Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 12 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 78219 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13122839

腰骶部移形椎与退行性腰椎管狭窄的临床 相关性

买尔旦江·买买提1,买尔旦·买买提2

1新疆医科大学第一临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年11月27日;录用日期:2023年12月21日;发布日期:2023年12月28日

摘要

背景:近一个世纪前,文献首次描述了腰椎和骶骨之间关系的解剖学变化,并在退行性腰椎管狭窄(DLSS)、下腰痛(LBP)中继续发挥重要作用。这篇综述将集中于腰骶部移形椎在DLSS的临床和外科意义。方法:使用关键字“腰骶部移形椎”、“LSTV”、“TLSV”、“下腰痛”、“腰椎骶化”和“DLSS”进行PubMed及知网搜索。临床意义:在文献中,LSTV的患病率差异很大,在脊柱文献中从3.9%到35.6%不等,而腰椎管狭窄症是老年人群中最常见的诊断和治疗的疾病之一,在有下肢症状的成人中,其临床患病率约为47%。目前较多文献报道腰骶部移行椎与增加腰骶部椎间盘的退变、变性有关,也可引起或加重腰椎间盘的突出。但现在对腰骶部移形椎与腰椎管狭窄的相关性研究较少。虽然目前还没有一致的病因,但疼痛的来源是多因素的,可能与异常的生物力学和对齐、椎间盘退变和关节炎的改变有关。

关键词

腰骶部移形椎,LSTV,TLSV,下腰痛,腰椎骶化,DLSS

Clinical Correlation between Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae and Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Mardanjan Mamat1, Mardan Mamat2

1The First Clinical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Nov. 27th, 2023; accepted: Dec. 21st, 2023; published: Dec. 28th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Background: Anatomic variation in the relationship between the lumbar spine and sacrum was first described in the literature nearly a century ago and continues to play an important role in spine deformity, low back pain (LBP). This review will focus on the clinical and surgical implications of abnormal lumbosacral anatomy in the (DLSS) disease. Methods: A PubMed search using the keywords ‘‘lumbosacral transitional vertebrae’’, ‘‘LSTV’’, ‘‘transitional lumbosacral vertebrae’’, ‘‘TLSV’’, and ‘‘DLSS’’ was performed. Clinical Significance: The prevalence of LSTV varies widely in the literature from 3.9% to 35.6% in the spine literature, and sacral dysmorphism is described in upwards of 47% of the population in the trauma literature. There are few studies on the correlation between the LSTV and DLSS. While there is no agreed-on etiology, the source of pain is multifactorial and may be related to abnormal biomechanics and alignment, disc degeneration, and arthritic changes.

Keywords:Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, LSTV, TLSV, Low Back Pain, Ransitional Lumbosacral Vertebrae, DLSS

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

腰椎和骶骨之间关系的解剖学变异最早在近一个世纪前的文献中被描述,指的是最低腰椎横突与骶骨 ‎[1] 的全部或部分单侧或双侧融合(图1)。一般来说,术语腰骶部移形椎(LSTV)是为了避免定义椎体是腰椎(L5)骶化还是骶椎(S1)腰化。报告显示LSTV的 ‎[2] ‎[3] ‎[4] ‎[5] 患病率在4%到36%之间,其中男性有好发趋势 ‎[6] 。在退行性腰椎管狭窄(DLSS)、下腰痛(LBP)和盆腔创伤中发挥重要作用。此外,人们对腰骶部移形椎在脊柱力学和手术中的重要性的认识也在不断发展。

遗传因素可能在LSTV的发生发展中起一定作用。有研究发现Hox基因(Hox-10, Hox-11)已被发现在椎体的发育过程中起着重要的作用 ‎[7] ‎[8] 。椎体的发育和椎间盘的形成发生在胚胎发育的第四周;然而,成人腰骶骨解剖中椎体合并和融合的过程发生在生命中的第四十年 ‎[9] 。腰椎和骶骨节段的相对数量在发育过程中受到腰骶骨区域的负荷传递的影响,并与人类的两足进化有关 ‎[10] ‎[11] 。

Figure 1. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra as evident in 3-dimensional images

