通过12年的随访,发现对于术后5年无复发患者,术后第5年的ALBI分级相较于AFP能更好的预测患者的预后 [40]。Masataka Amisaki [41] 等人通过对136名HCC Child-Pugh A级行根治性切除患者的回顾性分析,发现术后第5天的ALBI分级是影响Child-Pugh A级患者远期预后的独立预测因素。来自欧洲、美国和中国香港的多中心研究也同样发现术后ALBI分级是HCC早期复发的重要因素 [42]。

3.3. 新的预测模型

现在越来越多研究注重于将多个可能影响HCC患者术后复发和预后的因素相结合,建立新的预测模型来判断术后生存情况。Wei He等人通过单中心回顾纳入638名HCC患者,通过分析得到ALBI分级、术前抗病毒治疗、复发时AFP水平、复发肿瘤大小、部位等因素可能影响预后,并建立列线图,其预测能力(C指数0.797,95% CI 0.765~0.830)优于巴塞罗那分期(C指数0.713;95% CI 0.680~0.745) (P < 0.01) [43]。Hiroji Shinkawa等人 [44] 则将肿瘤 > 3 cm、AFP > 200 ng/ml和CT判断血管侵犯作为预测因子,建立得到的列线图预测能力较好(C指数0.67)。一份来自日本的最新多中心研究发现 [45],通过将纳入16931名HCC术后患者,按照预后情况分组,利用决策树建立预测模型,得到了良好的预测能力验证。

4. 小结

综上所述,肝切除术是HCC患者的主要治疗方式之一,但由于其较高的复发率和不良预后,我们需关注影响HCC患者肝切除术后的复发和预后的因素。目前研究已发现肝功能情况、术前AFP水平、手术方式、输血、肿瘤大小、微血管侵犯等是可能影响HCC患者术后复发和预后的因素,此外,有无门静脉癌栓、肿瘤病理学分期、高载量HBV-DNA等均被发现可能影响术后的复发 [46]。对此,我们对HCC患者需要详尽地评估术前患者血清学指标、选取合适的手术方式并辅以恰当的术后干预措施,尽可能降低术后复发率,改善HCC患者预后。另外个别研究发现C-反应蛋白/血清白蛋白比值是HCC术后复发的危险因素 [47],这为预测HCC患者术后复发提供了潜在研究价值。针对术后复发和预后的预测,已经有Child-Pugh分级、MELD、ALBI分级和建立列线图等多种方式,在单一研究中以上预测模型能力得到了初步的验证,但大部分研究属于单中心的回归性分析,且相关研究存在样本量不足、选取的病例代表性欠佳等问题,需要更完善的临床研究予以支持。

文章引用

刘南秋,龚建平. 影响肝细胞癌切除术后复发和预后因素的研究进展
Progress on Factors Affecting the Recurrence and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(03): 1663-1670. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.123239

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