Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 81574 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.142559

巨大肝癌术后转移靶免治疗长期生存1例 并文献复习

李昕雨1,2,臧子琪1,3,田蓝天1,2*

1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属医院,肝胆胰外科,山东 青岛

3青岛大学附属医院,小儿外科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2024年1月29日;录用日期:2024年2月23日;发布日期:2024年2月29日

摘要

肝癌恶性程度很高,对人民健康危害很大,其中巨大肝癌(>10 cm)是肝癌治疗的难点,预后不佳。本文报道1例巨大肝癌术后出现肺、骨转移的病例,进行靶免联合治疗后长期无进展生存,并结合此病例复习相关文献,对肝癌的靶免联合治疗进展进行总结,为临床诊治提供依据。

关键词

巨大肝癌,靶免治疗,肺转移,骨转移,长期生存

Long-Term Survival after Targeted Immunotherapy for Postoperative Metastasis of Giant Liver Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Xinyu Li1,2, Ziqi Zang1,3, Lantian Tian1,2*

1Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jan. 29th, 2024; accepted: Feb. 23rd, 2024; published: Feb. 29th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Liver cancer is highly malignant and poses a great threat to public health. Giant liver cancer (>10 cm) is a difficult point in the treatment of liver cancer with a poor prognosis. This article reports a case of giant liver cancer with lung and bone metastasis after surgery, which achieved long-term progression-free survival after targeted immunotherapy. Combined with this case, the related literature on targeted immunotherapy for liver cancer is reviewed to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:Giant Liver Cancer, Targeted Immunotherapy, Lung Metastasis, Bone Metastasis, Long-Term Survival

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

肝细胞癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。根据肿瘤直径大小分类,巨大肝癌被定义为>10 cm的肝癌,往往具有不同于小肝癌的特殊性,一直以来是肝癌治疗中的难点 [1] 。系统治疗在出现肝外转移的晚期肝癌治疗中扮演着重要角色,其中,靶向药物和免疫药物的临床试验正在全世界如火如荼地开展,在控制疾病进展和延长患者生存期等方面发挥了重要作用 [2] - [8] 。但到目前为止,全身抗肿瘤治疗仍未取得突破性进展。青岛大学附属医院诊治过1名巨大肝癌术后出现肺、骨转移的患者,进行靶免联合治疗后长期无进展生存,现报道如下,并对肝癌靶免治疗进展进行文献复习。

2. 临床资料

2.1. 一般资料

患者女性,47岁,因“腹痛1月余”于2020年7月15日入我院,自诉1个月前无明显诱因出现上腹痛,于当地医院行CT检查发现肝肿瘤破裂出血,行介入治疗后症状缓解。体重近1个月下降5 kg,体格检查无阳性体征,否认既往肝炎病史。完善检查化验,上腹增强CT (见图1)示肝左叶形态欠规则,内见斑片状低密度影及气体密度影,增强扫描实性成分动脉期明显结节状强化,结节直径12.3*10.7*9.1 cm,静脉期及延迟期强化范围增大;携带外院胸部CT (2020年6月25日)未见明显异常;Child-pugh A级;乙肝“大三阳”,病毒载量1.45*105 IU/ml;AFP 601040 ng/ml;HB 77 g/L,PLT 254*109/L;白蛋白39.97 g/L;NRS 2002评分 < 3分。诊断为“巨大肝癌 肝肿瘤破裂介入术后 乙型病毒性肝炎活动期 贫血(中度)”。

入院开始应用恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗,术前评估后于2020年7月16日在全麻下行左半肝切除、胆囊切除、胃壁局部切除、肠粘连松解、网膜切除术,病理诊断为肝细胞肝癌(见图2),组织学II级,大小14*12*7 cm,呈巢团状分布伴片状坏死,未侵及局部肝被膜,未累及肝断端,未见确切胆管壁侵犯及小胆管癌栓,肿物周围未见卫星结节;脉管癌栓(+, M1),神经侵犯(−)。免疫组化结果:Hepatocyte (+),GPC3 (+),Arginase-1 (+),GS (−),HSP70 (少量+),CD10 (−),CD34 (示毛细血管化),VEGF (−),CK19 (−),PD-L1 (22C3) (CPS约1),Ki-67 (+, 70%)。特殊染色结果:网状纤维染色示肿瘤组织内网状纤维支架结构塌陷,Masson染色示肝组织内胶原纤维间隔形成。(大网膜结节)增生的纤维组织内见低分化癌浸润。

Figure 1. Preoperative enhanced CT of the upper abdomen-arterial phase (A), venous phase (B), and delayed phase (C), showing irregular shape of the left lobe of the liver, with patchy low-density shadows and gas density shadows internally. The solid component of the enhanced scan demonstrates nodular enhancement in the arterial phase, with an increased enhancement range in the venous phase and delayed phase

图1. 术前上腹增强CT-动脉期(A)、静脉期(B)、延迟期(C),示肝左叶形态欠规则,内见斑片状低密度影及气体密度影,增强扫描实性成分动脉期明显结节状强化,静脉期及延迟期强化范围增大