图1. 三维图像中可见腰骶移行椎单侧(左)和双侧(右)异常

腰椎管狭窄症是老年人群 ‎[12] ‎[13] 中最常见的诊断和治疗的疾病之一。在有下肢症状的成人中,其临床患病率约为47%,在为下腰痛(LBP) ‎[14] ‎[15] ‎[16] 寻求医生帮助的患者中约为13%。认为最常见的退行性腰椎管狭窄症(DLSS)为后天获得性 ‎[17] 型,与三关节复合体的退行性改变、有利于韧带增厚和骨赘形成 ‎[18] ‎[19] ‎[20] 有关。

虽然有几项研究将LSTV的存在与LBP和神经根症状联系起来 ‎[21] ‎[22] ‎[23] ,但其他研究者对这一点提出了质疑,认为腰骶部移形椎增加了椎间盘早期退变的风险,但这种影响似乎被中年时年龄相关的变化所掩盖 ‎[24] ‎[25] ‎[26] ‎[27] 。此外,一些研究指出,LSTV可能会增加LBP患者在移行椎体 ‎[25] ‎[28] 以上水平发生腰椎退行性变的风险;然而,关于LSTV和DLSS的数据尚不明确。

2. 分类和患病率

Figure 2. Castellvi-Chan classification system of lumbosacral transitional anatomy

图2. 腰骶骨移行解剖学的病例分类系统

Castellvi ‎[1] 等人在1984年描述了这一人群的解剖变异谱(图2)。利用X线片,作者根据形态将7种不同的过渡椎分为4种类型(I~IV型) 3阶段以及2种基于偏侧性的变异(I~III型、A型1/4单侧和B型1/4双侧)。I型,也被称为发育不良的横突,是一个巨大的三角形横突,其喙尾宽度至少为19毫米。II型,或不完全腰椎化/骶化,是一个大的横突,沿轮廓与骶骨关节,但没有融合,在最后腰椎和第一骶骨节之间形成一个腹泻状关节(图2)。III型,或完全腰椎化/骶化,是一个大的横突,骶骨融合(图2)。IV型表现为一侧为不完整(II型),骶骨上段和骶骨其余部分之间的椎间盘形态的分类系统。作者发现MRI上的IV型和X线片上的融合LSTV之间有良好的关联。在文献中,LSTV在普通人群中的患病率差异显著,在脊柱文献中,差异范围从4%到35.6%不等。Nardo等人 ‎[29] 评估了4636名参与者的X线片,确定LSTV的总患病率为18.1%,其中I型和II型占LSTV的近80%。作者还发现,男性的患病比例明显高于女性(28.1% vs 11.1%)。Apazidas等人 ‎[30] 报道了LSTV的发病率最高,为35.6%,并确定了每个卡氏菌–陈分类组的患病率;IA型最常见,为14.7%。

Janan Abbas (JA)等人 ‎[31] 对165例临床诊断为DLSS的患者(年龄40~88岁;性别比例80M/85F)和180例无DLSS相关症状的患者(年龄40~99岁;性别比例90M/90F)进行了横断面回顾性研究。所有参与者都在相同的位置接受了腰椎区域的高分辨率CT扫描。我们还使用了体积渲染的方法来获得腰骶部区域的三维CT图像。狭窄组的男性和女性的LSTV患病率均高于对照组(P < 0.001)。此外,LSTV的存在增加了退行性椎管狭窄的可能性(比值比 = 3.741,P < 0.001)。在对照组中,男性LSTV更常见,且男性骶骨斜角明显大于非LSTV组。有研究表明,LSTV与症状性DLSS显著相关。与非LSTV个体相比,LSTV个体的骶骨倾斜角有更大的趋势;然而,只有男性存在显著差异(44.4 ± 7 vs 40.8 ± 6, P = 0.048)。LSTV患者骶骨倾斜角的增加可能与腰骶部移形椎对腰椎正常生物力学的潜在影响有关。这意味着,LSTV患者的骶骨倾斜角的改变可能与在腰椎上的运动轨迹的改变有关。接近LSTV的椎间盘高度倾向于降低 ‎[28] ‎[32] 。

