Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 04 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 85180 , 5 pages
10.12677/acm.2024.1441217

胆碱能性荨麻疹的研究进展

陈星颖

成都中医药大学临床医学院,四川 成都

收稿日期:2024年3月23日;录用日期:2024年4月16日;发布日期:2024年4月24日

摘要

胆碱能性荨麻疹是一种慢性诱导性荨麻疹,主要症状是与出汗同时发生的丘疹性风团、瘙痒或/和刺痛。我们回顾了近期研究,对胆碱能性荨麻疹的临床特征、诊断、病理生理学进行汇总。本篇综述阐述了胆碱能性荨麻疹可能的发病机制,包括组胺、汗液过敏、胆碱能相关物质与少汗/无汗症、血清因子;总结了该病的疾病特点与检查方法,有助于为胆碱能性荨麻疹临床提供多样化的诊疗思路。

关键词

胆碱能性荨麻疹,乙酰胆碱,汗液过敏,少汗/无汗症

Research Progress on Cholinergic Urticaria

Xingying Chen

Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Sichuan

Received: Mar. 23rd, 2024; accepted: Apr. 16th, 2024; published: Apr. 24th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Cholinergic urticaria is a chronic induced urticaria characterized by papular wheal, itching, and/or stinging that occur simultaneously with sweating. We reviewed recent studies and summarized the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of cholinergic urticaria. This review elucidates the possible pathogenesis of cholinergic urticaria, including histamine, sweat hypersensitivity, cholinergic related substances and hypohidrosis/anhidrosis, and serum factors; summarizes the characteristics and examination methods of this disease, which can provide diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cholinergic urticaria in clinical practice.

Keywords:Cholinergic Urticaria, Acetylcholin, Sweat Allergy, Hypohidrosis/Anhidrosis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

胆碱能性荨麻疹(Cholinergic Urticaria, CHoIU)临床表现是与出汗同时发生的丘疹性风团,伴瘙痒或/和刺痛,主要位于躯干和上肢,运动后症状加重,血管性水肿、呼吸道症状和/或过敏反应等严重症状也可能伴随CHoIU发生 [1] [2] 。CHoIU患者表现为由身体主动或被动加热、运动、强烈情绪或热水浴引发的特征性荨麻疹 [3] 。其皮损表现在运动或被动加热后的几分钟内立即出现,通常持续15~60 min [4] 。

2. CHoIU的诊断

CHoIU的诊断是通过合作患者的病史、体格检查和激发试验。CHoIU的诊断并不困难,它的症状是由被动加热导致的体温升高引起的,如体育锻炼、热澡浴或情绪压力。每个患者都有一个单独的刺激阈值,相关症状可以由最小的活动触发,故应进行激发试验排除其他类型荨麻疹。EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/UNEV共识建议采用以下标准来鉴别诊断胆碱能性荨麻疹:1) 应进行适合患者年龄和一般情况的适当适度体育锻炼(例如,在跑步机或固定自行车上)。2) 在温暖的房间里穿暖和的衣服有利于进行激发试验。3) 运动应达到出汗点,超过或出现症状的15 min。4) 如果运动激发试验为阳性,则应进行被动升温试验(至少24小时后,42℃全浴高达15 min,核心体温应升高超过 ≥ 1.0℃)来排除运动引起的过敏反应 [5] 。

3. CHoIU的发病机制

现代研究研究发现,慢性荨麻疹(Chronic Urticaria, CU)发病机制与患者血清中肥大细胞释放细胞因子有关 [6] 。其发病机制被普遍认为是变态反应或是非变态反应性刺激因素激活肥大细胞,引发肥大细胞脱颗粒,导致组胺和其他促炎递质等物质释放 [7] 。除组胺外,CHoIU的发病可能涉及、乙酰胆碱、汗液过敏、汗腺导管闭塞和少/无汗症自体血清因子 [8] 。