Figure 2. (A)-(F) represent the first surgery pathology, with a pathological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, showing nests with patchy necrosis, vascular cancerous emboli (+, M1), positive for Hepatocyte, GPC3, Arginase-1, negative for GS. (G)-(J) represent the second surgery pathology, demonstrating metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma from the left adrenal gland to the liver, positive for Hepatocyte and GPC3

图2. (A)~(F) 第一次手术病理,病理诊断为肝细胞肝癌,呈巢团状分布伴片状坏死,脉管癌栓(+, M1),Hepatocyte (+),GPC3 (+),Arginase-1 (+),GS (−);(G)~(J) 第二次手术病理,(左肾上腺)转移性肝细胞肝癌,Hepatocyte (+),GPC3 (+)

2.2. 靶免联合治疗

2020年7月21日复查CT (见图3)发现双肺多发转移瘤,部分胸椎椎体及右侧附件骨转移瘤可能性大,组织多学科会诊(MDT)讨论:更新诊断为晚期肝癌,结合最新的有关化疗、免疫、靶向治疗等综合治疗的研究报道,决定自2020年7月24日开始靶免联合治疗方案:仑伐替尼8 mg qd口服给药 + 卡瑞利珠单抗(艾瑞卡) 200 mg,d1静脉给药,21 d/周期。2020年8月15日开始连续行针对胸椎转移灶的放疗15次。此后每1~2月复测AFP数值逐渐下降(见图4),每2~3个月复查CT (见图5~8),每6个月复查Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查,提示肝癌未复发,肺转移灶、胸椎转移灶逐渐缩小。2021年7月发现AFP开始升高,且体重增至65 kg,仑伐替尼加量至10 mg qd口服给药,1个月后行MR (见图6)提示:左侧肾上腺区可见长径约11 mm的结节状异常信号影,疑为肝癌转移,加用槐耳颗粒20 g tid,口服。2021年12月行MR (见图7)提示:左侧肾上腺区可见长径约33 mm的结节状软组织密度影,较前增大,考虑转移瘤可能性大,再次行左侧肾上腺肿物切除术,术后病理(见图2)示:(左肾上腺)恶性肿瘤,结合形态及病史,考虑为转移性肝细胞肝癌。围手术期靶免药物暂停使用1个月。手术后AFP下降,再次开始靶免联合治疗(仑伐替尼8 mg qd 口服给药 + 替雷利珠单抗(百泽安) 200 mg,d1静脉给药,21 d/周期),并加用金龙胶囊1 g tid口服给药。此后定期复查,至2023年7月病情未进展,总生存期达3年,生活质量良好。在历次复查中,高敏乙肝病毒载量 < 检测下限,乙肝病情也得到有效控制。

Figure 3. Chest CT 5 days post-surgery, showing multiple nodules in both lungs in the lung window (A) and destruction of the posterior margin of the 8th thoracic vertebral body and adjacent bone in the bone window (B)

图3. 术后5天胸部CT,(A) 肺窗示双肺多发结节影,(B) 骨窗示第8胸椎椎体后缘及附件骨质破坏

Figure 4. Curve of AFP value changes

图4. AFP值变化曲线

Figure 5. CT 2 months post-surgery, with multiple nodules in both lungs suggestive of metastatic tumors, significantly improved compared to before (A), and possible bone metastasis indicated by bone destruction at the posterior margin of the T8 vertebra and adjacent bone (B)

图5. 术后2个月CT,(A) 肺窗示双肺多发结节影,考虑转移瘤,较前明显好转;(B) 骨窗示约T8椎体后缘及附件骨质破坏,骨转移可能

Figure 6. CT 13 months post-surgery, revealing multiple small nodules in both lungs indicating a high possibility of metastatic tumors, slightly increased compared to before (A), high likelihood of bone metastasis with bone destruction at the posterior margin of the T8 vertebra and adjacent bone (B), and a nodular abnormal signal shadow approximately 11 mm in size in the left adrenal area on upper abdominal MRI 13 months post-surgery (C) (D)

图6. 术后13个月CT,(A) 肺窗示双肺多发小结节灶,考虑转移瘤可能性大,较前略增多,(B) 骨窗示约T8椎体后缘及附件骨质破坏,骨转移可能性大;(C) (D) 术后13个月上腹MR,左侧肾上腺区可见长径约11 mm的结节状异常信号影

Figure 7. Chest CT scan 16 months after surgery: (A) Lung window shows multiple small nodular lesions in both lungs, with a high possibility of bilateral lung metastases, changes compared to previous scan not significant. (B) Bone window shows bone destruction at the posterior edge of the T8 vertebral body and its attachments, indicating a high possibility of bone metastasis; (C) and (D) are upper abdominal MR scans 16 months after surgery, showing a nodular abnormal signal shadow with a long diameter of approximately 33mm in the left adrenal area, with slight uneven enhancement. The nodular abnormal signal shadow in the left adrenal area has significantly increased compared to before, indicating a high possibility of metastatic tumor