国内的于彬等人 ‎[33] 随机选取了2007年6月~2009年2月因各种原因行腰椎X线平片和CT扫描者共121例,进行统计分析,探讨腰骶部移行椎与腰椎管狭窄是否存在相关性,发现确定有腰骶部移行椎者(A组)合并腰椎管狭窄23例,占67.65%,而无移行椎者(B组)发现腰椎管狭窄37例,占42.53%,两组之间存在显著性差异(P < 0.05)。按照腰骶部移行椎Castellvi分类法,A组合并腰椎管狭窄的23例中,Ⅱ型13例,发生率最高,占21.67%,Ⅲ型7例,占11.67%,Ⅳ型3例,占5%。而在这组11例无腰椎管狭窄病例中,移行椎发生率亦最高类型为Ⅱ型,相对的Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型发生率较低。腰椎管狭窄症不同节段参数的统计分析得出:(1) 椎间盘退变和突出:A、B组腰椎3、4椎体间隙椎间盘退变、突出发生率无统计学意义(P > 0.05),A组出现在腰椎4、5椎体间隙的有19例(55.88%),在腰5、骶1椎体间隙上有7例(20.59%),这表明移形椎在椎间盘的退变和突出在上间隙的发生率明显高于下一间隙。B组腰4~腰5椎体椎间隙椎间盘退变和突出30例(34.48%),腰5~腰5-骶1椎体椎间隙28例(32.18%),两个椎间隙的发生率差异无统计学意义;A组移形椎椎间盘退变和椎间隙突出的发生率也明显高于B组相应节段,两组差异有显著性(P < 0.05)。(2) 黄韧带肥大和小关节退变:A组和B组有以下发现。两组腰椎3、4椎体椎间隙的发生率没有统计学上的显著差异。然而,A组腰4、5椎体和腰5骶1椎体间隙的发生率与B组相比有显著差异。A组的腰4、5椎体间隙发生率显著高于B组,而B组的腰5骶1椎体间隙发生率高于A组。(3) 椎管侧狭窄:A组腰椎3、4椎体、腰5骶1椎体的发生率与B组无显著差异。A组椎管侧狭窄的发生率以腰椎3、4椎体和腰5骶1椎体上段为多,且发生率高于B组。A组椎管外侧狭窄的发生率在上段高于B组,两组的发生率有统计学差异(P < 0.05);(4) 中央椎管狭窄:A组和B组腰椎3、4椎体、腰椎4、5椎体和腰5骶1椎体节段的中心椎管狭窄发生率没有显著差异。A组和B组之间没有差异。

3. 临床意义

LSTV和骶骨畸形导致腰骶骨交界处和周围结构的明显解剖变化 ‎[34] 。Mahato等人 ‎[10] 发现在L5-S1处的LSTV脊柱前凸曲线、L5椎体高度、椎弓根和角度尺寸的增加有关。此外,L5-S1融合与椎间盘高度更小、椎间盘高度更宽更短、横突更窄更高以及整体脊柱更直有关。根据Mahato等人 ‎[35] 研究结果,骶骨化降低了S1椎弓根高度和椎弓根矢状面角,同时增加了向下的角度。骶椎腰化与矢状面上角度更大的椎弓根与小关节突和骶骨岬之间的长度较小有关。解剖变异可能影响这个水平的脊柱内固定,必须在术前计划中考虑这一因素。

机械性LBP是最常见的肌肉骨骼问题之一。LBP与LSTV相关。LSTV和LBP之间的联系最早于1917年由Mario Bertolotti ‎[36] 建立,被称为Bertolotti综合征。Tang等人 ‎[5] 发现LSTV与腰背部和臀部疼痛之间存在显著的关系。虽然确切的机制尚不清楚,但许多研究表明,疼痛可能与邻近椎间盘节段和小关节的退变有关,这是由于活动过度和移形段头侧的受力增加。如前所述,Mahato证明了LSTV影响腰骶部脊柱的生物力学并影响机械运动LBP,包括与L5-S1融合相关的低前凸和与L5-S1关节相关的高前凸。Farshad-Amacker等人 ‎[37] 证明了对移形段椎间盘的保护作用和邻近椎间盘的退行性改变,特别是对III型II和IV型LSTV。Ahn等人 ‎[38] 进一步评估了LSTV和椎间盘退变之间的关系,他们确定接受微椎间盘切除术的LSTV患者与“正常”腰骶解剖结构的患者相比,临床预后更差。Illeez等人 ‎[39] 评估了700名受试者的LSTV与骶髂关节功能障碍和LBP之间的关系。作者发现LSTV与骶髂功能障碍(28.5%)以及LSTV与LBP (26%)之间有统计学意义的相关性。虽然接近LSTV的椎间盘可能在经历增加的压力后导致退行性改变,但根据肌电图显示,与腰5椎体患者相比,骶椎腰化患者的相对节段神经支配没有变化。