4. CHoIU与组胺

组胺的释放在所有慢性诱导性荨麻疹(Chronic Inducible Urticaria, CIndU)均发挥致病作用 [8] 。CHoIU患者在症状发展过程中和运动后血清组胺水平均升高 [9] 。组胺释放因子(Histamine-Releasing Factor, HRF)可能通过二聚化激活肥大细胞并诱导嗜碱性粒细胞活化和肥大细胞脱颗粒、HRF与HRF反应性IgE协同作用和HRF的非依赖IgE途径引发过敏反应 [10] 。

4.1. CHoIU与汗液过敏

自体汗液的过敏反应已被定义为由IgE介导的针对特应性皮炎(Atopic Dermatitis, AD)和胆碱能性荨麻疹(CHoIU)患者的超敏反应,并且确定由真菌分泌蛋白MGL_1304作为人类汗液中主要的组胺释放抗原:它由球形马拉色菌产生,经加未知蛋白酶加工后分泌到汗液中,并转化为17 kDa成熟形式 [11] [12] 。

在汗液过敏型中,其机制被认为是部分抗原从可能因漏汗而损坏或阻塞的汗管中泄漏,引起肥大细胞脱颗粒 [13] 。在这种情况下,乙酰胆碱只能作为排汗的刺激剂并且不直接接触肥大细胞,理论上CHoIU患者的自体汗液皮肤实验(ASwST)应呈阳性 [14] 。Fukunaga等 [2] 在2005年的实验结果佐证了这一观点,他们发现约超过半数以上的CHoIU患者在ASwST中呈阳性,并观察到由大量汗液诱导的外周血嗜碱性粒细胞的组胺释放。体外实验中 [12] ,汗液过敏也通过嗜碱性粒细胞组胺释放试验和嗜碱性粒细胞活化试验在体外得到证实。另一方面,近些年的研究表明 [11] [12] ,MGL_1304是人类汗液中主要组胺释放抗原:实验发现IgE-放射性过敏吸附试验(IgE-RAST)对马拉色菌的滴度与汗液呈正相关,同时大多数的CHoIU患者抗MGL_1304球形马拉色菌的血清IgE升高。IgE通过与其高亲和力受体FcεRI的交联,激活嗜碱性粒细胞,改变嗜碱性粒细胞内正负信号调节分子脾酪氨酸激酶(syk)和SH2功能域(Src homology 2)的水平,磷酸化分子信号,激活Shc和PLCγ,信号通路,导致组胺释放。

因此,我们可以推测:CHoIU患者汗液中主要组胺释放抗原MGL-1304诱导特异性IgE (specific IgE, sIgE)升高,接触变应原通过变应原sIgE与嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞表面IgE高亲和力FcεRI受体结合交联 [5] ,使得致敏细胞(嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞)被激活、脱颗粒并释分泌组胺、白三烯(LTC4、LTD4和LTE4)等炎症介质相关,产生荨麻疹相关症状 [6] 。

然而汗液过敏并不是所有的胆碱能性荨麻疹患者都有。相反,一些患者并没有表现出汗液过敏。

4.2. CHoIU与少汗症/无汗症

CHoIU可能与出汗减少有关。诱导胆碱能反应是体内生理汗液分泌的主要途径,毒蕈乙酰胆碱受体M3 (Muscarinicacetylcholine Receptor M3, CHRM3)在分泌线圈中被胆碱能介质触发,导致汗液生成 [15] ;同样,乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholine Esterase, ACh-E)对汗液的产生具有重要作用,作为乙酰胆碱(Acetylcholine, ACh)的降解酶,一旦ACh与受体一起内化进入汗腺细胞,它就会分解后者,限制或阻止汗液的产生 [16] 。有研究指出 [17] ,出汗的减少与ACh介导的神经–汗腺相互作用机制密切相关,包括CHRM3和AchE表达的减少,在健康对照组中,研究者们观察到CHRM3和ACh-E有很强的共定位,认为如果没有足够的CHRM3受体表达,ACh-E会代偿性下调,反过来,如果ACh-E太低,作为一种补偿,CHRM3受体会被动下调,以避免ACh对汗腺的过度刺激。因此,近年来一些学者认为 [14] ,在少汗区,由于CHRM3和AchE的表达降低、ACh结合减少导致神经释放的ACh浓度增加,不能完全被小汗腺中的ACh受体完全捕获,并溢出到邻近的肥大细胞,导致风团的形成。