图7. 术后16个月胸部CT,(A) 肺窗示双肺多发小结节灶,考虑双肺转移瘤可能性大,较前变化不明显,(B) 骨窗示约T8椎体后缘及附件骨质破坏,骨转移可能性大;(C) (D) 术后16个月上腹MR,左侧肾上腺区可见长径约33 mm的结节状异常信号影,不均匀轻度强化,左侧肾上腺区结节状异常信号影,较前明显增大,考虑转移瘤可能性大

Figure 8. Chest CT scan 34 months after surgery: (A) Lung window shows multiple small nodular lesions in both lungs, with no significant changes compared to previous scan, indicating metastatic tumors. (B) Bone window shows bone destruction at the posterior edge of the T8 vertebral body and its attachments, suggesting a high possibility of bone metastasis

图8. 术后34个月胸部CT,(A) 肺窗示双肺多发小结节灶,较前变化不明显,转移瘤;(B) 骨窗示约T8椎体后缘及附件骨质破坏,骨转移可能性大

患者在进行靶向联合免疫药物治疗过程中,出现了药物性皮疹、手足皮肤破溃、消化道溃疡、腹泻等药物相关性不良反应,但未发生严重的药物毒副作用,在对症支持治疗后,上述症状有所好转。

本研究经青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,并得到患者的书面知情同意。

3. 讨论

原发性肝癌是2020年全球第六大最常诊断的癌症和第三大癌症死亡原因,其中肝细胞癌(HCC)占75%~85% [9] 。原发性肝癌早期症状不典型,往往发现时肿瘤已经进展至中晚期 [10] 。同样由于肝癌早期症状隐匿,患者就诊时间晚等原因,临床上确诊的巨大肝癌患者数量多,巨大肝癌通常伴有肉眼可见的血管侵犯、卫星结节和肝内外转移、门脉癌栓、腹腔积液等,往往预示着预后较差 [1] 。此案例中患者曾有肿瘤破裂出血病史,且肝肿瘤最大径12.3 cm,乙肝“大三阳”,AFP远高于正常范围,均为肝癌术后复发转移的高危因素 [11] 。

据报道,约68%~96%的患者行肝癌切除术后出现肝癌肝内复发,少数出现转移至肝外组织或脏器,即远处转移,但常同时合并肝内复发,仅有不到8.1%的患者只出现肝外转移 [12] [13] 。此案例中,患者术后5天即发现肺部、胸椎肿瘤转移,考虑可能与术中挤压、刺激肿瘤有关,并且胸部CT系术前3个周图像,未能及时跟进肿瘤的快速进展。

免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)联合抗血管生成靶向药物(ATDDs)已经成为治疗晚期肝细胞癌的主流方式,联合用药进一步提高了晚期肝癌治疗的客观反应率,越来越多的相关临床试验在各大中心开展,这意味着晚期肝癌综合治疗时代的到来 [14] 。基于REFLECT研究的结果 [15] ,2018年9月,仑伐替尼单药被批准在中国用于治疗既往未接受过全身系统治疗的不可切除的肝癌患者,成为适用于中国人群的一线方案。国内指南指导,仑伐替尼与免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)联合使用可提高肿瘤应答率,各大中心的前瞻性临床试验也证实了仑伐替尼联合ICIs的有效性和安全性。仑伐替尼与PD-1抗体帕博利珠单抗 [16] 、纳武利尤单抗 [17] 、CS1003 [18] 等联合治疗均显示:仑伐替尼与ICIs的联合可提高肿瘤应答率 [19] 。而此案例中使用的靶免组合为仑伐替尼+卡瑞利珠单抗/替雷利珠单抗,明显延长患者存活时间,生存期达到36个月以上,远高于RESCUE研究(mOS = 20.1个月) [20] 、COSMIC-312研究(mOS = 15.4个月) [21] 和LEAP-002研究(mOS = 21.2个月) [22] 等;且本例患者治疗过程未发生严重的药物不良反应,是对晚期肝癌进行药物治疗的一次成功尝试。然而,目前国内外还没有此类组合的临床试验数据,需要更大规模的临床试验数据提供进一步的循证医学证据。

另有报道称通过全身抗肿瘤治疗、局部治疗等转化治疗方法,可以将不可切除肝癌转化为可切除肝癌后再施行根治性手术切除 [23] [24] [25] ,使中晚期肝癌患者获得长期生存获益。经多学科诊疗团队判断,符合条件的晚期肝癌患者可先行转化治疗,转化成功后可获得根治性切除机会,即使转化未能成功,患者已接受的治疗措施也符合规范合理的治疗方案 [14] 。

4. 结论

笔者在以上临床资料部分阐述了该患者诊疗全过程,为临床上认识、诊治此类疾病提供了部分参考。综上所述,靶免联合的治疗方案为晚期肝癌患者长期生存带来了新的希望,但总体来说有效率非常有限,为了提高治疗效果,我们需要探索更多的靶向药物和其他联合用药方案。

利益冲突声明

所有作者均声明本研究不存在利益冲突。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目批准号:82073078)。

文章引用

李昕雨,臧子琪,田蓝天. 巨大肝癌术后转移靶免治疗长期生存1例并文献复习
Long-Term Survival after Targeted Immunotherapy for Postoperative Metastasis of Giant Liver Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(02): 4030-4037. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142559

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  26. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

期刊菜单