4. 外科手术意义

LSTV对脊柱畸形病例的手术矫正的术前计划具有重要意义。脊柱矫正手术依赖于对脊柱盆腔和整体脊柱参数的准确测量。这些参数中有许多依赖于骶骨终板的准确识别,并可能受到骶骨终板的相对高度和平移的影响。在LSTV患者中,在移形段周围的骶骨终板的识别可能并不完全清楚,LSTV是否应用作矢状面测量的骶骨终板存在争议 ‎[40] 。Zhou等人 ‎[41] 以头段和尾段作为骶骨终板,测量了III型和IV型LSTV患者的这些脊柱参数,并发现头侧和尾侧的骨盆投射角(PI)相差约20˚。所测量的大多数参数,包括PI、腰椎前凸(LL)、PI-LL不匹配、骨盆倾斜、骶斜、矢状纵轴和T1-骨盆角,显示骨盆入射角之间存在显著差异。胸椎后凸和脊柱倾斜度(T1SPi)不受骶骨终板的头侧和尾侧位置的影响。在测量值上有显著性差异。此外,Khalsa等人 ‎[42] 发现,不同的外科医生在评估LSTV患者的脊柱盆腔参数方面存在显著差异。虽然对于LSTV患者还没有统一的标准化措施或一致的对齐目标,但必须考虑到畸形引起的变异,并在术前规划中发挥重要作用。

5. 争论焦点

随着医学影像技术的不断进步,关于腰骶部移行椎的研究日益深入。大多数学者认为腰骶部移行椎合并腰椎间盘突出的发生率较高,但腰骶部移行椎是否会引起或加重腰椎管狭窄的相关报道较少。Ouz等人 ‎[43] 通过CT扫描对未发生变化的年轻人腰骶部移行椎椎管径线进行测量,发现腰骶部移行椎的(L4、5)椎管直径和正常值相比没有明显差异,因此推测腰骶部移行椎与先天性椎管狭窄无关。Vergauwen等人 ‎[44] 则利用CT扫描测量了合并和未合并腰骶部移行椎的成年腰痛患者的腰椎椎管直径,结果显示两组之间腰椎管狭窄的发生率并无明显差异。根据刘春生等人 ‎[45] 的观察,他们认为椎间盘突出、小关节退变、神经根管狭窄和腰椎滑脱等退变现象在腰骶部移行椎的患者中更常见。Luoma等人 ‎[24] 观察发现,腰骶部移行椎上一节段的变性几率较正常者更高。而Elster等人 ‎[23] 研究对比了腰骶部移行椎和正常腰骶部结构的两千名腰痛患者,发现椎间隙及其邻近椎管侧椎管和中央椎管狭窄的情况较为普遍。这些发现表明,腰骶部移形椎可能是腰椎管狭窄的一个致病因素。

6. 结论

腰骶部移行椎可能是腰椎管狭窄的一个致病因素。它可以改变腰部解剖结构的正常状态,并且在生物力学平衡方面产生多方面影响,从而表现为腰骶椎的退行性变,LSTV的存在可能会增加发生DLSS的可能性,下腰椎椎间盘的快速退化、黄韧带的增厚、小关节的退化以及侧椎管的狭窄都是LSTV作用加速下产生,而这种退化主要出现在移形椎层次的上一间隙上,但对中央椎管的骨性狭窄并没有显著影响。然而,上述没有因果关系的报道。LSTV与性别有关。移行椎是一种具有高度复杂性和多样性的结构,目前的研究都主要集中在小样本影像学的观察上,还需要进一步研究临床症状和体征相匹配的,并且足够多的LSTV病例样本量,多数都是一些回顾性研究,其结果应得到公认的前瞻性研究的支持。

文章引用

买尔旦江·买买提,买尔旦·买买提. 腰骶部移形椎与退行性腰椎管狭窄的临床相关性
Clinical Correlation between Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae and Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20168-20175. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122839

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