Sawada等人 [18] 的研究证明了此观点,患有少汗症或无汗症的CHoIU患者在皮肤的少汗区出现风团,从这些皮肤区域进行的活检显示小汗腺上皮细胞中的CHRM3以及ACh-E的表达降低。Tokura [19] 等人同样发现CHRM3在无汗区表达完全缺失,在少汗区表达不完全,同时提出ACh-E释放紊乱可能参与了CHoIU的发病机制。

4.3. 血清因子与CHoIU

来源于肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的促炎因子在荨麻疹和过敏性疾病的发病机制中起着关键作用 [20] 。肥大细胞的激活和随后的脱颗粒驱动发痒风团和/或血管水肿的发展 [21] 。约10%~15%的荨麻疹患者中观察到的嗜碱性粒细胞减少和嗜酸性粒细胞减少可能反映了细胞向皮肤的转运,并与荨麻疹的活性、自身抗体的存在以及对H1抗组胺药(H1-AH)的不良反应相关 [22] 。一项研究表明,50% CIndU患者的血清中被鉴定出肥大细胞与嗜碱性粒细胞上具有与抗IgE的IgG自身抗体或IgG-抗FcεRIα自身抗体,其交联FcεRIα分子以诱导组胺释放 [23] 。既往研究中CIndU患者的血清总IgE水平升高证明了这一观点 [24] 。ASST可用于检测这些自体血清因子 [23] 。Sabroe [25] 等人报道,约11%的CHoIU患者的ASST结果呈阳性。

文章引用

陈星颖. 胆碱能性荨麻疹的研究进展
Research Progress on Cholinergic Urticaria[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(04): 1728-1732. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441217

参考文献

  1. 1. Hirschmann, J.V., Lawlor, F., English, J.S., Louback, J.B., Winkelmann, R.K. and Greaves, M.W. (1987) Cholinergic Urticaria. A Clinical and Histologic Study. Archives of Dermatology, 123, 462-467. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.123.4.462

  2. 2. Fukunaga, A., Bito, T., Tsuru, K., Oohashi, A., Yu, X., Ichihashi, M., Nishigori, C. and Horikawa, T. (2005) Responsiveness to Autologous Sweat and Serum in Cholinergic Urticaria Classifies Its Clinical Subtypes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116, 397-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.024

  3. 3. Pozderac, I., Lugović-Mihić, L., Artuković, M., Stipić-Marković, A., Kuna, M. and Ferček, I. (2020) Chronic Inducible Urticaria: Classification and Prominent Features of Physical and Non-Physical Types. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica, 29, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.15570/actaapa.2020.29

  4. 4. Minowa, T., Sumikawa, Y., Kan, Y., Kamiya, T. and Uhara, H. (2020) Regular Sweating Activities for the Treatment of Cholinergic Urticaria with or without Acquired Idiopathic Generalized Anhidrosis. Dermatologic Therapy, 33, E13647. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13647

  5. 5. Magerl, M., Altrichter, S., Borzova, E., Giménez-Arnau, A., Grattan, C.E., Lawlor, F., Mathelier-Fusade, P., Meshkova, R.Y., Zuberbier, T., Metz, M., et al. (2016) The Definition, Diagnostic Testing, and Management of Chronic Inducible Urticarias—The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/UNEV Consensus Recommendations 2016 Update and Revision. Allergy, 71, 780-802. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12884

  6. 6. Hennino, A., Bérard, F., Guillot, I., Saad, N., Rozières, A. and Nicolas, J.F. (2006) Pathophysiology of Urticaria. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 30, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1385/CRIAI:30:1:003

  7. 7. 李悦, 朱璐, 陆佳婧, 李俊雄, 廖欧萍, 黄馨云, 李璟. 从免疫炎症角度论针灸治疗慢性荨麻疹的效应机制[J]. 世界中医药, 2023, 18(21): 3136-3142.

  8. 8. 王佳怡, 李捷. 慢性荨麻疹发病机制的研究进展[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2023, 48(10): 1602-1610.

  9. 9. Kaplan, A.P., Gray, L., Shaff, R.E., Horakova, Z. and Beaven, M.A. (1975) In Vivo Studies of Mediator Release in Cold Urticaria and Cholinergic Urticaria. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 55, 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(75)90078-0

  10. 10. 赵怡心, 雷霞, 黄显琼. 组胺释放因子在慢性荨麻疹发病机制中的研究进展[J]. 中国皮肤性病学杂志, 2022: 1-8.

  11. 11. Takahagi, S., Tanaka, A. and Hide, M. (2018) Sweat Allergy. Allergology International, 67, 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2018.07.002

  12. 12. Hiragun, T., Hiragun, M., Ishii, K., Kan, T. and Hide, M. (2017) Sweat Allergy: Extrinsic or Intrinsic? Journal of Dermatological Science, 87, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.002

  13. 13. Kageyama, R., Honda, T. and Tokura, Y. (2021) Acquired Idiopathic Generalized Anhidrosis (AIGA) and Its Complications: Implications for AIGA as an Autoimmune Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 8389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168389

  14. 14. Tokura, Y. (2021) Direct and Indirect Action Modes of Acetylcholine in Cholinergic Urticaria. Allergology International, 70, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2020.05.006

  15. 15. Klaka, P., Grüdl, S., Banowski, B., Giesen, M., Sättler, A., Proksch, P., Welss, T. and Förster, T. (2017) A Novel Organotypic 3D Sweat Gland Model with Physiological Functionality. PLOS ONE, 12, E0182752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182752

  16. 16. Longmore, J., Jani, B., Bradshaw, C.M. and Szabadi, E. (1986) Effects of Locally Administered Anticholinesterase Agents on the Secretory Response of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands to Acetylcholine and Carbachol. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05166.x

  17. 17. Wang, Y., Scheffel, J., Vera, C.A., Liu, W., Günzel, D., Terhorst-Molawi, D., Maurer, M. and Altrichter, S. (2022) Impaired Sweating in Patients with Cholinergic Urticaria Is Linked to Low Expression of Acetylcholine Receptor CHRM3 and Acetylcholine Esterase in Sweat Glands. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, Article ID: 955161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.955161

  18. 18. Sawada, Y., Nakamura, M., Bito, T., Sakabe, J.I., Kabashima-Kubo, R., Hino, R., Kobayashi, M. and Tokura, Y. (2014) Decreased Expression of Acetylcholine Esterase in Cholinergic Urticaria with Hypohidrosis or Anhidrosis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134, 276-279. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.244

  19. 19. Tokura, Y. (2016) New Etiology of Cholinergic Urticaria. Current Problems in Dermatology, 51, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000446787

  20. 20. Schwartz, L.B. (1991) Mast Cells and Their Role in Urticaria. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 25, 190-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(08)80468-9

  21. 21. Church, M.K., Kolkhir, P., Metz, M. and Maurer, M. (2018) The Role and Relevance of Mast Cells in Urticaria. Immunological Reviews, 282, 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12632

  22. 22. Kolkhir, P., Church, M.K., Altrichter, S., Skov, P.S., Hawro, T., Frischbutter, S., Metz, M. and Maurer, M. (2020) Eosinopenia, in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria, Is Associated with High Disease Activity, Autoimmunity, and Poor Response to Treatment. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8, 318-325.E315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.025

  23. 23. Hide, M., Francis, D.M., Grattan, C.E., Hakimi, J., Kochan, J.P. and Greaves, M.W. (1993) Autoantibodies against the High-Affinity IgE Receptor as a Cause of Histamine Release in Chronic Urticaria. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 1599-1604. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199306033282204

  24. 24. Maurer, M., Fluhr, J.W. and Khan, D.A. (2018) How to Approach Chronic Inducible Urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 6, 1119-1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.03.007

  25. 25. Sabroe, R.A., Grattan, C.E., Francis, D.M., Barr, R.M., Kobza Black, A. and Greaves, M.W. (1999) The Autologous Serum Skin Test: A Screening Test for Autoantibodies in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria. British Journal of Dermatology, 140, 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02707.x

期刊菜单